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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Describe the processes which cause a cell to become specialised

A

idea of correct stimulus e.g. chemical
2. (stimulus) { activates some genes / inactivates genes
3. { transcription / mRNA produced } at active genes
4. translation of mRNA produces { protein /polypeptide
5. idea that this protein either permanently modifies cell or
determines { cell structure / function

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2
Q

Explain what is meant by the term pluripotent.

A

idea that cells can divide
2. these cells are { undifferentiated / unspecialised } / these
cells can undergo { differentiation / specialisation
3. idea that they give rise to { most cell types / all cell types
except extra-embryonic tissues } ;

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3
Q

Explain what is meant by the term polygenic inheritance

A
  1. more than one gene (for a characteristic) / eq ;
  2. on more than one locus ;
  3. idea of continuous variation ;
  4. idea of cumulative effect of genes
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4
Q

state what is meant by the term species

A

(a group of) organisms that are capable of {(inter)breeding/mating /reproducing} and producing fertile offspring

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5
Q

name structures present in animal cells that are not present in plant cell

A

-cilia, glycogen (granules, flagella, centrioles and lysosomes

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6
Q
A

compound needs to be extracted from trees and used to make a drug

 compounds tested on Y. pestis in vitro

 tested on {animals / human cells}

 (phase 1 / preliminary) (small scale) tests on healthy {people / volunteers}

 review by independent {scientists / medics} to see if work can progress to stage 2

 (phase 2) - drug tested on {small / 100 to 500} groups of {patients / people} who have the {plague / disease}

 appropriate concentrations identified

 (phase 3) - drug tested on {larger groups of / 1000 to 3000} {patients / people} who have the plague

 placed randomly in two groups - one group receives {treatment / drug containing the chemical compounds} and the
other receives placebo

 double blind test

 analyse results with (appropriate) statistical test / test for significant difference

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7
Q

what is meant by the term polygenic inheritance

A
  • genes at different loci
  • code for the same characteristic
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8
Q

what happens in double fertilisation

A

-

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9
Q

what does in happen after the sperm cell enters and egg cell

A
  • fusion of cortical granules with cell membrane and release of enzymes - hardening of zona pellucida
  • fusion of two haploid nuclei
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10
Q

what xylem vessel transport

A
  • calcium ions from stem to the leaves
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11
Q

how does standard deviation affect reliability

A
  • as SD increase the reliability decreases
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12
Q

how to calculate the heterozygosity index

A
  • analyze the DNA/determine the number of heterozygotes
  • divide the number of heterozygotes by the total number of organism population
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13
Q

describe the role of zoos in the conservation of endangered species

A
  • genetic diversity identified as the variety of alleles in a population
  • genetic analysis of the endangered organism in zoo and the organism in their island
  • increase gene pool
  • breeding in zoos or natural habitat
  • use of stud books
  • increase of habitat
  • raising awareness of need for protected area
  • recreating similar habitat in zoos/ protection from predators/ food provision
  • treatment of diseases
  • reintroduction of organisms form captive breeding
  • education of local population in country where zoo is located
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14
Q

how scientists could confirm that two different species of this domain

A
  • molecular evidence
  • comparison of biological molecules
  • analysis of phenotype
  • to identify similarities and differences between the two organisms
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15
Q

what is meant by the term organ system

A

group of organs together to preform one function

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16
Q

what is meant by the term tissue system

A

group of cells that together to preform one function

17
Q

compare and contrast the structures of phloem sieve tubes and xylem vessels

A

Similarities:
* both (fibres) contain cellulose (in the cell wall)
* both have tubular structures
* both do not contain a nucleus
Differences:
* phloem (sieve tubes) have {sieve plates / (perforated) end walls} whereas xylem (vessels) have no end walls/ sieve plates}
* phloem (sieve tubes) {contain cytoplasm / are not
hollow} whereas xylem (vessels) {do not contain
cytoplasm / are hollow}
*phloem (sieve tubes) contain no {lignin / secondary
thickening} whereas xylem contain {lignin / secondary
thickening}
* phloem have plasmodesmata whereas xylem have
pits

18
Q

Explain how the arrangement of cellulose molecules and secondary thickening in
xylem vessels contributes to the physical properties of the cell wall

A

cellulose molecules can be organised into microfibrils. (1)

  • (due to layers of) {cellulose / microfibrils} arranged in
    {different directions / a mesh} (1)
  • {hydrogen bonds in cellulose molecules / hydrogen bonds in
    microfibrils / layers (of microfibrils) / lignin / secondary
    thickening / pectate} add {strength / support / stability} (1)
  • {(cellulose) microfibrils / mesh} held together by {pectin /
    pectate} (1)
  • lignin makes {outside of xylem vessels / cell wall}
    impermeable (to water) (1)
  • the structure of lignin described (1)
19
Q

describe the function of the tube nucleus

A
20
Q

explain how seed banks would prepare , store and assess viability of these seeds

A

seeds would be (prepared by being) dried
 seeds would be treated with an antimicrobial
 seeds would be stored in suitable conditions
 samples of seeds would be {germinated / x-rayed /
scanned} (to check viability)
 replacement seeds would be collected from (these plants)
(1)

21
Q

describe the structure of blastocyst

A
  • outer cell layer
  • inner mass cell
    hollow
22
Q

what does happen in DNA methylation and histone modification

A
  • DNA methylation is the addition of methyl group to cytosine
  • histone modification is the (methylation/phosphorylation/acetylation) of histone
  • which will cause the DNA to be wrapped more tightly around the histone
  • resulting in the inhibition of RNA polymerase binding
  • therefore preventing gene expression
23
Q

what is the function of pits in xylem vessels

A
  • allows movement of water/inorganic ions/mineral ions or communication
  • between cells/to other tissues / out of xylem or into xylem
24
Q

why is water needed for bacterial growth

A

for hydrolysis/ solvent/ prevent dehydration

25
Q

how to compare results in drug trails

A

analysis of results with statistical test/ test for significant difference/ review by independent scientists medics/FAD ( to see if work can progress to next stage)

26
Q
A

{(continuous) tube / hollow tube / sieve plate} allows {flow of
solution / movement of sucrose / translocation} (1)

  • contain plasmodesmata allow {entry /exit} of {sucrose /
    water / molecules} (1)
  • companion cells to {move sucrose into sieve tube (elements)
    provide ATP for active transport} (1)
  • (cellulose) cell wall to withstand pressure (1)
27
Q
A

{(continuous) tube / hollow tube}
allows transport of {water / mineral
ions} (1)
* pits allow {water / mineral ions} to
move to adjoining {cells / vessels} (1)
* {lignin / secondary thickening}
{make vessels walls impermeable to
water / water can only leave through
pits / withstand hydrostatic pressure
/ provide support}
* thick cell wall to {withstand
hydrostatic pressure / provide
support} (1)
sclerenchyma
* {lignin / secondary thickening}
provide support

28
Q

how to conserve specific specie

A

establish protected areas / increase food source

  • reduce the population of {predators
  • (reduce deaths from disease by) {treating diseased organisms
    (with medication) / vaccination}
  • use of captive breeding programme (to increase population
    size) / reintroduce (captive bred) organism
  • {analysis of genotype of organisms used in captive breeding
    programme / use of stud books} to ensure genetic diversity
    of organism population is maintained

biology unit 2 (6 decks)

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