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Bio 141L > Powerpoints > Flashcards

Powerpoints Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

3 types of research approaches

A
  1. exploratory
  2. correlational
  3. experimental
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2
Q

exploratory research

A

gives a sense of variables you should explore more

ex: interviewing people who grow plants in their dorm rooms

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3
Q

correlational research

A

can show correlation between variables

ex: survey people who grow plants in their room about specific factors

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4
Q

experimental research

A

can show that one variable causes another

ex: buy plants and conduct experiments on them

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5
Q

negative control

A

condition we know will produce a negative result

OR condition that will have no change

ex: all plants die

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6
Q

postive control

A

condition we know will produce a positive result

ex: all plants grow

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7
Q

what do positive and negative controls do?

A
  1. ensure that assay is working

2. establish a range of possible results

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8
Q

1 mL =

A

1000 µL

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9
Q

What must you ALWAYS do before plating microbes?

A

VORTEX

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10
Q

What must be in each lab notebook entry?

A

Title, date, names

Purpose

Methods

Data

Conclusions

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11
Q

What side of the plate do you label?

A

the ager side

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12
Q

What should you label a plate with?

A

Name

Lab day/time

Date

What is plated (species)

Experimental variables that differ between plate (dilution, treatment)

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13
Q

Dilution formula

A

C1V1=C2V2

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14
Q

Fold dilution formula

A

Fold = C1/C2 = V2/V1

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15
Q

Why use a serial dilution?

A

it is more accurate and saves resources

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16
Q

What is a spot on an ager plate?

A

a colony

thousands of yeast growing from 1 cell that you plated

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17
Q

How many yeast colonies do you ideally want on a plate?

A

30-300

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18
Q

Techniques for repairing UV damaged DNA

A
  1. photolyase repair

2. nucleotide exision repair

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19
Q

Photolayse repair

A

specific enzyme senses bulge in DNA and repairs it

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20
Q

Nucleotide excision repair

A

enzymes cut out the damaged region of DNA

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21
Q

Which technique of DNA repair did placental mammals loose?

A

photolayse repair

can only use nucleotide excision repair

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22
Q

Qualities to consider when selecting a model organism

A
  1. How well they model the organism we are studying
  2. Ethics
  3. Ease of growing in lab
  4. Cost
  5. Generation time
  6. Size
  7. Ease of genetic manipulation
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23
Q

Baker’s yeast scientific name

A

Saccharomyces cerevisiae

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24
Q

Why use baker’s yeast as a model organism?

A

easy to grow in lab

2 hours per cell division

30% yeast genes shared with humans

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25
Q

Properties of baker’s yeast

A

single-celled eukaryote

fungi

can be grown as haploid or diploid

used since egyptians to bake bread

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26
Q

rad1 yeast

A

lack nucleotide excision repair

27
Q

What happens to humans without nucleotide excision repair?

A

suffer from xeroderma pigmentosum

need to take extreme precautions to avoid sunlight

28
Q

Why store yeast agar plates face side down?

A

Keeps yeast in the dark

photolayse repair mechanism cannot work

29
Q

4 research ethics

A
  1. honesty
  2. objectivity
  3. carefulness
  4. openness
30
Q

Animal use ethics

A

use lowest organism and fewest animals as possible

practice proper care and respect for animals

get IACUC approval

31
Q

Human subjects ethics

A

respect dignity, privacy, and autonomy

strive to distribute benefits and burdens fairly

informed consent

must have IRB approval

32
Q

Standardizing data rough example

A

make positive control 100% survival

make percents based off of this

this is an example

33
Q

systematic error

A

error in a particular direction

affects the average

34
Q

random error

A

fluctuation in measurement in either direction

affects the spread around the mean

reduce by repeating trials

35
Q

What should a scientific poster do?

A

summarize the main finding

36
Q

What should a figure caption have?

A

descriptive title that summarizes the results of the figure

specific information on how the figure was made

should include what error bars represent and how many replicates were averaged for each point

37
Q

Steps to using the microscope

A
  1. turn on power and lights
  2. set magnification to 10x
  3. adjust oculars
  4. focus on c. elegan
  5. adjust mirror and lense
  6. increase magnification
38
Q

Information on c. elegans

A

eukaryotes
hermatphrodites
eat bacteria

39
Q

hermatphodites

A

can self fertilize or mate with male

40
Q

How many cells are total in each c. elegan?

A

1000

41
Q

What percent of genes of c. elegans are homologous to human genes?

A

40%

42
Q

What is the lifespan of c. elegans?

A

3 weeks

43
Q

Positive control of choosy worm choice assay

A

food source (bacteria) on one side of the plate

all the worms should move towards this food source

44
Q

Negative control of choosy worm choice assay

A

same food source (bacteria) on both sides of the plate

all the worms should move towards both ends of the plate

45
Q

Positive control of choosy worm survival assay

A

provide known food source, like OP50

46
Q

Negative control of choosy worm survival assay

A

provide known pathogen or no food

47
Q

What do dead worms look like?

A

straight line

48
Q

General steps of plating worms (video goes more in depth)

A
  1. wash c. elegans off plate with 1000µL of M9 buffer
  2. spin to remove dirty M9
  3. repeat and wash 2x with 1000µL each time
  4. add 1000µL fresh M9
  5. check and adjust concentration to around 40 worms/5µL
49
Q

Why do we have to wash worms multiple times?

A

to remove excess waste and bacteria

50
Q

Supernatant

A

the excess liquid above the worms

51
Q

How to mix worms without killing them?

A

flick them

do not vortex worms

52
Q

null hypothesis for a choosy worm choice assay

A

worms will have no preference (50% on each side)

53
Q

Two numbers needed to perform stats tests

A

number of successes

number of trials (successes + failures)

54
Q

p-value

A

probability of obtaining your (or more extreme) data if the null hypothesis is true

55
Q

What test do you use to compare results between 2 experiments (groups?)

A

2x2 contingency table

56
Q

Standard deviation

A

measures variation to mean

57
Q

standard error

A

measures variation to true value/population mean

58
Q

What values does systematic error effect?

A

average and standard deviation

59
Q

Where should glass slides by disposed?

A

glass waste only

60
Q

What goes in bio waste?

A

everything except for paper towels

61
Q

Random error can be reduced by

A

replicates

62
Q

Systematic error can be reduced by

A

normalization

63
Q

The lights are not working in a bulb give hypothesis + prediction

A

Hypothesis: the batteries are dead

Predicition: if I replace the batteries, the light will work

Bio 141L (3 decks)

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