PowerPoint Two

Question 1

Medial rotation

Answer 1

A rotation or turning of a body part with movement of the anterior aspect of the part toward the inside, or median plane

Question 2

Lateral rotation

Answer 2

A rotation or turning of a body part with movement of the anterior aspect of the part toward the outside, or away from the median plane

Question 3

Abduct or abduction

Answer 3

Movement of a part away from the central axis of the body or body part

Question 4

Adduct or adduction

Answer 4

Movement of a part toward the central axis of the body or body part

Question 5

Pronate/pronation

Answer 5

rotation of the forearm so that the palm is down.

Question 6

Supinate/supination

Answer 6

rotation of the forearm so that the palm is up (in the anatomic position)

Question 7

Protraction

Answer 7

movement forward from a normal position. For example: the mandible.

Question 8

Retraction

Answer 8

movement backward or the condition of being drawn back. For example: the mandible.

Question 9

Elevation

Answer 9

Lifting, raising, or moving of a part superiorly

Question 10

Depression

Answer 10

letting down or lowering or moving of a part inferiorly

Question 11

Circumduction

Answer 11

Circular movement of a limb.

Question 12

Radiographic Criteria

Answer 12

The definable standard that radiographs are evaluated by.

Question 13

Radiographic criteria format

Answer 13

Structures shown, positioning, collimation and CR, exposure criteria and image markers.

Question 14

“Stuctures shown” from Radiographic Criteria

Answer 14

The anatomic parts and structures visualized on a radiograph

Question 15

“Postitioning” from Radiographic Criteria

Answer 15

Placement of body part in relationship to IR

and positioning factors important for projection.

Question 16

“Collimation and CR” from Radiographic Criteria

Answer 16

Decribes how collimation borders should be seen
Location of CR
Center of collimation

Question 17

“Exposure criteria” from Radiographic Criteria

Answer 17

Describes how technique can be evaluated for optimum exposure of body part
Motion

Question 18

“Image Markers,” from Radiographic Criteria

Answer 18

Patient side markers (R or L)
Time markers (as needed)

Question 19

Essential IR markers

Answer 19

Anatomic side markers (R or L) and patient ID marker.

Question 20

Basic (routine) projections

Answer 20

Commonly performed projections taken in US and Canada on all average patients who can cooperate fully
Actual routines vary depending on radiologist’s preference and imaging department

Question 21

Special (Alternative) projections

Answer 21

Sometimes taken in addition to basic projections

Are those projections most commonly taken to better demonstrate specific anatomic parts or certain pathologic conditions

Question 22

Two positioning rules or principles

Answer 22

Minimum of two projections
Anatomic structures superimposed
Localization of lesions or foreign bodies
Determination of alignment of fractures

Question 23

Second postioning rule

Answer 23

Minimum of three projections when joints are in prime interest area
AP or PA
Lateral
Oblique

Question 24

Examples of exams needing three projections as basic:

Answer 24

Fingers 
Toes 
Hand 
Wrist
Elbow
Ankle
Foot
Knee

Question 25

Long bones require two projections as basic. Examples are:

Answer 25

Forearm
Humerus
Femur
Hips
Tibia-fibula
Chest

Question 26

Exceptions to positioning rules are:

Answer 26

Post reduction upper and lower limbs
Pelvis study projection unless a hip injury is suspected.
Abdomen (KUB)

Question 27

Define palpation:

Answer 27

Refers to process of applying light pressure with fingertips directly on patient to locate landmarks.

Question 28

How is palpation done?

Answer 28

Gently, patient must be informed of the purpose of it, and permission must be acquired.

Question 29

How are radiographic imaged viewed?

Answer 29

Whichever way the radiologist chooses, however they are usually viewed with the patient in the anatomic position.

Question 30

How is an AP chest projection viewed?

Answer 30

With the patient in the anatomic position.

Question 31

How is a PA chest projection viewed?

Answer 31

With the patient in the anatomic position.

Question 32

How’s re lateral projections viewed?

Answer 32

By the side closest to the IR.

Question 33

How are AP and PA oblique projections viewed?

Answer 33

With the patient in the anatomical position.

Question 34

How are decubitus chest and abdomen projections viewed?

Answer 34

From the “viewpoint” of the X-ray tube.

Question 35

How are projections of upper and lower limbs viewed?

Answer 35

From the “viewpoint” of the X-ray tube; if there are digits, they are placed up. If no digits are shown, then it’s viewed in the anatomical position.

Question 36

How are MRI and CT’s viewed?

Answer 36

Axial projections are generally viewed with the patient’s right on the viewer’s left.

Question 37

Describe exposure factors (technique).

Answer 37

Radiographer sets three exposure variables or factors on the control panel of the x-ray machine each time a radiographic image is produced. These factors are sometimes referred to as “exposure” or “technique factors.”

Question 38

The three technique factors are:

Answer 38

1. Kilovoltage (kV)
2. Milliamperage (mA)
3. Exposure time (seconds)

Question 39

Describe milliamperage seconds (mAs)

Answer 39

Milliamperage (mA) and time (s) are usually combined into milliamperage seconds (mAs), which determine the quantity or amount of x-rays emitted from the x-ray tube each time n exposure is made. Milliamperage determines the amount of blackness or density.

Question 40

What are the rules for changing the density?

Answer 40

When film images are underexposed or over exposed, a genera rule states that a minimum change in mAs of 25% to 30% is required to make a visible difference. A greater change may be required, frequently 50% to 100%.

Question 41

Automatic exposure control (AEC):

Answer 41

A system that provides automatic termination of exposure time when sufficient exposure is received by the selected ionization chamber cell.

Question 42

Contrast:

Answer 42

the difference in density on adjacent areas of a radiographic image. The greater the difference, the higher the contrast.

Question 43

What is the primary controlling factor for contrast?

Answer 43

Kilovolts. Kv controls the energy or penetrating power of the primary x-ray beam.

Question 44

Example technique showing short scale, high contrast (for chest).

Answer 44

50kV(800 mAs). Very black and white.

Question 45

Example technique showing long scale, low contrast (for chest).

Answer 45

110 kV(20mAs). Many shades of grey.