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ANSC 424 > Powerpoint 6 > Flashcards

Powerpoint 6 Flashcards

1
Q

What 6 hormones are released from the anterior pituitary and where do they do?

A
  1. TSH –> thyroid
  2. ACTH –> arenal cortex
  3. FSH & LH –> testes and ovaries
  4. GH –> Entire body
  5. Prolactin (PRL) –> mammary lands
  6. Endorphins –> pain receptors in brain
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2
Q

What two hormones are released from the posterior pituitary and where do they go?

A
  1. Oxytocin –> Uterine muscles, mammary glands

2. ADH –> kidney tubules

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3
Q

Which hypothalamic nuclei whose axon connects to the posterior pituitary produce vasopressin? Oxytocin?

A
  1. Supraoptic (ADH)

2. Paraventricular (OT)

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4
Q

What type of peptide hormones come from the posterior pituitary?

A

nonapeptides - 9 amino acids

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5
Q

What are characteristics of nonapeptides that are released from the posterior pituitary?

A
  1. 9 a.a.

2. formation of ring via disulphide bridge

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6
Q

How does the vasopressin nonapeptide differ from the oxytocin nonapeptide?

A

ADH: Phe (top left), Arg (chain)

Oxytocin: Ile (top left), Leu (chain)

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7
Q

How is pig vasopressin different from human vasopressin?

A

Pigs have lysine-vasopressin instead of arginine-vasopressin

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8
Q

What does oxytocin do?

A

Contracts smooth muscle cells

  • Myoepithelial cells of the alveoli
  • Smooth muscle cells of the uterus during labour
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9
Q

What does vasopressin do?

A
  • H2O retention by the kidney

- Contraction of blood vessels (arteriole)

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10
Q

If you could describe vasopressin in one word what would it be?

A

antidiuretic

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11
Q

What two systems does vasopressin affect?

A
  • osmotic

- pressure-volume

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12
Q

What 3 receptors does vasopressin pair with and where are they located?

A
  1. V1a
  2. V1b
  3. V2
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13
Q

What is the function vasopressin?

A

water retention, thirst as the primary regulator of osmolarity

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14
Q

In terms of vasopressin osmolarity regulation, is the control/conservation of water or the regulation of Na concentrations in plasma more complicated?

A

Regulation of [Na] in plasma

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15
Q

What 2 systems are involved the regulation of [Na] in plasma via vasopressin?

A
  1. RAS (renin-angiotensin system)

2. aldosterone

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16
Q

Regulation of osmolarity: Osmoreceptors located in _______ detect osmotic changes in _________: osmostat responds to as little as ___% change in osmolarity. i.e. Cell ______ when blood too dilute or ______ when blood too concentrated – contraction sends neural signals to _________ nuclei to release _________.

A
  1. hypothalamus
  2. blood plasma
  3. 1%
  4. expands
  5. contract
  6. Supraoptic
  7. vasopressin
17
Q

Vanilloid Receptor-Related Osmolarity Activated Channel

A

??????????

18
Q

What 4 signals can be sent to the pituitary gland from the body indicating low blood pressure? What is released as a result and how does this control blood pressure in the body?

A
  1. Angiotensin 2
  2. hyperosmolarity
  3. decreased atrial receptor firing
  4. sympathetic stimulation

Vasopressin release from pituitary –> causes vasoconstriction & renal fluid reabsorption

  • Vasoconstriction leads to increased arterial pressure
  • Renal fluid reabsorption leads to increased blood volume
19
Q

How many nephrons per kidney?

A

1 million

20
Q

What is thirst triggered by?

A

Changes in osmolarity or volume - strongly triggered by hypovolemia (decreased blood volume)

21
Q

Changes in osmolarity are usually too _____ to trigger thirst.

A

small - 1 to 2%

22
Q

In dehydration plasma osmolarity _____ and blood volume ______ resulting in ________ release to ______ water and produce more ________ urine.

A
  1. increases
  2. decreases
  3. vasopressin
  4. retain
  5. concentrated
23
Q

If water is excess (usual condition) then there is a small ________ in osmolarity and thus ______ vasopressin resulting in _______ urine.

A
  1. decrease
  2. less
  3. diluted
24
Q

What happens to osmostat and vol/pressure during pregnancy?

A

reset - less sensitive

total body water volume/pressure increase as a result of vasodilation

Vasopressin now responds to the reset point

25
Q

What does the placenta produce during pregnancy and how does this affect vasopressin?

A

Placenta produces enzymes to degrade vasopressin

26
Q

The total body water of elderly declines to as low as ___% of young adults by the age of 80.

A

50%

27
Q

What physiologies in elderly are decreased? Causing elderly to be susceptible to what two things?

A
  1. decrease kidney filtration rate + collecting duct less responsive to vasopressin
  2. decreased response to dehydration and decrease ability to excrete water load

Susceptible to HYPO and HYPERatremia (low/high sodium ion level in the blood)

28
Q

What is characteristic of the urine of people with diabetes?

A
  1. large volume
  2. hypotonic
  3. dilute
  4. tasteless (insipid)
29
Q

What are the 4 main causes of diabetes insipidus urine?

A
  1. lack of AVT (released by pineal gland) (trauma, tumour, etc)
  2. lack or response to AVT in kidney (receptor defect, aquaporin defect)
  3. rapid metabolism of AVT - less available especially during pregnancy i.e. transient diabetes insipidus
  4. polydipsea - individual drinks too much and excess urine is normal response
30
Q

How is diabetes insipidus diagnosed?

A

by water deprivation test — normal people will end up with concentrated urine while people with diabetes insipidus will not

ANSC 424 (7 decks)

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