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biology unit 2 > 3A > Flashcards

3A Flashcards

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1
Q

what does cell theory includes

A

-All living organisms are made up of one or more cell
-Cells are the basic functional unit in living organisms
-New cells are produced from pre-existing cells

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2
Q

what are common features that living organisms share

A

-cell surface membrane
-cytoplasm
-DNA
-Ribosomes

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3
Q

what are the two board types that cells are divided to

A

eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells

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4
Q

what type of cells are animal and plant cells and what is the key difference between them and what do they share

A

Both are eukaryotic
similarities:
they share membrane-bound organelles including nucleus and larger ribosomes
difference:
animal cells contain centrioles and microvilli while plant cells do not
Plant cells have a cellulose cell wall, large permanent vacuoles, and chloroplasts while animal cells do not

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5
Q

state the structure and function of nucleus

A

*nuclear envelope: separates cytoplasm form nucleus
*nuclear pores: they allow mRNA, ribosomes and enzymes to ravel out of the cell
*chromatin: the material form which chromosomes are made (chromosomes are made of sections of linear DNA tightly wound around protein called histones
*nucleolus: the sites were ribosome production occurs

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6
Q

state the structure and function of mitochondria

A

-its the site of aerobic respiration
-mitochondria are surrounded by double membrane with the inner membrane folded to form structures called cristae
-The matrix of mitochondria contains enzymes needed for aerobic respiration, producing ATP
-Small circular pieces of DNA, known as mitochondrial DNA, and ribosomes are also found in the matrix (needed before cell division)

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7
Q

state the function of ribosome and where are they located

A
  • ribosome are part of rough endoplasmic reticulum
    -Each ribosome is a complex of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and proteins
    -Ribosomes are the site of translation
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8
Q

state the structure and function of ribosome RER

A
  • formed from folds of membrane continuous with the nuclear envelope
    -the surface of RER is covered in ribosomes
  • the role of RER is to process protein form ribosome
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9
Q

state the function of SER

A
  • SER is also formed from folds of membrane
    -involved in the production of lipids, carbohydrates and steroids
    SER does not have ribosome
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10
Q

state the structure and function of Golgi apparatus

A

-The Golgi apparatus consists of flattened sacs of membrane similar in appearance to the smooth endoplasmic reticulum
-The role of the Golgi apparatus is to modify proteins and lipids before packaging them into Golgi vesicles
-The vesicles then transport the proteins and lipids to their required destination

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11
Q

state the structure and function of lysosomes

A

-Lysosomes are specialist forms of vesicle which contain hydrolytic enzymes
-The role of lysosomes is to break down waste materials such as worn-out organelles
-Lysosomes are used extensively by cells of the immune system and in programmed cell death, known as apoptosis

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12
Q

state the structure and function of centriole

A

-Centrioles are made of hollow fibers knows as microtubules
-Two centrioles at right angles to each other form a centrosome which organises the spindle fibres during cell division
-Centrioles are not found in plants and fungi

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13
Q

state the organelles involved in formation of extracellular enzyme

A

The organelles that are involved in protein synthesis are:
- nucleus: transcription of DNA
-Ribosomes: produce proteins in the process of translation
-Rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)
Golgi apparatus
Cell surface membrane
Proteins formed within the cell are secreted her

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14
Q

state the function of organelles involved in formation extxracellular enzyme

A

-RER: Proteins that have been passed into the lumen of the rough endoplasmic reticulum are folded and processed
-Golgi apparatus: Processed proteins from the RER are transported to the Golgi apparatus in vesicles which fuse with the Golgi apparatus, releasing the proteins into the Golgi then The modified proteins then leave the Golgi apparatus in vesicles

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15
Q

state the steps of formation of extracellular enzymes

A
  • the nucleolus produces ribosomes for protein synthesis in the RER
  • the nucleus manufactures mRNA, which is needed by ribosomes to make proteins
    -the ribosomes in the RER make proteins
    -The RER processes the proteins which are then sent in vesicles to golgi body
  • the golgi further process the proteins and send them in vesicles to plasma protein
  • the vesicles fuse with the plasma membrane to secret the finished product
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16
Q

what are the main features that prokaryotic cell have and function

A
  • organelles with single membrane
  • have ribosomes with 70S
    *function: protein synthesis
  • no nucleus, have circular DNA
  • have cell wall that contains murein
    (peptidoglycan)
17
Q

what are the other features that some prokaryotic cells have and function

A

-Loops of DNA known as plasmids
*function: contains genes that can be passed between cells
-Capsules
*function: prevents the cell form drying out and attack from immune system cells
-Flagella
*function: enables the cell to move
-Pili *function: attaches the cells to each other for conjugation to occur
-A cell membrane that contains folds known as mesosomes
*function: site of aerobic respiration, DNA replication and cell wall formation

18
Q

what are TEM and SEM

A
  • TEM has higher resolution than SEM
  • TEM is electron microscope used for small specimen
  • SEM is light microscope used for large specimen
19
Q

why is it important to stain the sample

A
  • because they might be transparent or difficult to distinguish
  • so that they can be visible
20
Q

what does locus mean

A

the location of a gene on a chromosome

21
Q

what is a gene

A

a length of DNA that codes for a single polypeptide or protein

22
Q

what is allele

A

its a different form of gene that are slightly different form each other by occupying different group

23
Q

what is autosomal linkage

A

its when two or more genes on the same autosome(any chromosome that is not a sex chromosome) do not assort independently during meiosis, they stay together and are passed on together

24
Q

what is sex linkage

A
  • some genes are present on one sex chromosome so its when the inheritance are dependent on the sex of the individual
25
Q

what happens before and during meiosis

A
  • before meiosis, chromosomes replicate
  • during meiosis I, the homologous pairs of chromosomes split up to produce two haploids
  • in meiosis II, the chromatids that make up each chromosome split apart to produce 4 haploids
26
Q

what are the two features that contribute to genetic variation

A
  • independent assortment
  • crossing over
27
Q

what happens in independent assortment

A
  • its the production of different combination of alleles by random alignment of homologous pairs along the equator of the spindle during metaphase I of meiosis I
28
Q

what happens in crossing over

A
  • its the exchange of alleles by non-sister chromatids in prophase I of meiosis I, the paired chromosomes are known as bivalents when chromatids cross the crossing area is called chiasma

biology unit 2 (6 decks)

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