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introduction to metabolism for sports & exercise science > powerpoint 2 > Flashcards

powerpoint 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

How much energy is released from original glucose molecule

A

10% from a anaerobic reaction of glycolysis

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2
Q

To get more energy what needs to happen

A

Additional metabolic pathways need to help out

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3
Q

Pyruvvate –> Acetyl CoA which entres what

A

Kreb cycle

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4
Q

What are the methods to synthesise ATP

A

Substrate level phosphorylation

Oxidative phosphorylation

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5
Q

Kreb cycle is what

A

Aerobic ATP production

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6
Q

Define krebs cycle

A

Completes the oxidation of substrates and produces NADH and FADH2 to entre the electron transport chain

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7
Q

what does the electron transport chain have,

A

oxidative Phosphorylation

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8
Q

What are removed from NADH and FADH2 are passed along a series of carriers to produce ATP

A

Electrons

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9
Q

Catalyses conversion of pyurvate to Acetyl - CoA occurs where

A

Inter mitrochondria membrane

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10
Q

An irreversible reaction for Acetyl - CoA to pyruvate

A

Determines if pyruvate entres the cycle –> guards the door to the cycle

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11
Q

What is the kreb cycle

A

Cyctical series of reactions that oxidise 1 molecule of acetyl-coa to 2 X co2 generating energy cycle is aerobic

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12
Q

What do all cells have to help with energy

A

Mitochondria

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13
Q

Where are enzymes free

A

Mitochondiral matrix

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14
Q

What is the only enzyme that is not in the mitochondiral matrix

A

Succinate dehydrogenase

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15
Q

What is the function of the krebs cycle

A

Final pathway for oxidation of carbs fats and proteins since glucose, fatty acids and amino acids are metabolised to acetyl - coa or to another intermediantes in the cycle

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16
Q

What is the main function of the kreb cycle

A

To produce energy

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17
Q

What type of energy is produce in the kreb cycle

A

ATP or in NADH or FADH through the ETC

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18
Q

How does the kreb cycle operate

A

Anabolically and catabolically

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19
Q

What is the first stage of the krebs cycle

A

Attachment of Acetyl - CoA to the oxalocetate carrier

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20
Q

What is the second stage of the krebs cycle

A

Break up of carriers

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21
Q

What is the third stage of the krebs cycle

A

Regeneration of carrier oxaloacetate

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22
Q

What 3 enzymes are used in the krebs cycle

A
  1. citrate syntase
  2. isocitrate dehydrogenase
  3. A - ketoglutarate dehydrogenase
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23
Q

What is the primary site for ATP synthesis

A

Electron transport chain

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24
Q

What does the ETC require

A

Oxygen

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25
Q

Whate does the ETC convert energy into

A

NADH FADH2 ATP and Water

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26
Q

What is the importance of the 4 proteins complex

A

Integral membrane proteins in inner mitochondrial membrane through which electrons pass

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27
Q

What are the 4 proteins that are used in the ETC

A

Flavin, iron sulphur protein, haem groups or copper ions

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28
Q

When the electrons are passed along the ETC –> h+ they are pumped into what? and casue what?

A

Intermembrane space creating protein gradient

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29
Q

ATP synthase complex allows h+to do what

A

Allows H+ back into into the mitochondrial matrix and captures energy for production af ATP

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30
Q

what is the equasion of h+ activates ATP synthase which catalyzes the reaction

A

ADP + Pi –> ATP

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31
Q

ATP synthase has 2 components F0 and F1 explain them

A 
F0 = proton channel by which H+ re-entres mitochondrial matrix 
F1 = enzyme catalysing ATP synthesis
32
Q

What is the importance of oxygen in the ETC

A

Atp can only be produced if oxygen is present to allow there to be h+ ions so the process if limited without oxygne

33
Q

What are the precentages of chemical enegy used during aerobic respiration

A

34% captured as ATP

66% of energy escapes through heat

34
Q

What are the 7 steps to fat catabolism process

A
  1. breakdown of triglyceride to free fatty acids
  2. transport of free fatty acids into the blood
  3. uptake of free fatty acids from blood to muscles
  4. preparation of fatty acids for catabolism
  5. Entry of activatted fatty acids into muscle mitochondria
  6. Breakdown of fatty acids to acetyl -CoA via B- Oxidation and the production of NAD H and FADH
  7. coupled oxidation in krebs cycle and ETC
35
Q

Why are triglycerides stored with im muscle fibres

A

So they are close to the mitochondria

36
Q

Circulating fatty acids mobilised from triglycerides in adipose tissue which is

A

Major supplier of fatty acids and binds to albumin in blood for transport

37
Q

What are triglycerides broken down into

A

Glycerol

38
Q

Triglycerides are broken down into glycerol by what hormone

A

Sensitive lipase

39
Q

Once the fatty acids are in the muscle cell they are concerted into what

A

They are converted into CoA in preperation for b-oxidation

40
Q

What helps fatty acid chains transport into mitochondria

A

Carrier caritine

41
Q

B oxidation causes fatty acid molecules to transform into what

A

Acetyl - CoA

42
Q

After b-oxidation where does the Acetyl-CoA entres where

A

Krebs cycle

43
Q

Some of the chemical energy from the fatty acids is transformed into what

A

NADH & FADH2

44
Q

Oxygen must join with what for b-oxidation

A

Hydrogen

45
Q

Under anerobic conditions hydrogen remains with NAD and FAD thus hulting what

A

Catabolism

46
Q

To make ATP glycerol can be converted into what

A

Glyceraldehyde - 3 - phosphate

47
Q

What is the breakdown yeild for glycerol

A

19 ATP

48
Q

Acetyl-CoA entres the krebs cycle and combinds with what

A

Oxaloaeetale to cirtic

49
Q

What is oxaloacetate generated from

A

Pyruvate during CHO breakdown

50
Q

If CHO levels decrease what elce decreases

A

Pyruvate

51
Q

What is ketones

A

Organic compounds used as energy source during startvation fasting low carb diets and diabetes

52
Q

Metabolic pathways produce kentones through b-oxidation inorder to get what

A

A substantial amount of Acetyl-CoA production

53
Q

Ketone body function is a ……….. pathway for Acetyl-CoA use

A

Overflow

54
Q

If oxaloacetate is not present then what happens

A

Acetyl-CoA does not go into krebs cycle and will be converted to ketones

55
Q

What is ketogenenesis

A

Acetyl - CoA molecules join to form four - carbon compounds which are utilized for energy ketone bodies

56
Q

What are the 3 ketogenesis,, but i dont know what they are for

A

Beta-hydroxybutyric acid, acetoacetic acid and acetone

57
Q

Muscle, brain and kidneys have certain enzymes that allow them to use ……… for ATP production

A

Ketones

58
Q

What is in low avalibility when startvatinn is occuring or fasting

A

CHO

59
Q

As CHO is in low demand what decreases?

A

Insulin

60
Q

Where are fatty acids mostly taken up

A

Liver

61
Q

If Acetyl CoA is used up in the kreb cycle what is also used

A

Ketones

62
Q

What is excreted in urine to make the blood acidic

A

Sodium and potassium

63
Q

What must be removed inorder for the amino acid to be used as a fuel

A

NH2 via deamination

64
Q

What do carbon skeletons do to produce ATP

A

enter metabolic pathways

65
Q

Where are amino acids mainly metabolized

A

Liver

66
Q

Amino groups will form what

A

Ammonia

67
Q

The build up of ammonia is what to cells

A

Its toxic cells

68
Q

What cycle does liver escretes ammonia

A

Urea cycle

69
Q

Where is urea excreted

A

Urine

70
Q

Gluconeogenesis forms glucose form what ?

A

Proteins

71
Q

Glucose can e produced from what other places

A

Amino acids , glycerol , lactate

72
Q

What is a metabolic mill

A

Depicts krebs cycle as the connector between macronutroients energy of ATP

73
Q

Acetyl-CoA is the starting point for what synthesis

A

Cholesterol

74
Q

Metabolites can eithe …… or ……. enzymes at key control points in pathways

A

Inhibit or activate

75
Q

Low ADP does what to enzyme

A

Decreases Activity of rate limiting enzyme

76
Q

High ADP does what to enzyme

A

Stimulites rate limiting enzyme

77
Q

What do most hormones respond to

A

Peripheral stimuli

introduction to metabolism for sports & exercise science (3 decks)

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