PPD_PPI_1 Flashcards
When more than two switches are necessary,
When more than two switches are necessary, two of the switches must be three-way switches and the remaining additional switches must be four-way switches.
passive heat sink
A passive heat sink is a heat exchange system that uses fluid to transfer heat through a series of pumps and regulates the temperature.
Areas of frequent activity
Areas of frequent activity in a building should be centrally located on floors near ground level, usually either the first floor or a mezzanine accessible by escalator or stair.
ksi
An abbreviation for kips per square inch.
curvature factor
factor used to modify the allowable unit stress in bending for the curved portion of glued laminated members.
uniformly distributed load
A beam loading of constant magnitude per unit of length.
Maxwell diagram
The stress diagram used in the graphical solution of a truss, which consists of the combined force polygons for all the truss joints.
active pressure
The pressure exerted by retained earth against a retaining wall.
double shear
Describing a bolted joint, which has two shearing planes through the bolts.
kip
A unit of force or weight equal to 1,000 pounds.
torsion
The rotation caused in a diaphragm by lateral load from wind or earthquake when the center of mass does not coincide with the center of rigidity. Torsional effects are most significant in unsymmetrical buildings.
moment of inertia (I)
The sum of the products obtained by multiplying each unit of area by the square of its distance to the neutral axis. Moment of inertia of a beam is a measure of its stiffness, or resistance to deflection.
Method 2 (projected area method)
- A wind design method in which the horizontal pressures are assumed to act on the full vertical projected area of the structure,
- and the vertical pressures are assumed to act simultaneously on the full horizontal projected area.
Kelly ball test
A test to determine the workability of fresh concrete.
free-body diagram
A diagram obtained by making an imaginary cut through a structure and applying the equations of equilibrium to the remaining portion, called the “free body.” By this means, the internal forces of a structure may be determined.
ultimate load factor (u)
Factor used to increase loads, shears, and moments to their ultimate values in reinforced concrete design.
slenderness ratio
The ratio l/r or Kl/r used in column design, where l is the length, r is the radius of gyration, and K is an effective length factor.
moment diagram
A graphic representation of the value of the bending moment at any point along a beam.
statically determinate
Describing a structure whose reactions can be determined from the equations of equilibrium. Examples are simple beams, cantilever beams, and overhanging beams that rest on two supports.
cylinder test
A test to determine the compressive strength of concrete by subjecting a standard cylinder of hardened concrete to compression in a testing machine.
flame spread
The propagation of flame over a surface.
fire area
The area enclosed and bounded by firewalls, fire barriers, exterior walls, or horizontal assemblies of a building.
area of refuge
An area where people unable to use stairways can remain temporarily while waiting for assistance.
glazing factor
A LEED-based number calculated by taking into account window area, floor area, a window geometry factor, light transmission, and a window height factor.
importance factor (i)
A factor used in earthquake and wind design, whose value varies between 1.0 and 1.5. This provides that certain essential facilities, such as hospitals and fire and police stations, be designed for seismic and wind forces greater than normal. In this way, such emergency facilities are expected to be safe and usable following an earthquake or severe windstorm.
dedication
Appropriation of private property for public use, together with acceptance for such use by a public agency.
environmental impact statement
A statement, often required by a governmental body, which assesses the environmental impact of a proposed development.
cluster zoning
A type of zoning that permits a developer to reduce the minimum lot size below the requirements of the zoning ordinance if the land gained thereby is preserved as permanent community open space.
ingress
An entrance.
fire-resistive construction
Construction to resist the spread of fire, as specified in the applicable building code.
access right
The right of an owner to have ingress and egress to and from a property.
baselines
East-west lines, running perpendicular to meridian lines, from which townships are established on government surveys.
Which of the following terms describes the compass orientation of the sun?
(A) Altitude
(B) Declination
(C) Tilt
(D) Azimuth
The azimuth describes the compass orientation of the sun.
The answer is (D).
Air moving at a speed of 100 feet per minute can be described as
(A) pleasant.
(B) drafty.
(C) unnoticeable.
(D) unbearable.
The answer is pleasant. Air movement is only one factor that determines the degree of comfort. Other factors are temperature, humidity, and radiation. At an average temperature of 75 degrees with about 30% relative humidity, air moving at 100 fpm is quite pleasant. At less than 50 fpm, air is generally unnoticeable; while at 250 fpm or more, breezes can be drafty and annoying.
The answer is (A).
An aquifer is
(A) a surface soil that experiences heavy runoff.
(B) the boundary between the zone of aeration and the zone of saturation.
(C) the boundary between soil layers, along which sliding may occur.
(D) an underground permeable material through which water flows.
An aquifer is the permeable underground rock or earth through which water flows. The boundary between the zone of aeration and the zone of saturation is the groundwater table.
The answer is (D).
A neighborhood shopping center is best located at
(A) the intersection of two local streets.
(B) the foot of an expressway ramp.
(C) the intersection of an arterial and a collector street.
(D) the interchange of an expressway.
The answer is the intersection of an arterial and a collector street. All of the other choices would create congestion or safety hazards.
The answer is (C).
Which form of real estate ownership exists for a limited period of time?
(A) Fee simple
(B) Fee absolute
(C) Leasehold
(D) Cooperative
The answer is leasehold. Under a leasehold, the lessee has the right to use a piece of property under certain conditions that are described in the lease.
The answer is (C).
Fee simple ownership of land is
(A) ownership of land for 99 years.
(B) absolute ownership of land without condition.
(C) ownership of land for a simple fee.
(D) absolute ownership of land by a governmental authority.
The answer is absolute ownership of land without condition. Under fee simple ownership, land can be used or transferred by its owner as he or she pleases.
The answer is (B).
The ideal site for a residence is generally at
(A) the top of a hill.
(B) halfway down a slope.
(C) the bottom of a hill.
(D) between two hills.
The answer is halfway down a slope. The top of a hill is windy, and the bottom of a hill—whether or not between two hills—may have little air circulation and experience fog and cold air. Halfway down a slope, preferably one that is south-facing, is usually the best location for a residence.
The answer is (B).
Population size refers to the total number of people, whereas population density refers to the number of people
(A) at any specific time.
(B) that can be accommodated in a specific area.
(C) relative to a specific area.
(D) that is desirable for a specific area.
The answer is relative to a specific area. This is a fairly simple problem, but you may come across something similar on the exam. Note that density as such is a description of population in relation to horizontal space.
The answer is (C).
seismicity
A measure of the frequency, intensity, and distribution of earthquakes in a given area.
magnitude
The amount of energy released by an earthquake, as measured by the Richter scale. Magnitude refers to an earthquake’s energy, while intensity refers to an earthquake’s effects.
plate tectonics
The theory that explains earthquake phenomena.
Atterberg limits
The arbitrary limits that define the boundaries between the different states of rigidity or fluidity of fine-grained soils.
Modified Mercalli scale
A scale used to measure the intensity of an earthquake (i.e., its effects on people and buildings). The scale varies from I (not felt except under especially favorable circumstances) to XII (damage nearly total).
fastest mile speed
The highest sustained average wind speed, based on the time required for a mile-long sample of air to pass a fixed joint.
seismic zone factor (z)
A factor used in seismic design that depends on the seismic zone in which a site is located.
sound transmission class (STC)
Sound transmission class (STC) is a numerical rating of how well a building partition blocks airborne sound. The higher the STC rating, the better sound isolation the partition provides. STC is used to compare products such as doors, windows, walls, ceilings and floors made by different manufacturers
- higher number means higher sound proof
fee in lieu
Payment of money by a developer in place of meeting all or part of stormwater performance standards.
sale and leaseback
A form of leasehold in which the owner of a piece of property recovers the capital invested in the property but retains the use of the property.
fair housing
Nondiscrimination in the sale, rental, and financing of housing.
fee simple
A form of land ownership in which the owner has absolute title, which can be transferred by sale or bequest.
leasehold
A form of real estate tenancy in which the lessee has the right to use a piece of property under conditions described in the lease.
condominium
An apartment building in which the dwelling units are individually owned
guaranteed maximum cost
An amount established in an agreement between an owner and a contractor as the maximum cost of performing specified work.
joint tenancy
Equal and undivided ownership of property by two or more persons; upon the death of one, interest passes to the survivor(s).
value engineering
The systematic review of a project design to obtain the best value for the money spent, considering first costs, operating costs, and replacement costs.
Profit is a percentage of what four items?
The four items used to calculate this cost item are
labor
materials
equipment
overhead
To use cost information effectively, an architect should apply what index?
A regional index should be applied to the national average for this information to be useful.
How does a life-cycle cost analysis differ from a life-cycle assessment?
The first evaluates the alternatives and their costs in present time, while the second analyzes the impact of the system or product over a period of time.
When do contractors use the unit cost method?
This method is used to establish a bid or a negotiated price.
How does matrix costing work?
This project costing method uses a matrix to break down the elements of a project into items that are compared for their cost effectiveness and efficiency.
At what stage of the project is the parameter method most useful to refine a project budget?
This method of project budgeting is best employed during design development and the early phases of construction documentation.
What negative impact can result from value engineering?
Reducing costs by reducing quality can result from this activity.
brittle
Describing a material or structural system that tends to fail suddenly without warning when subject to high stresses, as opposed to a ductile material or system, which can absorb energy without failure.
redundant member
Any truss member not necessary for stability.
spread footing
A foundation that spreads the load over a large area of soil. It is also called a footing.
moment
The tendency of a force to cause rotation about a given point or axis.
creep
Continued deformation of a structural member with time and with no increase of load.
M
A symbol for bending moment.
diaphragm
A horizontal system that distributes lateral forces caused by wind or earthquake to the vertical resisting elements.
stressed skin
A structural system consisting of spaced members solidly sheathed on one or both sides, in which the sheathing forms the flanges and resists flexure while the spaced members comprise the webs and resist shear.
evaporative cooling
A technique of using natural water evaporation to cool the air in a building. Water absorbs energy from the air when it evaporates into a gas, which leaves the remaining air cooler than before. Buildings can utilize passive evaporation from fountains or slow-moving pools of water or hybrid evaporation with the addition of mechanical devices to control the process.
ZEB
A zero energy building (ZEB), also called a net-zero building, is a structure that produces as much energy on site from renewable sources as it uses during a year. Strategies include reducing energy consumption, increasing energy efficiency, and generating electricity from renewable sources equal to or greater than the amount used.
REC
A renewable energy certificate (REC) is a voluntary program that facilitates consumer purchase of electricity generated from renewable energy sources. Energy sources that qualify include solar, wind, geothermal, biomass, and low-impact hydropower.
smart meters
Electric meters that can account for a flow of electricity from a consumer back to the power grid. Electric utilities generally provide rate adjustments or credits to the consumer for power originally generated by the consumer.
electricity buy-back program
A program offered by an electric utility company to purchase electricity generated by consumers. The electricity enters the grid through the consumer’s meter. Consumer-generated power helps reduce the need for utilities to construct new power plants.
single-family house
A dwelling unit comprising an isolated structure on its own plot of ground.
two-family house
A house containing two separate dwelling units, either side-by-side or one above the other.
duplex
A two-story apartment or house containing two separate dwelling units, either side-by-side or one above the other.
circulation
The flow or movement of people, goods, or vehicles from place to place.
high-rise apartment
One of many apartment units contained in a multi-floor building and accessible by elevators.
walk-up apartment
An apartment above the ground floor in a building that has no elevator.
climatic map
Climatic map:
* was developed for the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) by Pacific Northwest National Laboratory and Oak Ridge National Laboratory,
* was adopted by:
— International Energy Conservation Code (IECC),
— International Green Construction Code (IGCC),
— International Residential Code (IRC),
— ANSI/ASHRAE/IESNA 90.7, Energy Standard for Buildings Except Low-Rise Residential Buildings,
— by many states as part of their energy conservation regulations,
* used by most building codes and standards utilized in the US.
in cold climates
- minimize exposed surface to reduce heat loss (ex. Building with cubical shapes, underground),
- minimize northern exposure,
- minimize door and window openings on north side of the building,
- provide entries with air locks,
- design the building and landscaping in order to block winter winds,
- passive solar heating is not appropriate due to extremes in temperature and little direct sunlight in the winter, mechanical heating and active solar heating are needed,
- use compact forms with the smallest surface area possible relative to the volume,
- use large windows facing south, small windows facing east and west, and minimal or no windows facing north,
- use interior materials that have high thermal mass,
- include summer shading for glazed areas,
- use dark or medium-dark colors for the building exterior.
In hot-humid climates:
- most difficult to design for without mechanical cooling,
- buildings should be planned to maximize the amount of natural ventilation by using narrow floor plans with cross ventilation, large, open windows, porches, and breezeways,
- shading is needed, either with veaetation (without blocking ventilation) or with double roofs,
- building materials should minimize thermal mass, so that the building does not store up heat during the day and release it at night,
- provide shade for all openings, maximize natural ventilation with large openings, high ceilings, and cross ventilation,
- use courtyards,
- use broad overhangs,
- use light colors for the building exterior.
In hot-arid climates:
In hot-arid climates:
- shade the building from direct sunlight,
- use materials with high thermal mass to take advantage of the wide variations between day and night temperatures (the heat stored during the day will be released at night, thermal mass then cools at night for daytime comfort),
- use night ventilation to remove heat built up during the day,
- Include open courtyards,
- if enough water is available use pools to reduce local air temperature through evaporation,
- utilize roof ponds for one- or two-story buildings to provide both evaporative cooling and high thermal mass,
- utilize evaporative coolers because an increase in humidity with a decrease in air temperature is desirable,
- use compact forms with the smallest surface area possible relative to the volume,
- minimize opening sizes,
- provide shade for openings,
- use light colors for the building exterior.
Building orientation, general:
- is a natural way to aid energy conservation, helps balance overheated and underheated periods during the year and react to daily temperature fluctuations,
- rectangular building should be oriented with its longer dimension approximately east-west, which minimizes more intense solar radiation from east and west, takes advantage of the heating potential of south-facing surfaces in the winter and shading them in the summer, when sun is higher,
- precise angle at which the building should be placed in relation to the east-west datum depends on the climatic region and location of the site,
Building orientation, various climates:
- Cold climates: building’s entrances are best located on the leeward side of the building to avoid winter winds,
- Temperate climates: entrances should be located on the south side to make them more inviting and to capitalize on the natural snow-melting effects of the sun,
- Hot-arid & hot-humid climates: the building may have to be rotated slightly from this angle to pick up the cooling breezes of the local climate. The long side of a building can be oriented to catch cooling breezes.
Building orientation, shading:
- South: need moderate overhangs or horizontal louvers,
- East & West: facades should be protected with vertical louvers,
- South-East & South-West: facades may need either very wide overhangs or vertical louvers, or both,
*Fixed exterior shading devices are usually supplemented with interior window coverings.
Building shapes:
- building with a smaller total surface area will generally use less energy, because heating and cooling loads depend on thermal conductance of the walls and roof & their respective areas,
(sphere is optimal, but cube is more realistic best case option), - minimizing surface area usually works best in cold climates; in a different climate, reducing heat loss through the exterior envelope may be less important than other factors,
- Iong, thin buildings make it easier to use daylighting strategies and to capture prevailing winds for natural ventilation,
- larger buildings may need courtyards and rambling shapes for daylighting and ventilation,
An external-load dominated building
An internal-load dominated building
An external-load dominated building. energy use is determined mainly by the amount of heat loss or gain through its exterior envelope. Buildings with few occupants per unit area and a small amount of heat gain from lighting, equipment and people. (ex. houses, apartments, condominiums, and warehouses.)
An internal-load dominated building is one whose energy use is driven by high heat gain from occupants, lighting, and equipment. (ex. office buildings, hospitals, retail stores, schools, and laboratories)
Linoleum
Linoleum is a type of floor covering made from natural materials like linseed oil, cork, and resin1. It is durable, eco-friendly, and easy to maintain
consider the character of a site’s neighborhood
- proximity to various modes of transit,
- nearby amenities and public services, utilities, noise pollution,
- the scale of adjacent buildings,
- surrounding facade materials,
- historic precedent, and historic preservation requirements.
sustainable Neiborhood context
- Designing with native landscaping is preferred to using exotic or imported plant types. Indigenous plants tend to survive longer, use less water, and cost less.
- Placing any structure in a floodplain, even those that resist floodwater, is not desirable. Placing buildings in a floodplain can increase flooding farther down stream.
- Buildings sensitive to the benefits of solar orientation and passive and active solar gain techniques save energy and are more visually aligned with local climatic conditions.
- In-fill development and proximity to a variety of transportation options are design principles that benefit the inhabitants and their environment.
- While some sustainable projects aim to be “off the grid,” sustainably designed architectural projects do not necessitate the avoidance of city-supplied utilities.
- Evaluating the density of the neighborhood and success of local establishments is, for the most part, insignificant to sustainable design in the planning phase.
consider for remote site development
- At a remote site, many typical underground utilities may not exist, so alternate power sources will be considered.
- In addition, a remote site might not be accessible by large truck and skilled labor may not be available, so factory-premanufactured components will be considered instead of complicated large- span structural systems.
- Passive heating/cooling requires no external connection or services, so it is common at remote sites.
- Finally, local materials are probably not available in remote locations, so they are not an option.
catchment area
- Catchment areas refer to the surrounding area around an entity, such as a site, business, residence, utility, resource, amenity, or establishment.
- Catchment areas change in size depending on the entity’s use, popularity, supply & demand, access, and surrounding entities.
- Residential catchment areas are determined primarily by local transit.
success of Surburban shopping mall
- The success of a suburban shopping mall depends most on store type variety, convenient access, and adequate parking.
- Climate is relevant only in cases such as outdoor malls in regions subject to extreme temperatures.
- Public transit is an important factor for urban malls, but it is less relevant in the typical American suburb.
- Lastly, the overall size of the mall is not the most significant factor.
Property Description
- US public Land survey system
- Meridians & parallels are 24 miles apart
- Squares between meridian & parallels are called checks
- Each check is divided into 16 squares called township
- Townships are divided to 36 sections.
sketch out below topo
natural features
drainage
soil
Natural Features:
- View analysis
- Surface conditions of groundwater or rocks
- Site’s water table
Drainage:
- Understand site’s natural drainage pattern
- Manage runoff & beware of changes to runoff coefficient(fraction of total precipitation that is not absorbed into the ground) resulting from development
- If runoff is greater than the capacity of natural drainage onsite holding ponds(detention or retention ponds may be used)
Soil:
- Gravel: particles over 2mm in diameter. Excellent for construction loads
- Sand: particles between 0.05 mm to 2 mm in diameter, Excellent for construction loads
- Silt : particles from 0.002 mm to 0.05 mm, swells & heaves when frozen
- Clay: Particles under 0.002 mm in diameter, Clay expands when wet.
Water bodies:
- Wetland : An area where soil is saturated by water frequent enough that it can support growth of plants that adapted to living in saturated soils.
- Swamp : Large Wetlands with shallow bodies of water.
- Swale : Swales are long & narrow depression in the land surface. Swales are typically at least seasonally wet & usually vegetated.
- Detention pond : Low lying areas designed to temporarily hold water while slowly draining to another location.
- Retention pond : Maintains water permanently, if water level in the pond gets above a specific level then the extra water gets drained to another location through pond drainage.
Sustainable design
- Consider full lifecycle of materials & resources
- Reduce development on untouched habitats or farmlands., locate buildings & parking on previously developed sites(infill sites or brownfield sites)
- Use open grid paving or other pervious paving.
- Retain or restore waterways on or near the site.
- Implement strategies to reduce heat island effects like vegetated roofs.
- Design for adaptability & Versatility.
- Use native plants
design guideline for road
What is R-40 bulb diameter?
40 / 8
5 inch
What area is appropriate for this layout?
- The house depicted is appropriate for a temperate climate, such as that of Maryland.
- The longest facade is oriented east-west, exposing most windows to the south to take advantage of winter sun.
- The porch on the south side shades the first-floor windows in the summer, as does the deciduous tree to the south, which blocks the sun’s rays in the hottest months and allows the sun to shine through during the winter when the tree is bare. Sometimes evergreen trees are planted to the north to block the winter winds. The heat source (fireplace) is located at the end of the building, and the kitchen is located to the north since it will create its own heat
ancillary
providing necessary support to the primary activities or operation of an organization, institution, industry, or system.
Fire Separation of mixed use
See IBC 508 for fire separation between mixed use & occupancies ranging from 1 to 4 hours,
Accessory occupancy
- Ancillary to main use.
- Does not exceed 10% of floor area of story
- Does not need fire separation from main occupancy like a small gift shop in a hospital.
- See IBC for exceptions for H, I-I, R-1, R-2, R-3.
Incidental use spaces
- Is ancillary to the main use & classified under the same classification as main use but poses a greater risk level than the main occupancy, see IBC table 509 for incidental uses & separation required,
- Can not exceed 10% of floor area of story
- Needs fire separation from main use; fire barrier or sprinkler or both
5 construction types - See IBC Chapter 6
- Types I and Il: Noncombustible
- Type Ill : Exterior walls are of noncombustible materials and the interior building elements are of any material permitted by code.
- Type IV : Heavy Timber, HT is that type of construction in which the exterior walls are of noncombustible materials and the interior building elements are of solid or laminated wood without concealed spaces.
- Type V : least fire resistive
Allowable Building height & area depends on
- Construction Type
- Whether or not building is fully sprinklered
- Building Occupancy
- Zoning regulations
Occupant load factor
Occupant load factor : Floor Area per Occupant
Means of egress
Means of egress: IBC defines means of egress as a continuous and unobstructed path of vertical and horizontal egress travel from any occupied portion of a building or structure to a public way. A means of egress consists of three separate and distinct parts:
- The exit access: Leads to an exit.
- The exit: Provides a protected path between exit access & exit discharge.
- The exit discharge: Between the termination of an exit & a public way.
Number of Exits : See IBC Chapter 10
- Based on occupancy
- Limit of travel distance & common path of travel.
- Occupant load.
- Whether or not the building is sprinklered.
Plumbing Fixture
Plumbing Fixture count shall be calculated based on number Of occupants & occupancy type Of the building.
accessibility
- Barrier Free design or universal design
- ADA became law in 1990- i€s a civil right law
- Accessible routes:
– Corridor width
– Door openings & door opening force
– Slopes
– Stairs
– Turning radius
– Clear floor area
– Toilet rooms & drinking fountains
– Protruding objects
– Signage & alarm
The corridor and exit stair shown in the partial plan are on the second floor of a non-sprinklered building and serve 10,800 ft2 of retail space. Using the partial occupant load table and the building code excerpt, determine the minimum required egress widths, and write them in the boxes provided on the partial plan.
Body Heat Generated and Lost at Rest
Psychrometric Chart
what is tension in member X?
- The answer is 10 kips. The simplest way to solve this problem is to cut a section through member X and draw a free body diagram.
- The left and right reactions are each equal to half the total load on the truss, or (5 + 5 + 5) / 2 = 7.5 kips and then take moments about the top of the truss. Moments passing through the point at the top of the truss drop out of consideration, since the distance of their forces perpendicular to the point is zero.
- ∑M = 7.5 kips (15 ft) – 5 kips (7.5 ft) + Fx (7.5 ft) = 0
Fx = [–7.5 kips (15 ft) + 5 kips (7.5 ft)] / 7.5 ft = –10 kips = 10 kips tension
What is the distance y to the centroid of the area shown?
- The answer is 1.61 inches. The area is divided into two parts, A and B, as shown. Calculate the area of each part and the statical moment of each part about axis x-x, the top of the area.
- The statical moment of Area A is its area multiplied by the distance of its centroid from axis x-x. Area A’s area is 1 in × 5 in = 5 in2, and its statical moment is therefore 5 in2 × 0.5 in = 2.5 in3. Area B’s area is 1 in × 4 in = 4 in2, and its statical moment is therefore 4 in2 × (4 in/2 + 1 in) = 12 in3. The combined area of Area A and Area B is 5 in2 + 4 in2 = 9 in2, and the combined statical moments are 2.5 in3 + 12 in3 = 14.5 in3. The distance y from axis x-x to the centroid of the entire shape is the combined individual statical moments divided by the combined individual areas (14.5 in3/9 in2 = 1.61 in).
shear diagram
A graphic representation of the value of the vertical shear at any point along the beam.
exposure
In wind design, the nature of the terrain at a given site, varying from B (the least severe exposure) to D (the most severe exposure).
stress
An internal force in a body that resists an external force.
period (t)
The time it takes for a structure to go through one complete back-and-forth motion under the action of dynamic loads. Also called fundamental period of vibration or natural period.
fundamental period of vibration (t)
The time it takes for a structure to go through one complete back-and-forth motion under the action of dynamic loads. Also called period or natural period.
tributary area
- The floor or roof area supported by an individual structural member.
- To summarize this, the tributary area is the area surrounding the column bounded by its’ centerline polygon. Following these simple steps we can approximate them easily:
section modulus (s)
The ratio of the moment of inertia of a beam (I) to the distance from its neutral axis to the most remote fiber (c). Thus, section modulus (s) = I/c. The S-value of a beam is a measure of its ability to resist bending moment.
regular structure
In seismic design, a structure that has no significant physical discontinuities in plan or vertical configuration or in its lateral force resisting system. Regular structures exhibit more favorable and predictable seismic response characteristics than irregular structures.
overturning moment
The moment, caused by wind or earthquake, that tends to overturn a structure.
chord
A perimeter member of a truss.
surcharge
Increased earth pressure against a retaining wall caused by vertical load behind the wall or a sloping ground surface.
punching shear
Two-way shear that occurs in a flat slab, spread footing, or pile cap.
plastic limit
The moisture content at which a soil starts to change from a semisolid to a plastic state.
strength reduction factor (Ø)
A factor used to reduce the capacity of reinforced concrete members to account for possible variations in quality control.
water-cement ratio
The ratio of water to cement in a concrete mix, the main factor that determines concrete strength.
lateral load
Any horizontal load on a building, including the load from wind or earthquake.
reentrant corner
An inside corner, which occurs in buildings with L-, T-, U-, and cross-shaped plans. Reentrant corners cause high stress concentration during an earthquake unless they are strengthened or a seismic separation is provided.
base shear (v)
The total design lateral force or shear at the base of a structure.
flame-spread rating
A numerical classification indicating the rate at which a flame will spread over the surface of a given material. Class I materials have the least flame-spread and Class III materials have the most.
flame-spread rating
A numerical classification indicating the rate at which a flame will spread over the surface of a given material. Class I materials have the least flame-spread and Class III materials have the most.
assembly building
A building or a portion thereof used for the gathering together of 50 or more persons.
ambulatory
Able to walk.
building code
A code regulating the design and construction of buildings; adopted and enforced by a government agency.
restriction
A limitation on the use of property defined by covenant in a deed, by private agreement, or by public legislative action.
fire-resistant rating
The time, in hours, that a material or assembly of materials can withstand exposure to fire.
condemnation
The process by which private property is taken for public use under the right of eminent domain with reasonable compensation paid to the owner.
nonconforming use
A use for property that is no longer permitted by the zoning ordinance. Unless it is unsafe, such a use is generally allowed to continue.
public way
Any street or similar parcel of land, at least 10 feet wide and unobstructed to the sky, which is permanently appropriated to the public for public use.
easement
The right held by one party to make limited use of the property of another.
grade crossing
The intersection of a railroad and a road at the same elevation.
module
A repetitive dimension used in architectural design and planning.
party wall
A wall built astride a property line between two adjoining buildings.
astride
extending across.
metropolitan area or region
The area over which a city exerts a dominant economic influence.
PUD
Planned unit development, a zoning designation that is used to achieve the cluster concept, including commercial and industrial as well as housing development.
constellation pattern
A pattern of land use in which several cities of approximately the same size and population are located fairly close to each other but have no dominating center.
variance
Special permission granted to an owner permitting a deviation from zoning requirements normally applicable to the property in question.
rehabilitation
The restoration or substantial improvement of a building.
passive solar design
The practice of orienting and sizing a building, its windows, and its internal masses in such a way that it responds to the sun and climate without the use of mechanical equipment.
What types of glass may be used where safety and strength are concerns?
Tempered glass or laminated glass may be used when these factors are concerns.
What is the difference between a latchset and a lockset?
- latchset is hardware that allows a door to be held in place.
- lockset is hardware that allows a door to be locked.
What type of brick is required in a severe weathering climate?
SW brick is required in this kind of climate.
What are the three methods by which single-ply roofing can be attached?
Three ways this kind of roofing system can be attached are
- adhered
- mechanically fastened
- ballasted
What are three advantages of light-gauge metal framing?
This kind of framing
- is noncombustible
- is easy to assemble
- will not shrink or rot
What are two important advantages and two important disadvantages to installing a slate roof?
- Two advantages to this type of roof are its resistance to fire and its very long life expectancy.
- Two disadvantages are that this type of roof is expensive and very heavy.
How is the U-value (overall heat transfer coefficient) related to R, thermal resistance to heat transfer?
This value is the reciprocal of R, thermal resistance to heat transfer.
hypocenter
The location in the earth’s crust where rock slippage begins during an earthquake. Also called the focus.
epicenter
The projection of the focus—where rock slippage begins—on the ground surface.
rain garden
- A vegetated area designed so that its water supply comes from the natural stormwater run-off from a structure or other impervious surface on the site.
- Rain gardens provide an aesthetically pleasing location for stormwater to collect and infiltrate into the ground.
staggered truss system
- A framing system that consists of story-high trusses spanning transversely between exterior columns and arranged so that the floor system spans from the bottom chord of one truss to the top chord of the next
- The system described in this question is a staggered truss system, an example of which is shown in the illustration. Staggered truss systems are often used in high-rise apartment buildings for their efficiency.
OHM Law for DC circuits
-
the current in a circuit is directly proportional to the voltage & inversely proportional to the resistance.
I(current)=V(volt)/R(resistance) - Power is the rate at which work is done- in DC circuit A watt is the amount of power in a circuit when V is one volt & I is one Amp
P(watt)=V(volt) x I(amp) for DC Circuits
VI (pf)
Electrical Systems
Materials : Conductor are usually either copper or aluminum
- Nonmetallic sheathed cable/Romex: used in wood framed residential building under 3 stories/inexpensive
- Flexible metal clad cable : used in remodeling
Conduits are used in larger commercial constructions, there are 3 main types of conduits
- Rigid steel conduits
- Intermediate metal conduits
- Electric metallic tubing(lightest)
Power supply
- Most common form of electrical energy is AC(alternating current)
- Power is supplied to buildings in several different voltages
- Metering & load control
Wiring devices
Switching
Emergency power supply/ standby power
which direction shear wall is designed for?
1
The lateral load resisting system for a 20-story building consists of shear walls. Which of the following plans shows the BEST arrangement for the shear walls/ which are indicated by heavy lines?
B
what is this structure for?
parking
what is this structure?
space frame
what is this?
pre-stressed radial cable
cast in place concrete system
Four possible types of Step down Transformers in a three-phase circuit
Delta-Wye: This is generally the preferred configuration of a step-up transformer that accepts current from a plant’s generator and converts it to a higher voltage. The secondary voltage is out of phase with the incoming voltage by 30°. The shift could be leading or lagging, depending on the arrangement of the interconnections. It tends to suppress the harmonics that can cause problems in other configurations. Where used in distribution applications, the secondary (wye) provides a means for local grounding. Commonly used in commercial and industrial applications.
Delta–Delta: This is common in industrial applications. The secondary voltages are in phase with the primary voltages, which is a requirement if circuits are to be interconnected.
Wye-Wye: This combination can cause problems due to harmonics, especially if the primary and secondary neutrals are not grounded. This configuration is often avoided due to the frequent problems with harmonics. The secondary voltages are in phase with the primary voltages.
Wye-Delta: This is often used in step-down applications. The wye connection on the high side reduces insulation cost. It is often used in a grounding bank configuration where the wye transformer is used with a delta transformer solely to provide a grounding path. The secondary voltage is out of phase with the incoming voltage by 30°. The shift could be leading or lagging, depending on the arrangement of the interconnections.
Underfloor power distribution means
- Underfloor raceways
- Cellular metal floors
Why are raked joints and struck joints avoided in cold climates?
These two types of brick joint do not shed water well and thus are vulnerable to frost damage.
What type of insulation is used in an exterior insulation and finish system (EIFS)?
A wall system of this type uses expanded or extruded polystyrene.
Name three common types of operable windows.
Three common types are
- double hung
- horizontal slider
- casement
Less common types include
- single hung
- awning
- jalousie, or louvred
transpiration
The process by which water vapor escapes into the atmosphere from plants.
hyperbolic paraboloid
A thin-shell, saddle-shaped surface formed by moving a vertical parabola with downward curvature along and perpendicular to another parabola with upward curvature.
Vierendeel truss
A truss with no diagonals.
stub girder system
A steel framing system in which beams sit on top of a girder, and short lengths of “stub girders” the same depth as the floor beams are welded to the top of the girder to provide for composite action.
web members
The interior members of a truss, which connect the chords.
turn-of-net method
A method used to provide the bolt tension specified for high-strength bolts, in which the bolts are first brought to a “snug tight” condition and then tightened additionally by a specified amount of nut rotation.
passive pressure
The resistance to the movement of a retaining wall provided by the earth in front of the wall and its footing.
equilibrium
- equilibrium
–exists when the resultant of any number f forces acting on a body is zero (ex. 70 lbm object on the ground is acted on by gravity to the magnitude of 701bf, the ground in turn,
exerts an upward force of 701bf and the object is in equilibrium) - three fundamentals of equilibrium
– The sum Of all vertical forces acting on a body must equal to zero (as in the preceding simple example),
– The sum of all horizontal forces acting on a body must equal zero
– The sum of all the moments acting on a body must equal zero.
line of action
is a line concurrent with the force vector, a force acting anywhere along the line of action can be considered equal or unchanged as long as the direction and magnitude do not change. this is called transmissibility
collinear forces
it is often necessary to add two or more collinear forces, the magnitudes are added directly in the same direction of the force
first establish convention for positive and negative direction, (and keep it consistent!) general assumed convention is to keep vectors going to the “right” or “up” as positive (+) keep vectors going to the “left” or “down” as negative (-)
additionally, when it comes to moment forces, keep “clockwise” vectors as positive (+) keep “counter-clockwise” vectors negative (-)
concurrent forces
those whose lines of action meet at common point
nonconcurrent forces
those that have lines of action that do not pass through common point; special case of this type that is commonly found in architectural applications is parallel force system, such as type acting on a beam
calculating forces
now, that we know how to add collinear forces it is important to realize that sometimes it is necessary to add two concurrent forces (but how?) first determine that lines are in fact colinear by establishing their lines of action it is often necessary to break down a single force into its (horizontal and vertical) components for purposes for purposes of structural analysis, the magnitudes of the forces added directly in the same direction of force,
moment calcualtion
a special condition of a force; it is a tendency of a force to cause rotation about a point and as such it is the product of the force times perpendicular distance to the point about which it is acting (ex. each force produces moment about point A equal to the magnitude of the force multiplied by the distance form the point A, total moment is equal to the algebraic sum of the moments caused by all the forces)
units ft-lb, in-lb or kip-ft
MA = 16’ X 100# = 1600’#
What is the moment about point A of the three forces shown below?
(A) 688 in-lb
(B) 4,000 in-lb
(C) 12,000 in-lb
(D) 23,312 in-lb
SOH, CAH, TOA
measuring light
- candlepower is the unit of luminous intensity approximately equal to the horizontal light output from an ordinary wax candle (in Sl system of units, this unit is called candela)
- illuminance is the density of luminous flux incident on surface, expressed in lumens per unit area, one lumen of uniformly incident on Ift2 of area produces an illuminance of 1 foot-candle (fc)
- lumen (abbreviated 1m) is a unit of luminous flux equal to flux in a unit solid angle of 1 steradian from a uniform point source of candlepower (on a unique unit sphere, Ift radius, and area of Ift2 will subtend an angle of 1 steradian, because the areas of unit of sphere is 411, a source of 1 candlepower produces 12.57 1m.
best type of light source depend on
- initial cost
- operating cost
- efficacy : is the ratio of luminous flux emitted to the total power input to the source and is measured in lumens per watt
- size
- operating life
- ability to control output from
- luminaire
- color rendition characteristics
color spectrum
- each color is differentiated by its wavelength
- out of visible light spectrum red has the longest wavelength while violet has the shortest
- brain perceives variations in wavelengths to five the sensation of color
- when colors created with light are mixed, then the wavelengths of both colors are present in the resulting light
- when all colors of light are present in equal amounts, we perceive white light
- keep in mind certain LEDs produce white light by coating blue diode with yellowish phosphorous coating
- the color of a physical object is conveyed by the wavelengths of light that the object does not absorb, or subtract from the light that strikes it ex. when white light strikes a blue object, it absorbs all other wavelengths except for blue, which it reflects to the eye;
- when all colors wavelengths are being absorbed by the object it renders as black
color temperature
- temperature expressed in Kelvins to which a black body radiator would have to be heated to produce light of the same dominant color:
- 3100K - lower temperature, warmer colors (more red)(ex. warm white fluorescent)
- 500K to 6000K - higher temperature, cooler colors (more blue)(daylight fluorescent light has temperature of appx. 6500K, temperature of the sun is estimated at about 5000K to 6500K
color rendering index (CRI)
- way to rate light sources
- measure of how closely the perceived colors of an object illuminated with a test light source match the colors of the object when it is illuminated with daylight of the same color temperature
- the maximum CRI rating is 100 and light source with rating of 85 or more is excellent
- use of CRI system is problematic for LEDs because of how white light is produced by them
- of CRI system is problematic for LEDs because of how white light is produced by them, for example by blue colored LED being coated by yellowish phosphorous powder, which means they do not contain the full spectrum of wavelengths, and therefore will score low on the CRI scale
- term most often employed with artificial lighting, where the best possible rating is 100, in which there is no colors missing
light and eyeball
- light is recieved through the eye and processed by the brain, in the process of seeing, light enters the eye through the pupil, the amount of light entering the eye is controlled by the iris, the lens focuses the image (upside down) on retina, where the light stimulates cells that sent messages to the brain for interpretation
- retina contains two types of cells: cones & rods
- cones are cone-cone shaped cells located near the fovea, or central portion of retina, they are extremely sensitive to detail & color, however only located within 20 cone of vision around the line of sight, reminder of retina is populated by rod-shaped cells, these are extremely sensitive to light and motion, however they are not good at recognizing detail & color, this is why in dim light people lose their sense of color vision, rods are responsible for night vision and objects percieved thanks to them appear in shades of gray
100 fc striking a 1ft2 surface w 50% reflectance, would result in luminance of 50 fL
Different types of lamps:
Incandescent lamps
- available in a broad range of sizes and voltages, they produce heat when electricity passes through tungsten filament in the bulb.
Gas discharge lamps
- Low pressure discharge lamp:
– Fluorescent tube: are gas discharge light, higher efficiency compare to incandescent lights. Can’t be used with dimmers. Certain types of Compact fluorescent lamps can be used in below freezing outdoor lightings.
– Low pressure sodium lamps: turns on slowly, vey low CRI
- High pressure discharge lamp:
– Metal halide Lamps : very efficient lights, they consist of a discharge tube inside the bulb that contains mercury, - High intensity discharge (HID)Iamps: where high levels of lights are required like for roads & outdoor activity areas:
– Halogen lamps : have tungsten filament & are filled with an inert gas and small amount of halogen . Last longer because of halogen.
Light Emitting Diode(LED)
- energy efficient, high CRI, doesn’t have filament & has long life span
explain where / why shear brace is
- As shown in Resource 1.1 Retail Me Somethin’ Drawings, the location is at the high side of the roof slope and not at the center span. With the large storefront window in the exterior wall, the shear brace is probably transferred inside the interior wall.
- The location excludes a roof drain and a column. The building is clear spanning north-south, so no mid-columns are required. The wall separating is not required to be fire rated, so fire blocking is not required.
