Powerpoint 5 Flashcards
What 5 different hormones does the pituitary gland secrete and what sub-gland do each of these hormones act on?
- Prolactin (PRL) –> lactation
- Thyrotrophin / thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) –> act on thyroid gland
- Adrenocorticotrphin (ACTH) –> action on the adrenals
- Luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) –> act on the gonads (ovaries and testes)
- GH
What controls the pituitary gland?
The nervous system via the hypothalamus
Pituitary gland:
- Weight
- Diameter
- Size
- 0.5-1.0 g
- 1 cm diameter
- pea
By how much % does the pituitary gland increase in size during pregnancy?
30%
The hypothalami-hypophyseal tract is derived from two different _______ components.
ectodermal (outermost layer of cells or tissue of an embryo in early development)
What is the anterior pituitary derived from?
Rathke’s Pouch: outgrowth of the buccal cavity detaches itself and becomes anterior pituitary
What is the posterior pituitary derived from?
The infundibulum develops from an outgrowth of the neuro-ectoderm from the floor of the 3rd ventricle. It gives rise to the pituitary stalk, the median eminence and the POSTERIOR PITUITARY
The _______ pituitary is highly vascularized.
anterior: note capillary bed in median eminence connected to portal veins the a 2nd capillary bed in anterior pituitary - some retrograde flow to allow hormonal feedback from pituitary to hypothalamus (short loop)
What hormones does the hypothalamus relay to the posterior pituitary?
vasopressin
oxytocin
Which section of the neurosecretory neuron of the hypothalamus relays vasopressin to the posterior pituitary?
Pupraoptic
Which section of the neurosecretory neuron of the hypothalamus relays oxytocin to the posterior pituitary?
Paraventricular nucleus
The posterior pituitary is an _______ of the hypothalamus.
extension
When using the term “Hypothalamic Nuclei” what does Nuclei refer to?
The cell bodies of the neurons which produce the hypothalamic hormones
What two nuclei are associated with the posterior pituitary?
- Supraoptic nuclei
2. Paraventricular nuclei
What nuclei is associated with the anterior pituitary?
Hypothalamic-hypothysiotropic nuclei
The hypothalamus receives signals from all areas of the brain - what do these signals trigger?
They trigger exocytosis of hormone vesicles from the axon terminal endings
Which 5 neurotransmitters are involved in sending signals to hypothalamus?
- neuro-epinephrine
- epinephrine
- dopamine
- serotonin
- acetylcholine
How has the hypothalamus demonstrated some degree of autonomy (freedom from external control or influence)?
Via maintenance of VERY LOW levels of basal GH, FSH, and LH excretion from the anterior pituitary after surgical disconnection of the hypothalamus from the brain
What does the posterior pituitary control in the body?
Water balance (blood volume, intake - thirst, output - urine volume)
What does the anterior pituitary control in the body?
Metabolic rate, stress response, growth, reproduction, lactation
What are the 5 subgroups of cells located in the anterior pituitary? Pituitary population? Product? Target?
- corticotrophs
- 15-20%
- ACTH / betalipotropin
- adrenal gland / adipocytes / melanocytes
- corticotrophs
- mammotrophs/lactotrophs
- 10-15%
- PRL
- breasts / gonads
- mammotrophs/lactotrophs
- thyrotrophs
- 3-5%
- TSH
- thyroid gland
- thyrotrophs
- gonadotrophs
- 10-15%
- LH / FSH
- gonads
- gonadotrophs
- somatotrophs
- 40-50%
- GH
- All tissues, liver
- somatotrophs
Hypothalamic hormones controlling the anterior pituitary: How does TRH (Tyrotrophin-releasing hormone) control the anterior pituitary?
Stimulates release of TSH and PRL, minor stimulation of FSH release
Hypothalamic hormones controlling the anterior pituitary: How does GnRH (Gonadotrophin-releasing hormone) control the anterior pituitary?
Stimulates release of GH
Hypothalamic hormones controlling the anterior pituitary: How does GHRH (Growth hormone-releasing hormone) control the anterior pituitary?
Stimulates release of GH
Hypothalamic hormones controlling the anterior pituitary: How does Growth Hormone Release-Inhibiting Hormone or (SMS) Somatostatin control the anterior pituitary?
inhibits release of GH; also gastrin, VIP, glucagon, insulin, TSH, PRL,
Hypothalamic hormones controlling the anterior pituitary: How does CRH (corticotrophin-releasing hormone) control the anterior pituitary?
stimulates release of ACTH
Hypothalamic hormones controlling the anterior pituitary: How does Dopamine control the anterior pituitary?
inhibits release of PRL
What are two characteristics of hypothalamic hormones that act on the anterior pituitary?
- short half life in circulation
2. fast action
How do hormones from the hypothalamus trigger release of hormones in the anterior pituitary?
Hormones from hypothalamus bind to receptors of target cells in the anterior pituitary and trigger the release (exocytosis) of stored hormone granules.
Post-receptor intracellular signalling - trophic hormones (hormones that have other endocrine glands as their target) activate what segment of G-proteins causing what?
G(s)alpha & G(q)alpha proteins –> leads to increased Ca++ levels and exocytosis of hormone granules
Post-receptor intracellular signalling - inhibitory hormones activate what segment of G-proteins causing what?
Somatostatin and dopamine act vis G(i)alpha
Release of hormones from the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary is _______.
pulsatile
What does the pineal gland do?
integrates information encoded by light into secretions that underline biological rhythmicity
What is the size and shape of the pineal gland?
Pine cone shaped about the size of a rice grain
What is the major hormone secreted by the pineal gland? What is this hormone synthesized by?
Melatonine synthesized by tryptophan
Pineal gland acts as link between __________ and __________.
- external photoperiod
2. internal milieu
The Pineal Gland controls:
Circadian rhythms
The Pineal Gland has neural connections with special receptors in the ______.
retina
What are the functions of melatonin?
- cause other biological rhythms of the body (such as core body temperature) to hop on board with the dark-light cycle
- induction of sleep
- depression of reproductive activity, inhibition of ovulation and semen production in some animals
- Seasonal fluctuations may affect the timing of breeding, migration, and hibernation in mammals
- antioxidant
- enhance immunity
Melatonin-receptors are found where in the body?
almost everywhere
What are some reasons people may buy and take melatonin as a pharmaceutical drug?
- adjust jet lag
2. sleeping aid in the elderly
What are 4 adverse side effects of melatonin?
- daytime sleepiness
- hypothermia
- desensitization of melatonin receptors if doses too high
- possible adverse events in people with seizure disorders
- possible interaction with those taking Coumadin/warfarin
What is chronotherapy? Examples?
Timing of medication, surgery, and chemotherapy to maximize effectiveness relative to biological rhythms.
Ex: Asthma early AM
- Arthritis late in day
- breast cancer surgery after ovulation
