Powerpoint 2 Flashcards
Doping definition:
the use and abuse of performance enhancing substances in elite sports
What are 5 drugs common in sports?
- Stimulants
- Depressants
- Steroids/GH/EPO
- Beta-blockers
- Diuretics
What are 3 characteristics of stimulants?
3 examples of stimulants?
- increased alertness
- reduced fatigue
- increased competitiveness and aggressiveness
Ex: caffeine, amphetamines, cocaine
What are side effects of stimulants?
nervousness, insomnia, irritability, irregular heartbeats, high blood pressure, convulsions and even sudden death
What class of drugs does caffeine fall under? What two other drugs fall under this class?
methylxanthine
theophylline, theobromine
In what 3 ways do Methylxanthine drugs exert their effects?
- Translocation of Ca for more muscular availability
- Increase in cAMP by inhibition of phosphodiesterase
- Blockage of adenosine receptors, blocking the sedative properties of adenosine
What is the legal limit of caffeine? The MAX legal limit? How many cups of coffee is this equal to and how long after ingestion is this detectable in the body?
15 micrograms / mL = 6-8 cups of coffee in 1 sitting, with testing within 2-3 hours
max legal limit = 17 mg/kg
How much caffeine must be ingested in order to see benefits?
5 mg/kg
What are side effects of caffeine? These are similar to side effects of what?
Insomnia, irritability, nervousness, tachicardia, arrhythmia, death.
Similar to stimulants
What 5 things are beta-blockers medically used to do?
- Reduce blood pressure
- Migraine headaches
- Heart arrhythmia
- Alcohol withdrawal
- anti-anxiety
What general things do beta blockers do?
Reduce anxiety, jitters, and slows the heart rate.
In what type of sports are beta blockers used?
Sports that require a steady hand. Ex. Golf, archery, bowling, pool, biathlon rifle shooting
How do beta blockers work in our body?
- during heightened arousal epinephrine is produced (adrenal medulla)
- Heart rate increases and blood pressure is increased
- Beta blockers block the beta receptor on the muscles of the heart which reduces these effects
What does GH stand for?
Human growth hormone
Where is GH secreted?
pituitary
What is the normal function of GH?
growth and development of every body system, including bone and muscle.
What is the indirect function of GH? Direct?
Indirect: stimulate GH axis (in pituitary gland) by GHRH, propanol, vasopressin, clonidine, and levodopa
Direct: inject recombinant GH or IGF into bloodstream
Side effects of GH?
Acromegaly (overproduction - may be irreversible), peripheral neuropathy, coronary artery disease, Cardiomyopathy, Diabetes, Hypothyroidism, arthritis
What type of fluid sample is collected to test for GH?
blood (exogenous or endogenous?)
What organ releases erythropoietin (EPO) in the human body? When?
kidney in response to low hematocrit
What does EPO stimulate?
RBC production from bone marrow
EPO can increase hematocrit by up to __%, lasting up to ___ months
35%, 7 months
What is induced erythrocythemia?
an increase in hemoglobin following reinfusion of an athletes blood
What is the goal of induced erythrocythemia?
increase the oxygen-carrying capacity of hemoglobin
What is the pathophysiology behind blood doping?
During aerobic metabolism, glycogen is broken down in the presence of O2 which yields high amounts of ATP. The more O2 carrying capacity via hemoglobin, the more ATP production. Our muscles depend on ATP for energy - the more hemoglobin carrying O2, the more ATP that will be produced and the more energy to muscles.
1 U PRBC»_space; 500 mL/min increase in O2 carrying capacity
What is the autologous blood reinfusion method?
Autologous means obtained from the same individual
2 units of blood removed 4-8 weeks prior to competition
Hemoglobin and hematocrit returns to pre-transfusion levels in the meantime
1-7 days before event - rein fuse the 2 units of blood
The autologous blood reinfusion method can produce up to __% improvement in endurance.
25%
What is EPO legally used to treat?
anemia
What are 3 side effects of blood doping with heterologous (not your own) blood?
- transfusion reaction (3-10%)
- hepatitis (10%)
- HIV
What is a side effect of blood doping using autologous (your own) blood?
bacterial infection
What is a side effect of both autologous and heterologous blood doping?
Polycythemia: increased viscosity of blood which can lead to decreased cardiac output and decreased aerobic performance
What are 4 side effects of EPO?
- kidney damage
- jaundice
- blood clots
- stroke
According to IOC, if athletes have a hematocrit % above ___, they can not compete?
50%
What is measured in order to detect hemolysis after frozen RBC transfusion?
Fe and Bilirubin
What is not a reliable fluid sample in detecting blood doping and erythropoietin?
urine
Anabolic steroids are derivatives of what?
testosterone
In what 2 locations is testosterone produced?
adrenal and testes
What are 2 anabolic effects of anabolic steroids?
- increase skeletal muscle mass
2. anti-catabolism
What is an androgenic effect of anabolic steroids?
secondary sexual characteristics: pubic hair , genital size
Steroid use term: Cycling?
taking multiple doses over a specified period of use then stopping for an equal or longer time to decrease tolerance.
Gradual increase then taper over 6-10 weeks, 1-3 cycles per year – to maintain HPG axis.
Steroid use term: Stacking?
Using a combination of anabolic steroids, often in combination with other drugs (to avoid tolerance development against 1 type).
Using various steroids in combination to maximize effect.
Steroid use term: Plateauing?
When a drug becomes ineffective at a certain level
Steroid use term: Tapering?
Slowly decreasing steroid intake
Steroid use term: Pyramiding?
Gradual increase then decrease in doses during a single cycle
5 examples of illicit (illegal) steroids:
Tibolone, Oxandrolone
Nandrolone, Stanozolol (Winstrol), Methelone,
4 examples of medical steroids:
Dehydrotestosterone (patch), Testosterone, Enanthate, Undelanoate
What are 5 desired effects of steroids?
- increase strength
- increase weight
- increase aggressiveness
- Increased capability of sustaining repetitive, high intensity workouts
- enhanced performance
What % increase in muscle mass/strength will someone experience is they take testosterone:
- without exercising?
- with exercise?
- without testosterone, exercise alone?
- 10%
- 20-30%
- 10-20%
What are commonly used to rapidly dilute out performance enhancement substances?
diuretics
What is android?
Orally available testosterone
Andriol -
Dosage:
Street price:
Half life:
- 8-16 40mg caps daily
- $1 for 40mg (relatively inexpensive)
- 3-5 hours
What do androids bypass and what system are they absorbed into?
bypass liver, lymphatic absorption
What does THG stand for? Nickname?
Tetrahydrogestinone (a.k.a. “The Clear”)
What is THG?
a banned steroid tweaked to make it undetectable
What type of test is used to detect synthetic testosterone?
urine sample - look at ratio of T/E
T = testosterone
E = epi-testosterone (natural but inactive epimer co-synthesized with testosterone)
What is the normal T/E ratio in population? Up to what ratio is allowed in athletes?
1: 1
4: 1 - so some athletes take epithelia-testosterone until their ratio reaches 4:1
