PjM_PPI Flashcards
labor and materials bond payment bond
A bond carried by the contractor and the contractor’s surety promising that payment will be provided to the subcontractors and suppliers for labor and materials used in the project. A means to prevent a mechanic’s lien from being placed on the project property.
elemental method
Systems and assemblies cost estimating.
bidding documents
Documents produced by the design team—including documents required by the owner for the construction contract—that allow contractors to produce cost estimations and bid their fee for construction. The bidding documents include, for example,
bid form
contract form
contract conditions
bond requirements
general and supplementary conditions
specifications
construction drawings
addenda
bid bond bid security
A type of insurance that the bidding contractor provides ensuring they will enter into contract with the owner. This protects the owner from selecting a winning bid that will not be executed, putting them at risk for wasted time or increased bids in a second round of bidding. Also protects owner from a contractor placing low, unrealistic bids to successfully execute the project, and against contractors bidding on too many projects at once, winning more than they can execute, and not accepting the project after winning the bid.
supplementary conditions
A portion of the contract documents that may add to, modify, or change the general conditions of the project.
unit rate method
Pricing of a project or portion of a project by providing a cost per area, volume, or other single-unit rate method, such as a hotel project being priced on cost per room.
unit price contract
A contract based on the acceptance of the unit price quote given for various portions of the project.
general conditions
The portion of the contract documents where the rights, responsibilities, and relationships of the parties are outlined, as well as the overall expectation of the execution and delivery of the work. Often includes boilerplate terms that are common to most construction projects.
project manual
A collection of documents required for the construction work, often including (drawings are not included)
‐ bidding requirements, (instructions to bidders)
- contract forms,
- general and supplementary conditions
- specifications
progress payments
In response to the contractor’s application for payment, the architect approves portions of the work completed to allow payment to the contractor for materials and work performed to date. The contract specifies the period for which “progress” will be addressed for payment.
labor and materials bond payment bond
A bond carried by the contractor and the contractor’s surety promising that payment will be provided to the subcontractors and suppliers for labor and materials used in the project. A means to prevent a mechanic’s lien from being placed on the project property.
procurement documents
The documents used to obtain pricing from prospective contractors.
procurement
The transition from the design stage to the construction stage of a project. Involves the bidding, negotiating, and purchasing phases.
bid shopping
The practice of revealing the sub-bid of one subcontractor to obtain a lower price from another subcontractor.
design negotiate build
The owner and contractor negotiate a construction contract in order to achieve mutual benefit and avoid the inherent risks of competitive bidding.
supplementary conditions
A portion of the contract documents that may add to, modify, or change the general conditions of the project.
basic service
The architectural services normally required for a building project, usually consisting of
schematic design,
design development,
construction documents,
bidding or negotiation,
construction contract administration.
What two types of services does AIA Document B101allow the architect and owner to agree on and contract for?
The architect’s basic services, and additional services such as programming and land-use studies can be contracted by these two parties.
What four methods are commonly used to determine the compensation for the architect?
These four methods are
- stipulated sum
- cost plus fee
- hourly billing rates
- percentage of construction cost
Who does the legal concept of agency involve?
This legal relationship involves three parties.
- principal
- agent, who has been authorized by the principal to act on the principal’s behalf
- third party, who enters into a contract with the principal
What is a stipulated or lump-sum contract?
This kind of contract calls for a project to be delivered for a set price.
What are liquidated damages?
This is money paid to the owner by the contractor for every day the project is late, as stipulated in the contract.
What type of bonds must contractor purchase as stated in AIA Document A101-2017?
This party must carry surety bonds.
Who is protected against third-party claims in the standard owner-architect agreement?
Both parties are protected against third-party claims in this agreement, AIA Document B101–2017, to the extent damages are covered by property insurance.
If the owner fails to make progress payments to the contractor, what remedies may the contractor seek?
The contractor may request in writing that the owner show reasonable evidence that financial arrangements have been made to fulfill this obligation if this event happens.
If liquidated damages are asked for in the contract, what
provision must also be added?
A bonus provision must be added to make this provision enforceable in the courts
Why does a sustainable project require a special owner-architect agreement?
This type of contract includes a sustainable objective set by the owner.
What documents and services must the owner provide to the architect?
The owner must provide to this person the project program, schedule, and budget, and furnish a property survey, a geotechnical report, tests and inspections, and required insurance, legal, and accounting services.
With what phase of an owner-architect agreement would closeout documents be associated?
These documents are reviewed by the architect at the end of the project, before final payment is made by the owner.
Who pays for permits after the construction contract is executed?
The contractor must pay for the permits after this document is signed.
What two responsibilities does the owner assume if he or she elects to perform some of the work with his or her own forces?
The owner must coordinate the work of his or her forces with the contractor’s work, and must act with the same rights and responsibilities as any other contractor in this situation.
What are two reasons a change order may be executed?
This is executed by the architect when unforeseen site conditions arise or the owner changes the scope of the work. Other reasons include time extensions due to weather or omissions of the architect.
Name the phases included in the owner-architect basic services agreement for a design-bid-build project.
The phases listed in this agreement are
schematic design,
design development,
construction documents,
bidding,
construction administration.
scope creep
The gradual inclusion of work into the project that exceeds the contracted work agreement and the original project requirements.
punch list
A list typically generated by the architect during a field survey at the end of the project, including items or work that does not conform to the contract documents or quality expectation as specified in the contract documents. Per the AIA Document B101, Owner-Architect Agreement, this is a basic service of the architect. Work must be completed or corrected by the contractor by the date issued in the architect’s certificate of substantial completion, or final payment is withheld.
building permit
Document of permission by the government authority having jurisdiction to conduct construction, as approved in the construction documents.
phasing
Portions of work are set aside to commence after other portions of work have been completed. Among other reasons, this allows for building use during construction or for the owner to secure funding in portions.
design development
The third phase of design work after programming and schematic design. Design development shows the integration of preliminary building systems designs and fully develops the design of floor plans and elevations. Owner final approval of design is often achieved at the end of design development.
schematic design
- A preliminary level of design; the second phase of design work, after programming, that gives form, shape, and itinerary to the project program.
- Schematic level design should suggest overall building dimensions, footprint and profile, locations of building core items, egress, and preliminary floor plans.
- Preliminary coordination regarding code compliance strategies should take place between the architect and consultants during the schematic design phase of a design-bid-build or design-build project.
- Communicating during this phase gives the engineer enough information about the proposed layout of the building, the construction type, anticipated occupant loads, exit paths, and fire ratings so that the engineer can evaluate options, suggest an appropriate system, and begin to incorporate the elements of that system into the initial design
shop drawings
Drawings issued by a vendor to the contractor demonstrating the details and connections of components they will be fabricating for a project. The architect should review these drawings for conflicts and design consistency, but ultimately, the contractor signs as approved or rejected.
construction drawings
The set of drawings produced, signed, and sealed by the architect and consultant team that serve as the graphical component to the project’s contract documents. Also, the design phase following design development, where specifications and details are added to the work to produce a design capable of construction.
direct liability (vicarious liability) vs contingent liability
- direct liability / Vicarious liability : an architect’s liability for their own acts is known as direct liability for their employee’s’ acts is known as vicarious liability.
- contingent liability : refers to the architect’s liability for the acts of independent consultants who are retained to perform professional services such as consulting engineers.
RFI
A formal request by the contractor to the architect for more information or clarification to the contract drawings. The response from the architect may add more work or cost to the project or may require a design change, all of which may warrant a proposal request and construction change directive from the architect, and eventually, a change order from the contractor.
submittals
A formal request by a material or labor provider for the contractor or professional consultant to review the proposed material or equipment for the project, according to the corresponding written specification. The architect must indicate his acceptance of the submittal as conforming to the contract documents for use in the project. All submittals must be responded to as approved, rejected, or revised and resubmitted. The contractor is responsible for this, but seeks confirmation from the design team prior to doing so.
payment bond
A bond carried by the contractor and the contractor’s surety promising that payment will be provided to the subcontractors and suppliers for labor and materials used in the project. A means to prevent a mechanic’s lien from being placed on the project property.
final payment
Payment made to the contractor once the architect has issued the final certificate for payment of the entire unpaid balance of the project, including adjustments for change orders.
final completion
The completion of work based on the requirements and procedures specified in the contract and in the general conditions of the contract. Unlike substantial completion, there is not typically a given date for final completion.
substantial completion
The required date by which the building or project must be able to be used for its intended purpose.
abatement
The containment and removal of existing contaminants in the built environment, often during demolition for renovation. The owner must coordinate these services outside of the construction contract.
to ensure quality
- self-checking (check-list) by team members (producer)
- in-house third party review : by experienced collogues which occurs every after major project phase
- peer reviews : by independent outside consultant sometimes required by states for building permit
- BIM
post-construction services
- post-occupancy evaluations (basic)
- building commissioning (basic)
- energy analysis and monitoring
- space scheduling
Project manager
Term used to describe the professional responsible for the oversight and delivery of their discipline of professional work or services, typically having administrative and technical responsibilities to the project.
specifications
A portion of the contract documents that formally list the written requirements for equipment, performance, quality, standard of workmanship, building materials, and construction systems. Are included in the project manual.
Partnering
The concept of teamwork or team-building to help ensure cooperative efforts and proactive solutions.
milestone dates
Significant dates involving the establishment of starting and finishing time frames for activities.
Lead time
The amount of time required from receipt of purchase order by a seller to the time the product is delivered.
FOB
Free on board: factory, freight, prepaid to the job site.
commissioning authority
An independent entity engaged to verify the quality of the project in relation to the owner’s project requirements
commissioning
Documented confirmation that building systems function according to criteria set forth in the project documents
facility management
The phase in the life cycle of a facility when the completed facility is placed into service. Includes operations and maintenance procedures
facility life cycle
The sequence of activities, from project concept and construction, to use and eventual demolition.
life cycle costing
The process of evaluating a building or product based on the total costs attributed to that object during its lifetime. These costs include the initial costs, operating costs, maintenance costs, demolition costs, and credit for any residual or salvage value.
payback period
The amount of time required to recover the cost of a purchase through increased performance and efficiencies or reduced operating costs and expenses. Payback periods are commonly used to evaluate the potentially higher initial costs of high-efficiency energy systems. The shorter the payback period, the more economical the purchase would be.
contingency allowance
An amount included in a construction budget—normally 5%–10%—to provide for unforeseen or unpredictable costs.
value engineering
The systematic review of a project design to obtain the best value for the money spent, considering first costs, operating costs, and replacement costs.
critical path method (CPM)
A system of planning and scheduling construction operations that analyzes sequences and durations of time using network diagrams.
fast-track
A construction procedure in which construction on each phase of a project begins as its design is completed, without waiting for the completed project design.
construction drawings (CDs)
The set of drawings produced, signed, and sealed by the architect and consultant team that serve as the graphical component to the project’s contract documents. Also, the design phase following design development, where specifications and details are added to the work to produce a design capable of construction.
lump sum agreement (stipulated sum agreement)
A specific amount is initially specified in the contract as the total fee for the project work, including materials, labor, and profit. Cost savings go directly to the contractor.
observation report
Documentation of an architect’s survey of work progress and quality and affirming work is being conducted in accordance with the contract documents. Often supports the architect’s understanding of acceptable work progress for approval of the contractor’s application for payment.
warranty
An assurance of quality for a duration or period of time after project completion or substantial completion, and legally enforceable.
associations, societies, councils, and institutes
Organizations that have a vested interest in the existence of a common language, understanding, beliefs, and standards of care within their respective industries.
Spearin doctrine
A 1918 court decision stating that a contractor is entitled to rely on the construction documents provided by the owner to be sufficient for their intended purpose and is not responsible for the consequences of defects in the contract documents.
What are the four treatment categories cited in “Standards for the Treatment of Historic Properties,” published by the Secretary of the Interior in 1992?
These categories are
preservation
rehabilitation
restoration
reconstruction
Name three documents from the closeout phase that should be incorporated into project files.
Three key documents from this phase are
- the punch list,
- the certificate of substantial completion, and
- the final application and certificate for payment.
How is corporate knowledge documented?
Standards details,
general notes, and
checklists are three examples of this.
What is a quality circle?
This is a small group of employees who meet regularly to identify, analyze, and solve problems for the quality control (QC) program.
What aspect of the firm should be considered before establishing a quality control program?
The type of services offered by the firm is critical to this program. An architectural engineering firm will have different needs than an architecture or interiors firm.
What is the role of top firm management in a quality control program?
These firm members must publicly support and encourage a quality control program.
Name three appropriate methods for communicating project information.
-Telephone conversations,
- a project website, and emails
- paper documents
What method of communication should not be used for project information?
This aspect of quality control should not use social media.
What is the reason project files are created and stored after a project is completed?
These are kept by the firm to reduce risk.
What are the two types of project documentation used in a project?
These types are
- construction documents
- contracts, change orders, and shop drawing logs based on standard forms
At what point is a project reviewed against the requirements of the building code?
This review takes place at every phase during the planning, design, and construction of a project.
Name two ways an architect can maintain a professional standard of practice.
This practice includes using
- accepted details of trade associations
- specification standards.
What is quality control?
This is an organized set of procedures, systems, and tools to meet the expectations of the client.
Name two elements of a high-quality control program?
- Checklists
- adherence to the approved program
tax abatement
A reduction of taxes granted by a government to encourage economic development.
field survey
An evaluation of the conditions at the site, either before, during, or after work is performed, to assess work progress, analyze existing conditions, or review the work for a punch list. An observation report is typically generated after the survey to document observations.
bulletin
Changes to the documents after bidding and before a construction contract is awarded; changes to the documents are referred to as post-bid bulletins.
program management
The process of managing large private and public projects—most specifically, the criteria of the project’s needs regarding spaces, accommodations, and adjacencies.
clash detection
The utilization of computer programs that coordinate project BIM to detect conflicts in the design between buildings systems, for resolution prior to issuing construction drawings. Often performed later in design development or construction drawings design phase.
value-enhanced design value engineering
The process of reviewing the design components and evaluating options for cost savings or value substitutions.
cost plus fee
The project has a budget of actual cost of materials and labor plus a set fee, often a percentage of the overall cost.
construction manager
A contractor consultant who offers technical guidance and cost-estimating advice and direction for the project early in the design.
construction schedule
A timeline for construction, which includes estimated start dates and end dates for construction processes, as well as lead times and deadlines for major milestones. Often represented in a Gantt chart.
pull planning session card session
A charette of project delivery where all teams and professionals involved in the effective delivery of a project coordinate the timeline for project deliverables based on the anticipated project completion date.
BIM execution plan
A formal document specifying the policies and procedures for managing the building information modeling for the project, including level of detail or level of design for the model, and processing each subconsultant in coordinating models together. May be generated by an owner on a large project or by the design team.
architect’s supplemental instruction (ASI)
- Architect’s supplemental instructions (ASI): a formal issuance of additional information to clarify the construction drawings, made independent of a request from the contractor.
- this is when there is no change for time and cost
turnkey
A real estate development project that is fully complete, ready for intended use, or already in operation upon delivery to a future owner. A method for allowing designer, developer, or contractor to have total control over the design, as well as construction methods and materials, without obligation to an owner or users’ preferences. Often allows for greater profits to the design, development, or construction team.
integrated project delivery
A project delivery approach to optimize project results and improve efficiency that integrates people, systems, business structures, and practices into a collaborative process that maximizes the talents, insights, and strengths of all participants.
NIOSH
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
program manager
A consultant representing the owner in developing and coordinating the criteria for a project regarding spaces, accommodations, and adjacencies throughout a project. Best to be included on the project team at the beginning of the project.
EJCDC
Engineers Joint Contract Documents Committee.
AGC
Associated General Contractors of America.
ASHRAE 90.1
A standard that provides minimum requirements for the energy-efficient design of buildings, except for low-rise residential buildings.
SMACNA
Sheet Metal & Air Conditioning Contractors’ National Association.
NFPA
National Fire Protection Association
NEC
National Electrical Code.
IPC
International Plumbing Code.
IMC
International Mechanical Code
IFC
International Fire Code
IECC
International Energy Conservation Code.
IEBC
International Existing Building Code.
ICC
International Code Council
ASTM
American Society for Testing and Materials
Contemporaneous documentation
Contemporaneous documentation is a written record of verbal or informal communications which is kept in real time and is generally not issued to other project participants in a standard form
This type of documentation could include the project manager’s daily journal, notes from telephone conversations or conversations on site, or email and text messages. Along with providing a record of the project’s progress and the project manager’s day-to-day activities,
A hierarchical view of different types of work plans
- Strategic, tactical, and operational plans can be used to organize and schedule a design project.
- A contingency plan allows the project team to address unforeseen issues that may arise during the course of a project.
- The firm principal or project architect takes the information from a strategic plan and uses it to develop a tactical plan, which is a list and schedule of the activities that must occur to accomplish the goals defined in the strategic plan.
- What architects generally call a project work plan is a type of tactical plan. This plan includes assigning responsibility for each task (i.e., to in-house staff or consultants), determining how much time and money is allocated for each task, and charting when tasks must be completed to keep the project on schedule, including deadlines or submission requirements
tactical plan
- A tactical plan has a level of detail that falls in between a strategic plan and an operational plan. For example, a tactical plan lists “structural design by consultant” and may list review milestones or submission dates, but it does not break this topic into very specific tasks.
operational plan
- An operational plan is used by a designer or project manager who is responsible for a smaller part of the project. In a design project, an operational plan may be implemented through a responsibilities matrix or a task checklist. For example, a structural engineer may develop an operational plan that includes a list of the activities that the firm must complete to develop the design of the structural systems. The structural engineer begins by analyzing and applying the requirements and schedule defined in the architect’s work plan. The engineer then lists the required engineering tasks, which may include receiving and reviewing the geotechnical report, choosing and designing the foundation system, completing wind and seismic loading analysis, selecting a material and calculating reactions for the structural frame, coordinating with the architect and other building systems engineers as their portions of the design are developed, and preparing the final documents and specifications.
contingency plan
- A contingency plan is a way to rescue a troubled project, proposed in advance of a project being in trouble. Issues may arise for a variety of reasons but are usually attributable to a lack of time, money, or resources. A project may also encounter unforeseen issues or conditions related to the site, a delay in the approvals process, a change in the owner’s direction or available resources, or a delay caused by a natural disaster. A contingency plan helps the architect respond to these issues quickly and thoughtfully. For example, a zoning approval board meeting is canceled because of a snowstorm, and the project does not receive land development plan approval until the next month. The design and construction schedules for the project may be adjusted to factor in this extra time. The architect may allow for these types of unforeseen conditions by including a design contingency in the project budget (e.g., usually 5−10%, determined by the architect), encouraging the owner to include a contingency in the construction budget (e.g., usually 5−10%, determined by the owner), and building extra time into the design and construction schedule.
strategic plan
- A strategic plan is a high-level plan that outlines broadscope project objectives. One example of a strategic plan is the program for an architectural project. The owner, with the assistance of a programmer or the architect, prepares the program. The architect becomes familiar with the requirements and determines both the design approach and the production plan to satisfy the program.
American Institute of Architects (AIA) Document A305, Contractor’s Qualification Statement, includes
- This document contains sections on organization, licensing, experience, references, financing, and signature. The section on financing requires that the contractor
- “attach a financial statement, preferably audited, including your organization’s latest balance sheet and income statement.” Nowhere in these sections does it provide for a personal narrative, a list of potential subcontractors, or a list of materials on hand.
Two major issues should be addressed in every agreement between an architect and a consultant:
- passing through rights and responsibilities of the architect to the consultant,
- and sharing risks and rewards.
- The agreement should also establish responsibilities such as compensation, internal coordination, revisions on request of the architect, cost estimating, assistance with the bidding process, review of shop drawings, and site visits.
A101 Standard Form of Agreement Between Owner and Contractor where the basis of payment is a Stipulated Sum
article 1 : The Contract Documents
- This agreement
- Conditions of the contract (general, supplementary, and others)
- Drawings
- Specifications
- Addenda issued prior to this agreement
- Other documents listed in this agreement
- Modifications issued after this agreement
A101 Standard Form of Agreement Between Owner and Contractor where the basis of payment is a Stipulated Sum
article 2 : The Work of this Contract
- The contractor shall fully execute the work as described in the contract documents
: Exception is if the documents specifically call out another entity to perform any work described
