Powerpoints Flashcards
What is Dahl’s hierarchy of “influence terms”?
- Rational persuasion (convince someone to stop doing something: heroin) 2. Manipulative persuasion (mislead) 3. Inducement (offer reward/punishment) 4. Power (threaten sever punishment) 5. Coercion (power with no other way) 6. Physical force
What are Luke’s three faces of power?
Decision making power: Use of force, mutual gain exchanges, creation of obligation/loyalty, whoever wins the argument has the power •Agenda setting (non-decision making) •Ideological power/ability to shape people’s private desires
What are the three types of “legitimate” rule through authority?
- Traditional 2. Charismatic: obedience through inspiration and psychological domination 3. Legal-rational: obedience to uniform and codified set of principals/rules/laws which benefit those who are subjected to it
What are the different types of sovereignty?
Popular, Parliamentary and Personal
What are the two methods of natural citizenship?
- Birth 2. Blood
What is the difference between a state and a nation?
A state exists when a sovereign power rules over a population residing within the boundaries of a fixed territory whereas a nation is an identity shared by a no. of people based on collective factors
What is a Nation-state?
A state with a single, predominate national identity ex. Iceland, Sweden
What are binational or multinational states?
Two or more nations exist under a single government ex. Canada
What are civic nations?
Identity that depends primarily on acceptance of political order
What are ethnic nations?
Identity depends on objective factors such as language or religion
What is realism?
A theory where the international system is understood as: self-help, lack of trust and dependent on one’s military power
What is the security dilemma?
Trying to make yourself more secure, leads to less security ex. arms race
What is a public or collective good?
An indivisible “thing” that is supplied jointly to all potential users ex. Lighthouse
What is a pure public good?
A “thing” that can be used by one person without reducing anyone else’s utility ex. Fireworks
What is a private good?
a “thing” that can be used by one person: is both excludable and rivalrous ex iPad
What are the three types of public goods?
- Network 2. Pure 3. Rival
What are network goods?
They can give higher benefits to each user the higher the number of users ex. Languages, currencies, internet
What are pure public goods?
They can be used by more people without reducing other people’s utility ex. National defence, advances in knowledge
What are rival public goods?
The addition of users can diminish or even eliminate the utility of other users ex. clean air, water, roads, hospitals
What are club goods?
Involve tolls or fees
What are common goods?
Rival or contestable public goods that are not excludable ex. clean air, water pools, fisheries, forests
What is tragedy of the commons?
Individuals acting independently and rationale according to self interest behave contrary to the groups long term best interests
What does the provision of public good require?
Cooperation or coercion by means of collective action or effective government
What are the four requirements of collective action?
- size of group 2. common interest 3. provision of goods 4. trust
What is the collective action function?
R = B x P - C + D (Reward of participating in action = benefits or access to public good multiplied by probability to obtain said good minus the cost of action plus selective incentives)
What is nash equilibrium?
A set of strategies in a game such that no player has an incentive to unilaterally change her mind given what other players are doing
What are payoffs?
The rewards that are associated with each outcome of the game. An important rule of the game is that players prefer higher payoffs to lower payoffs
What are extensive form games?
Players make their moves sequentially, like chess
What are normal strategic form games?
Players make moves simultaneously like rock/paper/scissors
What are the three types of dictatorships?
Despotism, Authoritarianism and Totalitarianism
What is Despotism?
Rule by personalistic tyrant or military junta, deprived of ideology and prone to arbitrariness, more likely in single crop economies with great social polarisation (Ancient Egypt and China)
What is the difference between absolute monarch and despot?
absolute monarch governs with absolute power with fixed and established laws; despots govern by their own will
What is authoritarianism?
A system of government in which leaders are not subjected to the test of free elections. Can take many forms: civilian, military, secular, religious. Rule by means of repression and control
What is totalitarianism?
A modern form of despotic rule where the state undertakes to remake society according to an ideological design. Single party rule, control over all the public and private aspects of life + use of widespread terror
What is multilevel governance?
Multiple levels of government can offer different public goods and services at different territorial scales. Small: city. Medium: sub-territorial unit. Large: state. V large: empire
What are the different types of Governmental structure?
- Unitary (one level ex. UK, NZ, France) 2. Federal (two levels ex. Canada, Australia, USA) 3. Confederal (balance of power with constituents ex. EU, USA (pre 1787)
What are unitary systems of governance?
A single sovereign govt. rules the country. All power is concentrated on one level of govt. Sub-levels of govt. can be created, abolished, expanded and retracted by the central authority
What are devolution systems of government?
Those in which the central government devolves (or gives) power to regional governments, subject to its overriding control ex. Scotland and Wales
What are the five features of federalism?
- a combination of shared rule and local self rule 2. constitutionally protected autonomy of each level of government 3. a written constitution and a supreme court that acts as an umpire of jurisdiction disputes 4. constitutional amending formula 5. central govt. has constituent part representation
What are con-federal systems?
A permanent union of sovereign states retain sovereignty. defence, currency, trade ex. EU
What are the three parts of Australia’s executive?
- Formal: the crown/GG 2. Political: the PM and Cabinet 3. Permanent: The public service
What are the roles of the HoR?
- legislates 2. sets political agenda 3. legitimises government decisions 4. integrates and represents the political community 5. helps maintain the political system
What are the aspects of a presidential system?
- President 2. Cabinet 3. Congress (HoR and Senate) 4. Judiciary
What is the electoral college?
Formal body that chooses the president of the US (270/538) indirect election. Upstanding citizens chosen by voters in the state determined by the total number of congressmen and senators in the state
Difference between presidential and parliamentary systems
- Presidents appoint more non-partisans to the cabinet + don’t have to rely on legislative majority to remain in office #more flexibility 2. Lower cabinet proportionality than parliamentary systems
What are semi-presidential democracies?
The government depends on a legislative majority and the head of state is popularly elected
What are the two types of semi-presidential democracy?
- Premier-presidential and 2. President-parliamentary
