PP - Neoplasm intro Flashcards
Neoplasia =
new growth
What is neoplasia?
- an abnormal mass of tissue
- the growth of which exceeds and is uncoordinated with that of the normal tissues and persists in the same excessive manner after the cessation of the stimuli which evoked the changes which evoked the changes
Give examples of non-epithelial tumors:
- fibrous tissue - fibroma
- bone - osteoma
- vascular tissue - angioma
- cartilage - chondroma
Give examples of epithelial tumors:
- adenoma
* papilloma
Adenoma:
- benign
- epithelial neoplasm
- produce gland patterns or derved from glands
- cystadenoma
Cystadenoma:
adenoma with cyst formation (ovary)
Papilloma:
- benign
- epithelial neoplasms
- grows on any surface
- produce finger-like projection
Non neoplastic instances with suffix -oma:
- Hamartoma
- Horistoma
- malignant neoplasms (lymphoma, seminoma, melanoma, mesothelioma)
Give examples of malignant neoplasms:
- lymphoma
- seminoma
- melanoma
- mesothelioma
Hamartoma:
malformation that presents a mass of disorganized tissue indigenous to the particular site
Horistoma:
congenital anomaly (heterotopic rests)
sarcomas have…..
mesenchymal origin
carcinomas have….
epithelial origin
Mesenchymal origin - sarcomas:
- fibrous tissue origin - fibrosarcoma
- chondrocytes origin - chondrosarcoma
- vascular origin - angiosarcoma
Epithelial origin - carcinomas:
- with glandular pattern-adenocarcinoma
* with squamous pattern - squamous cell carcinoma
Give examples of malignant neoplasms:
- mesenchymal origin - sarcoma
* epithelial origin - carcinoma
Anaplasia:
cells have poor cellular differentiation, losing the morphological characteristics of mature cells and their orientation with respect to each other and to endothelial cells.
What is the difference between the morphology of the benign and the malignant neoplasm?
the benign one is well differentiated while the malignant one is anaplastic
How is angiogenesis in benign neoplasm compared to the malignant neoplasm?
- benign: small
- malignant: numerous vessels
How is heterogeneity in benign neoplasm compared to the malignant neoplasm?
- benign: small
- malignant: very big
Local invasion in benign neoplasm compared to the malignant neoplasm:
- benign: no
- malignant: yes
Distant metastasis in benign neoplasm compared to the malignant neoplasm:
- benign: no
- malignant: yes
Angioinvasion in benign neoplasm compared to the malignant neoplasm:
- benign: no
- malignant: yes
How is the growth in benign neoplasm compared to the malignant neoplasm:
- benign: slow
- malignant: rapid
Capsule in benign neoplasm compared to the malignant neoplasm:
- benign: almost always yes
- malignant: no
Local recurrence in benign neoplasm compared to the malignant neoplasm:
- benign: no
- malignant: yes
What are the pathways of disseminating:
- lymphatic spread
- hematogenous spread
- seeding within body cavities
- perineural spread
What is a sentinal lymph node?
- first lymph node in a regional lymphatic basin that recieves lymph flow from a primary tumor
- can be used to plan treatment
What is spreading by seeding?
- it occurs when neoplasms invade natural body cavities
- cancers of the ovary which often widely covers the peritoneal surface
Neoplasms of the CNS:
they may penetrate the cerebral ventricles and be carried by CSF to reimplant on the meningeal surfaces either within the brain or in the spinal cord
Benign:
- well differentiated cells that closely resemble their counterparts
- mitosis are normal and are extremely scant
Lipoma -
mature fat cells
Chondroma -
mature cartilage
Malignant:
- wide range of parenchymal cell differentiation
- from surprisingly well differentiated to completely undifferentiated (anaplastic).
- between these two extremes: moderately differentiated
Malignant:
- wide range of parenchymal cell differentiation
Examples of malignant tumors:
- basal cell carcinoma
- pleomorphic adenoma of the salivary gland
Dysplasia def:
- the enlargement of an organ or tissue by the proliferation of cells of an abnormal type, as a developmental disorder or an early stage in the development of cancer
- don´t always progress to cancer
What are the chances of malignant change in leiomyoma?
extremely rare
Dysplasia =
intraepithelial neoplasia
Dysplasia =
intraepithelial neoplasia
Carcinoma in situ:
when dysplastic changes are marked and involve the entire thickness of the epithelium
Cachexia:
general physical wasting and malnutrition usually associated with chronic disease.
What can small bile duct carcinoma lead to?
jaundice
What does TNF do?
- suppresses the apatite
- inhibits the action of lipoprotein lipase
Cancer cachexia def:
- progressive loss of body fat and lean body mass,
- accompanied by profound weakness, anorexia and anemia
- NOT caused by reduced food intake but by cytokines released by the tumor or the host
- no satisfactory treatment
Protein-mobilizing factor (proteolysis-inducing factor):
break down of skeletal muscle proteins by ubiquitin-proteosome pathway
Paraneoplastic syndromes def:
- symptoms that occur in patient with cancer but without an explanation of why it occurs with certain cancer types
- 10-15% of patient with cancers
Paraneoplastic syndromes mechanisms:
- abnormal hormone production
- immunologic response
- hypercoaguability
- unknown
Abnormal hormone production:
- Cushing syndrome
- Hypoglycemia
- Hypercalcemia
- Polycythemia
- Carcinoid syndrome
Polycythemia def:
an abnormally increased concentration of haemoglobin in the blood, either through reduction of plasma volume or increase in red cell numbers.
Cushing syndrome:
(ACTH, ACTH-like substance)
- small cell cancer of the lung
- pancreatic cancer
- neural tumor
Hypoglycemia:
(insulin, insulin-like substance)
- hepatocellular cancer
- mesenchymal sarcomas
- fibrosarcomas
Hypercalcemia:
- squamous cell cancer of the lung
- breast cancer
- renal cancer
- ovarian cancer
- adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma
Polycythemia:
(erythropoietin)
- renal cancer
- hepatocellular cancer
- cerebellar heamangioma
Carcinoid syndrome:
(serotonin, bradykinin
- bronchial adenoma
- pancratic cancer
- gastric cancer
Immunologic mechanism:
- Nephrotic syndrome
- Dermatomyositis
- Acanthosis nigricans
- Myasthenia
- Disorders in the peripheral and central nervous system
Nephrotic syndrome:
various cancers
Dermatomyositis:
- bronchogenic cancer
- breast cancer
Acanthosis nigricans:
- gastric cancer
- lung gastric cancer
- uterine cancer
Myasthenia:
bronchogenic cancer
Disorders in the peripheral and central nervous system:
breast cancer
What categories can we divide hereditary forms of cancer?
- inherited cancer syndromes (autosomal dominant)
- familial cancers
- inherited autosomal recessive syndromes of defective DNA repair
Inherited cancer syndromes (autosomal dominant)
most commonly germ-line mutation of cancer suppressor gene
Inherited autosomal recessive syndromes of defective DNA repair
connected with chromosomal or DNA instability
