powerpoint 1 Flashcards
What is energy ?
It is an entity that enables our body to perform/work
What does energy have ?
No shape
No physical mass
How many forms of energy are there?
Several
All form of energy are …………………..?
Intergangeable
State the first law of thermodgnamics ?
The body does not produce, consume, or use up energy rather it transfers into other physiolgic system
What are the sources of energy?
Carbohydrates
Fats
Proteins
What does energy transfers into ?
ATP
What does ATP stand for ?
Adenosine triphosphate
What is metabolism ?
Total of all chemical reactions that occur in the body
What is energy stored in, inorder to be converted into ATP?
Chemical bonds
What is metabolic pathways ?
Series of interrelated, enzymes - catalysed chemical reactions in the body
What are the three stages of a metabolic pathway?
Substrate,
Intermediates
Products
What is a catabolic pathway ?
Releases energy exergonic through breakdown of complex molecule into simpler ones
What is an anabolic pathway ?
Requires energy endergonic to construct comples molecules from simpler ones
ATP energy currency ?
Potential energy within ATP provides for all the cell energy requireing process
What is the formation equasion ATP - requires energy ( endergonic ) ?
ADP + Pi = ATP
What is the breakdown equasion ATP - releases energy (exergonic ) ?
ATP = (ATPace) = ADP + Pi + energy
How many grams of ATP is stored in the body?
80-100g
How many seconds of explosive all out exercise?
Several
What must the body do inorder to keep ATP ?
Resnthesize
What is the metabolic pathway for anaerobic exercise?
Glycolysis
What are the metabolic pathways for aerobic exercise ?
Beta oxidation Glycolysis Deamination Citric acid cycle Electron transport chain
What is PCr?
Phosphocreatine
What is the chemical reaction for PCr?
PCr + ADP Cr + ATP
ATP and PCr are what type of energy systems? and lasts how long?
Immediate
8-10 seconds
What is glycolysis?
A sequence of 10 reactions that breakdown 1 glucose molecule to 2 pyruvate molecules
Where does glycolysis occur in the body
All of the bodys cells
Where does glycoloysis occur in the cell
Cytosol
What is the importance and function of glycolysis
Red blood cells - the lack of mitrocondria so it only energy producing pathway
Skeletal muscle when oxidative metolism cannot keep up with increased energy demand
What is the first phase of glycolysic
Energy investment phase steps 1-5 requires 2 ATP
what is the second phase of glycolysis
Steps 6-10 produced ATP, NADH and pyruvate and lactate
What happens to hydrogen during glycolysis
2 pairs of hydrogen atoms are stripped from glucose
Where are the electrons from hydrogen passed from to
NAD+ to NADH
What is produced per molecule of glucose oxidized
2 NADH
For the production of lactice acid what is not avalible for the process of glycolysis
Oxygen
Lactic acid allows NAD+ to be relased again what allows what
Glycolysis to occur
What does LDH
Lactate dehydrogenase
Anaerobic glycolysis equasion
Glucose + 2Pi + 2ADP –> 2 lactate + 2 ATP + 2H2O
Aerobic glycolysis equation
Glucose + 2Pi + 2ADP + NAD+ –> 2 pyruvate + 2 ATP + 2H2O + 2NADH + 2H+
What are the 2 process of ATP synthesis
- substrate level phosphorylation
2. oxidative phosphorylation
Aerobic energy system requires
Macronutrients
Requires oxygen
Oxidative system
what stimulates the uptake of glucose uptake
Muscle contraction
Achieved by mobilising …………… transporters from an ………….. celluar pool which is ………. into the musclur cell ………… ?
Glucose
Intra
Inserted
Membrane
Once in the cell glucose can be used for what
Metabolised immediatley via glycolysis
Stored as glycogen for later use
Where is glycogen stored
Liver
Skeletal muscle
What is glycogenolysis?
Is a metabolic process which glycogen is brokendown occurs in muscle and liver
Glycogenolysis in the liver and muscles does what?
Produce glucose - 6 - phosphate
Stays in muscle to be metabolised by glycolysis
G6P converted to glucose and leaves liver
What is a rate limiting enzyme
An enzyme that regulates the rate of a metabolic pathway
Where is the rate limiting enzyme found
Early metabolic pathway
How is the metabolic pathway helps to regulate an metabolic pathway what enzyme is it
Allosteric enzyme
What are the key enzymes for glycogenolysis and glycolysis
Glycogen phosphate orylase
Phosphofructokinase
How do we control glycolysis
Matching ATP resynthesize to the demands of exercise
What happens to the body when exercise starts
- muscle calcium ion concentration increases
- muscle ADP/AMP concentation increases
- Muscle ATP concentration decreases
What allows latctic acid to help with glycolysis
Lactic acid dissociated into lactic releasing H+ ions
What is blood lactate
Blood lactate concentration is taken to be a reflection of anaerobic glycolytic activity
Blood lactate is a balance of what
Lactate release and lactate uptake in the blood
