Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Radiographic Positioning > Biliary Tract and Upper GI > Flashcards

Biliary Tract and Upper GI Flashcards

1
Q

Radiographic examination of the biliary system involves studying the

A

manufacture, transport, and storage of bile.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Liver:

A 
Large wedge-shaped organ 
Located inferior to the diaphragm.
Largest solid organ
3-4 lbs
Occupies most of RUQ and extends to LUQ
Well protected by rib cage.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Describe the upper border of the liver:

A

Widest part 8 to 9”

Convex to conform to diaphragm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Describe the right border of the liver:

A

Largest vertical dimension 6-7”

10th rib to just above R. Kidney

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Distal end of gall bladder extends:

A

below anterior, inferior margin of liver

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Remainder of GB (when discussing the distal end) lies

A

inferior and posterior surface of liver

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

The right lobe and left lobe of the liver are divided by:

A

the falciform ligament.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

The quadrate lobe and caudate lobe are located:

A

on medial aspect of R. Lobe of the liver.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

The quadrate lobe is located:

A

Between GB and falciform ligament

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

The caudate lobe is located:

A

Posterior to quadrate lobe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Hilum of liver (porta hepatitis) is located:

A

between the 2 minor lobes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

The function of the liver that is most applicable to radiographic study is:

A

the production of bile

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

The liver secretes _________of bile per day

A

800 to 1000 ml (≈ 1 quart)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

The major function of bile is:

A

to aid in the digestion of fats by emulsifying fat globules and the absorption of fat following its digestion.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Bile is a liquid substance composed mainly of

A

bile salts, bile pigments, cholesterol and water.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Bile pigments are responsible for

A

the yellow color of bile.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Bile salts facilitate

A

the absorption of fats.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

If bile contains either insufficient bile salts or excessive cholesterol,

A

the cholesterol may crystallize to form gallstones.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

As gallstones grow in size and number, may cause

A

minimal, intermittent, or complete obstruction of the flow of bile from the gallbladder into the duodenum.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Bile formed in liver and travels to

A

R&L hepatic ducts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Hepatic ducts join to form

A

common hepatic duct

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Bile is carried to gallbladder by _____ for temporary storage in gallbladder or may be secreted directly into duodenum by way of ______ which is joined by _________.

A

cystic duct, common bile duct, pancreatic duct

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

How big is the gall bladder and how much does it hold?

A

7 to 10 cm (3-4”) long

Holds about 30 to 40 mL bile

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are the three parts of the gall bladder?

A 
Fundus:
Broad distal end
Body:
Main section
Neck:
Narrow proximal end
Continues as cystic duct
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

How long is the cystic duct?

A

3 to 4 cm long

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is the function of the spiral valve?

A

to prevent distention or collapse of cystic duct.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What and where is the spiral valve?

A

The spiral valve is folds within the cystic duct.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

The three primary functions of the gallbladder are

A

(1)store and (2)concentrate bile, and to (3)contract when stimulated.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

If bile is not needed for digestive purposes, it is:

A

stored for future use in the gallbladder.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Bile is concentrated within the gallbladder as a result of a process called

A

hydrolysis (removal of water).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

If too much water is absorbed during hydrolysis or if the cholesterol becomes too concentrated _________ may form in the gallbladder.

A

gallstones (choleliths)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

How are the most common type of gallstones formed?

A

Cholesterol coming out of solution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

The gallbladder normally contracts when

A

foods such as fats or fatty acids are in the duodenum. These foods stimulate the mucosa of the duodenum to secrete a hormone called cholecystokinin (CCK)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Increased levels of CCK in the blood cause the GB to _______ and terminal opening of the CBD to ______.

A

Contract, relax

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

CCK also causes

A

increased exocrine activity by the pancreas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

When the gall bladder stimulates the pancreas, what happens?

A

It causes the hepatopancreatic spincter to relax, permitting the flow of both bile and pancreatic juice into the duodenum.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

The bile and pancreatic juice mix with

A

food substances.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What is the length of the common bile duct?

A

About 7.5 cm long

Internal diameter about the size of drinking straw

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What is the location of the common bile duct?

A

Descends behind superior portion of duodenum and head of pancreas to enter descending portion of duodenum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

The common bile duct joins the ________ and they enter together or side by side into an enlarged chamber known as the ____________.

A

pancreatic duct (duct of Wirsung), hepatopancreatic ampulla (ampulla of Vater)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Pancreatic duct and CBD remain separated in about __% of people

A

40

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Hepatopancreatic ampulla is controlled by circular muscle called

A

hepatopancreatic sphincter (sphincter of Oddi)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Hepatopancreatic ampulla is a common site for

A

gallstones.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

The presence of the hepatopancreatic sphincter causes a protrusion into the lumen of the duodenum known as the

A

duodenal papilla (papilla of Vater)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Lateral View demonstrates gallbladder anterior to the ____.

Ductal system is located about ____________________.

A

MCP, midway between the front and back

46
Q

Prone position:

Places gallbladder:

A

closer to the IR.

47
Q

Supine position for gall bladder is used if primary purpose is to:

A

drain the gallbladder into the duct system

48
Q

Contrast medium was ingested orally for a cholecystogram and was called

A

an oral cholecystogram (OCG). These have been replaced by sonography.

49
Q

Production of contrast media for OCG has been discontinued, however, imaging of biliary system is still performed:

A

during and after gallbladder surgery and by direct injection procedures.

50
Q

4 advantages of ultrasound of the GB over OCG:

A

No ionizing radiation
Able to detect small calculi
No contrast medium
Less patient preparation

51
Q

choledocho-

A

common bile duct

52
Q

choleangio-

A

bile ducts

53
Q

Choledocholithiasis

A

is the presence of stones in the biliary ducts.

54
Q

Symptoms of Choledocholithiasis include:

A

pain
tenderness in the RUQ, jaundice
sometimes pancreatitis

55
Q

Who are at high risk of developing gallstones?

A

Females and obese patients are at a high risk of developing gallstones
Four F’s (Fat, Female, near Forty and Fertile)

56
Q

Increased levels of _______ ,_______, or _______ may lead to formation of gallstones

A

bilirubin, calcium or cholesterol

57
Q

About ______% of gallstones are radiolucent

A

85% to 90

58
Q

radiolucent gallstones are made up of:

A

cholesterol and or crystalline salts

59
Q

About ____% to ___% gallstones are radiopaque

A

10 - 15

60
Q

Radiopaque gallstones are made up of:

A

crystalline calcium salts

61
Q

Milk calcium bile

A

Emulsion of biliary stones in gallbladder. Demonstrates as diffuse collection of sand-like calcifications

62
Q

With sonography, stones within gallbladder produce :

A

“shadowing” effect

Created by partial blockage of sound wave as it passes by

63
Q

Cholecystitis

A

Inflammation of the gallbladder

Acute or chronic

64
Q

The length of the GI tract from the esophagus to end of large intestine is about

A

30 feet long.

65
Q

The small intestine averages ___ ft in length.

A

23

66
Q

Tremendous individual variation of the small intestine exists. In one series of 100 autopies, the small bowel varied in length from

A

15 to 31 feet

67
Q

Three primary functions of the digestive system:

A

Intake and digestion, absorption, elimination.

68
Q

Two common radiographic procedures involving the digestive system:

A
  1. Esophagram
    (or barium swallow)
  2. Upper GI series (UGI)
69
Q

Purpose of Esophagram:

A

Study the form and function of the pharynx and the esophagus

70
Q

Acute Cholecystitis

A

Blockage of cystic duct frequently due to stone in neck of GB. Bile irritates lining of GB
Can also be caused by bacterial infection and ischemia

71
Q

Chronic Cholecystitis

A

Due to gallstones, pancreatitis or cancer of GB, thickening or calcification of wall of GB
May produce repetitive attacks following meals and typically subsides in 1-4 hrs.

72
Q

Neoplasms of the gall bladder or biliary ducts:

A

Growths that can be benign or malignant

73
Q

Biliary Stenosis

A

Narrowing of one of biliary ducts
May restrict flow of bile leading to obstruction
Cholecystitis and jaundice may result

74
Q

Purpose of Upper GI:

A

Study the form and function of the distal esophagus, stomach, and duodenum
Also called UGI, upper, GI or upper GI

75
Q

Mouth (oral cavity)(buccal cavity):

A

Beginning of GI tract where mastication of food occurs

76
Q

The roof of the oral cavity is formed by the

A

hard and soft palates

77
Q

Uvula hangs from mid posterior soft palate. What does it do?

A

Helps to prevent food from entering the pharynx prematurely.

78
Q

Soft palate begins at the

A

last molar and is suspended from the posterior border of the hard palate

79
Q

Hard palate:

A

formed by the palatine process of the maxillary bone and the 2 (horizontal portions of) palatine bones

80
Q

Oral cavity connects posteriorly with

A

the pharynx

81
Q

Three pairs of salivary glands secrete into the oral cavity:

They are called:

A

Parotid salivary glands, Submandibular (submaxillary) salivary glands, and Sublingual salivary glands.

82
Q

Saliva is composed of:

A

99.5% water and 0.5% salts and certain digestive enzymes.

83
Q

Between _______________ ml of saliva are excreted daily.

A

1000 - 1500 ml

84
Q

Mumps:

A

Inflammation and enlargement of the parotid glands

Caused by mumps virus

85
Q

Pharynx

A

Part of the alimentary canal that is posterior to nasal cavity, mouth and larynx

86
Q

The pharynx is about ___ inches long:

A

5

87
Q

The pharynx Serves as a common passageway for

A

foods, liquids, and air.

88
Q

They pharynx Divided into three parts:

A

nasopharynx
oropharynx
laryngopharynx

89
Q

Nasopharynx:

A

Posterior to bony nasal septum, nasal septum and soft palate

Not part of digestive system

90
Q

Oropharynx:

A

Posterior to oral cavity

Extends from soft palate to epiglottis

91
Q

Epiglottis:

A

Cartilage that covers opening of larynx during swallowing

92
Q

Laryngopharynx

A

Extends from level of epiglottis to level of lower border of larynx
Then continues as esophagus

93
Q

______ is located anterior to esophagus

A

The trachea

94
Q

7 cavities communicate with the three portions of pharynx are:

A

2 Tympanic cavities, 2 Nasal cavities, 1 Oral cavity (mouth), 1 Larynx, & 1 Esophagus.

95
Q

During swallowing (or Deglutition):

A

Soft palate closes off nasopharynx
Tongue prevents material from reentering mouth
Epiglottis is depressed to cover laryngeal opening
vocal cords come together to close of epiglottis
Respiration is inhibited

96
Q

Function of the esophagus:

A

transport food and fluids from pharynx to stomach

97
Q

Dimensions of the esophagus:

A

About 10” (25 cm) long and ¾ in (2 cm) in diameter

98
Q

The esophagus Extends from _________ to ___________.

A

lower border of cricoid cartilage (C5,C6), to stomach (T11)

99
Q

Wall of esophagus is composed of 4 layers:

A

Fibrous
Muscular
Submucosal
Mucosal

100
Q

______ Is the narrowest part of the alimentary canal

A

Esophagus

101
Q

There are TWO INDENTATIONS present in the esophagus:

A

aortic arch

left primary bronchus

102
Q

Distal esophagus passes through an opening in diaphragm called the __________ at the level of ____.

A

esophageal hiatus, T-10

103
Q

The junction of the stomach and the esophagus is attached to the diaphragm, so upper stomach tends to follow

A

respiratory movement of diaphragm

104
Q

A condition where the upper portion of the stomach protrudes through the esophageal hiatus is called a

A

hiatal hernia

105
Q

Cardiac Antrum:

A

Abdominal segment of the esophagus
Very short area of esophagus just below diaphragm
Less than 1” in length

106
Q

Esophagogastric junction (cardiac orifice)

A

Opening between esophagus and stomach

107
Q

The esophagus is a collapsible tube that only opens when

A

swallowing occurs

108
Q

Deglutition originates in _____ and continues in _____

A

Mouth & pharynx, the esophagus.

109
Q

Fluids tend to pass from the mouth and pharynx to the stomach primarily by

A

gravity

110
Q

A bolus of solid food tends to pass both by

A

gravity and peristalsis

111
Q

Peristalsis –

A

wavelike series of involuntary muscular contractions that propels solid and semisolid materials through the entire alimentary canal.

Radiographic Positioning (23 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions