power and the people c1170-present day Flashcards

Question

what were the long term effects of the peasants revolt?

Answer 1

-the poll tax was stopped until 1990 -workers wages began to rise as there was still a lack of workers as peasants could demand higher wages so land owners would pay -first time ordinary people had revolted -parliament stopped trying to control peasant wages -due to the unused land (from black death) peasants could now buy their own land, freeing them from working the lords land -peasants had become independent -changed peasants lives -taxes were never as high again -john ball had inspired rebels

Answer 2

henry the 8th was a devout catholic but he was unhappy with the wealth and power of the church the pope refused to give henry a divorce so he made himself the head of the church of england through the act of supremacy 1534 giving him full control

Answer 3

henry started taking money from the monestries causing the dissolution monasreies controlled 1/4th of land in england and had an income of £200,000, nearly double the king 1536 parliment closed all small monasteries

Answer 4

- rising prices - changes to religion (dissolution of monasteries and wanted pope back as head of church) - landowners lost influence - cromwell had great power and was the creator of new religious policy

Answer 5

a rebellion broke out in yorkshire due to their anger towards the changes caused by henry they wanted henry to: -restore monasteries -recognise pope as head of the church -dismiss cromwell and other ministers who were poorly advising the king pilgramige of grace!!!

Answer 6

- north of england were mostly catholic and felt henry and cromwell were attacking their religion - monasteries provided for the poor and helped the sick - king was charging a lot of taxes - there were poor harvest so people were hungry and unhappy - people thought churches would be closed after monasteries - dissolution of monasteries was attacking religion

Answer 7

1536 yorkshire rebellion the pligrims captured key locations henry chose the duke of norfolk to represent him nolfolk met with the rebels and they demanded that the north has better representation norfolk promised robert aske (the rebel leader) and the rebels a pardon = therefore the rebels went home in 1537 the rebels attacked castles in hull and beverly henry used this as an excuse to cancel the pardons 74 rebels were hung and the rebellion was squashed

Answer 8

-execution of the main leaders -dissolution of monastries -landowners gained more land -local people take glass lead wooden beams -henry has control again of church and country -henry builds the english navy

Answer 9

-henry has complete control - england is no longer under control of the pope -english navy established further -death of cromwell

Answer 10

- charles the 1st married a catholic princess from france, and she became charles's closest advisor = people scared about her influence and what this could mean for the church - england was mainly protestant however there were still many Catholics - archbishop laud had huge amount of influence over religion, he felt strongly about conformity in the church - laud was not catholic but arminian, meaning he believed people should worship in a similar way to Catholics - laud met much opposition with puritans - protestants were prominent in government - 3 men wrote a pamphlet criticising the church = they were tried in the star chamber (a substitute for parliament), biased ruling as the ruling always favoured the king and laud - scots were protestant therefore didn't want to conform to laud's way of worship like using the laudian prayer book = 1638 signed an agreement called the convent, saying they wouldn't accept changes - charles sent army to Scotland, and the covenanters defended it and then invaded england

Answer 11

- fears that charles couldn't be trusted with money and that he would use it to become independent from parliament - as a result he introduced SHIP MONEY/TAX, made everyone pay this tax = could make charles financially independent - after the 11 years charles dissolved parliament he asked to meet again in 1640, parliament provided charles with funds to fight the scots - charles ruled without parliament for 11 years

Answer 12

- charles believed strongly in the divine right of kings, he was appointed by god - charles always gained advice from his favourite advisers instead of parliament - he dissolved parliament for 11 years = 11 years of tyranny - relations between parliament and the king deteriorated = in 1642 an opponent of the king presented a list of grievances towards Charles, the king raised an army and marched to parliament to arrest the "5 men", this proved charles was a tyrant

Answer 13

the roundheads - parliament the cavaliers - the royalists

Answer 14

oliver cromwell

Answer 15

oliver cromwell trained a new army - he recruited men based on their ability, rather than their privilege - the army was disciplined and lived by strong religious and moral code - men were not allowed to drink or swear - army used for the first time at battle of naseby = new model army 14,000 men outnumbered the kings 9000 men = defeating the royalist calvary - men well paid - soldiers believed god was on their side

Answer 16

1647 by the scots in nottinghamshire went on trial for treason executed in 1649 at whitehall

Answer 17

- charles found guilty of treason, refused to plea as he didn't want to recognise the power of the court - executed 1649 - after his execution parliament abolished the monarchy and the house of lords - england was declared a commonwealth

Answer 18

- first time a king was not replaced by another king - between 1649 and 1660 England tried to rule without a king but failed = parliament, army, cromwell - when monarchy was restored it did not hold the same power = parliament met more regularly, not as influenced by the abilities of the king, parliament asked charles the 2nd to become king

Answer 19

- in early 1700s there were 13 english colonies in north america and later on the population of settlers and enslaved people was 2.5 million - many colonists in America didn't consider themselves english but American - the British taxed the amercians to pay for the army as it 'protected them' - the British introduced the STAMP TAX of 1765 ( a tax on documents like newspapers) = people unhappy and rioted against this - Americans were forced to comply with the NAVIGATION ACTS (ensuring that only British goods were imported into America) - colonists felt bossed around by britian

Answer 20

- americans were ruled by britain but had no representation, no one to stand up for them - NO TAXATION WITHOUT REPRESENTATION - Boston massacre in 1770 when anti-british colonists there snowballs and sticks at british army, the army opened fire and some were killed - boston tea party when anti-british individuals threw tea into the sea

Answer 21

they met in congress and made george washington the leader of their army 1776 they had a declaration of independence = stating that 13 colonies were free and that all control from britian had ended however 7 years of fighting took place before the colonists were victorious AMERICAN DECLARATION OF INDEPENDANCE BY THOMAS JEFFERSON

Answer 22

- many of the battles took place in forests and mountains that the british did not know very well - yorktown battle 1781 - American troops perceived to be weak however they had the support of the french who secured the waters around yorktown = this was important was britain relied on their supplies from the sea - George Washington attacked the british who had few weapons and no supplies therefore the british were forced to surrender

Answer 23

- not all americans were happy with their independence = some moved to Canada - the Americans set up their own system of government known as a constitution with a parliament (congress) and a president - America developed into the most powerful country in the world - the "land of free" was not perfect = many poor farmers could not afford to buy their land and therefore had no vote, african-americans, women or indigenous people had no vote, slavery still existed

Answer 24

- britain spent a lot of money on the war and had lost a lot of men - the involvement of France had worsened the relations between the two powers - britain made up for the loss of America by colonising other countries - America was used as a penal colony, but now britian used austrialia and new Zealand to send convicts - the relationship between Britain and America improved over the years as the two countries started to trade with each other - Britain was worried that the idea of overthrowing authority was one that might spread to Britain due to the growing working-class population

Answer 25

the french were fed up with their king the people decided to take action and the french revolution took place the American revolution was a trigger cause that resulted in the french revolution

Answer 26

- the king and those who owned land and titles were the people who controlled the country - rotten boroughs - pocket boroughs - no secret ballot - potwalloper boroughs - women could not vote

Answer 27

area that sent two MPs to represent that area even though no one lived there however, places that had a large population like Birmingham has no mps therefore no representation in parliament

Answer 28

boroughs that were controlled by rich individuals who did not represent the needs of everyone

Answer 29

meant that people had to say in public who they were voting therefore people could be easily bribed and some people were sacked if they didn't vote for the "right" candidate

Answer 30

people allowed to vote purely because they had a fireplace and a locked door

Answer 31

many people gathered at st peters fields for a peaceful protest the local government panicked due to large amount of people that gathered they called the local military in = 600 people injured and 15 killed as a result of this, the government introduced the SIX ACTS stating that any meeting of more than 50 people was an act of treason, therefore breaking the law

Answer 32

he formed the birmingham political union of the lower and middle classes of people (BPU) in 1829 - attwood along with 8000 others sent a petition to parliament, this petition claimed to vote for all men who contributed to local or national taxes = the petition was rejected - BPU vowed to cooperate with the law, making it harder for it to be banned

Answer 33

earl grey's whig government tried to pass laws for a reform act three times! - this was due to the house of lords not wanting to pass an act that would give ordinary people more power

Answer 34

- the middle class did well out of the GFA, for example: merchants and industrialists gained more representation and were happy that their interests were being considered - middle class now could vote = now had influence meaning more change could occur - rotten boroughs were removed and towns like Birimgham were given MPs - didn't change things for the working class in the short term however it proved things could be changed in the future - the reform act reduced the power of the king and landowners

Answer 35

- working-class people were becoming more disgruntled due to the poor living and working conditions - was hard to find work due to the new invention of machines - 1 machine = the work of 10 men and faster - most jobs no longer required skill - poor law was reformed in 1834, it offered help to those financially struggling - the help the poor law offered was being sent to a workhouse - bad harvest in the 1830s

Answer 36

william lovett

Answer 37

in 1836 william lovett started a campaign thomasa attwood and the Birmingham political union also joined this campaign led led to a national chartist convention being held in 1839 peaceful movement as lovett was Christian and lovett organised the mass signing of petions to be sent to parliment

Answer 38

people's charter: - votes for all men - equal-sized constituencies - voting in secret - wages for mps - no property qualifications to be able to vote - an election every year

Answer 39

rejected = as a result some chartists believed peaceful protest was not enough

Answer 40

chartists in south wales were angered - unemployment there was higher than average and people were starving - they marched on newport in 1839 - one of their leaders had been imprisoned there so they decided to attack the prison and free him - however, the authorities were waiting for them and they opened fired and 22 men were killed

Answer 41

when it was rejected for the second time in 1842, violent actions were starting to be taken many workers in factories started to vandalise machinery (known as plug plots) there was a general strike called by o'connor the new chartist leader

Answer 42

the economic and agricultural depression had returned to Britain = a surge in support for the chartists

Answer 43

lovett was committed to education and reform = helped bring a better standard of living to working-class communities chartists became heavily involved in trade unions temperance was promoted - the 0 tolerance of alcohol, belief that parliament would take them seriously if they were sober = showing working class were disciplined and worthy of the vote oconnor was interested in land reform - felt that everyone was entitled to land and if they had land they could leave the factory towns and problems faced there

Answer 44

- the government feared the chartists - rejected the chartists' petitions - put up posters asking people not to attend chartist meetings - they freely arrested chartists - people used transportation to punish people by sending them to different countries = dissuaded people from joining the chartists

Answer 45

O'Connor and 50,000 supporters met in 1848, however the duke of welligton expected more therefore he had troops, police, over 85,000 special constables oconnor was made to go alone to give the third petition to parliament the petition was said to have 5 million signatures however it only had 2 million and it transpired that thousands of the signatures were forged the movement wasn't a complete disaster but it was the end for chartists

Answer 46

- strong parliamentary opposition = government suppression of local meetings and gatherings - standard of living started to increase there was many alternate working-class movements like trade unionism and cooperatives - divided leadership of lovett and o'connor

Answer 47

1867, 1872, 1888 reform bills overtime 5/6 points were achieved

Answer 48

influenced other political movements helped working-class develop their own political culture seen as the first modern political party in its aims, methods and organisation

Answer 49

the government passed the corn laws in 1815: - designed to keep the price of wheat high - if price of wheat was too low imports would be stopped - kept the wealthy landowners and farmers happy

Answer 50

- made up of middle-class men who felt restrictions were unfair on the poor and manufacturing middle-class - john bright and Richard cobden toured around the country giving speeches and pamphlets against the corn laws - the league had a lot of support with two supporters as MPS and support of the prime minister who was a supporter of free trade and wanted to remit the corn laws however his fellow conservative party didn't want to

Answer 51

- laws were unfair to the poor as they increased the price of basic food - cheap wheat could help lower living costs -people could spend more money on other foods, such as meat, would help farmers - people could spend more money on industrial goods, benefiting the manufactures - countries could export their wheat to britian would have the money to invest in industry - relationship built up through trade with countries would ensure peace in Europe in the coming years

Answer 52

1840s caused by the crop disease blight, which spread across Europe this was a problem for the poor in Ireland as they relied on potatoes and bread for their diet by 1846 Ireland was experiencing a terrible famine and millions were starving the corn laws meant there was no spare corn to send to ireland

Answer 53

1846, robert peel repealed the corn laws

Answer 54

the increase in population and return to normal prices meant that prices of wheat didn't effect farmers and landowners poor were able to afford wheat price of oats, barley, meat increased

Answer 55

- britian has been involved in slavery since the 15th century - Britain sold slaves to work in the Caribbean, America and some in England - set up plantations of cotton and sugar, slaves picked these crops

Answer 56

- conditions were dreadful on the ships that took slaves africans across the Atlantic - people were treated like animals during auctions where people would bid on them - enslaved people were expected to work all their life - if they didn't work hard enough or tried to escape they would be severely punished - average life expectancy 27 years

Answer 57

william wilberforce created the anti-slavery society the society: held public meetings to educate people, produced phamplets and posters, wore badges = raise awareness and show support

Answer 58

motivated by christian faith spoke in parliament and pushed several bills through to abolish slavery in 1797 presented a petition to parliament to end slavery secured the abolition of the slave trade act in 1807, which made it illegal to buy or sell enslaved people in the British empire

Answer 59

collected information about slavery and the conditions on board slave ships considered slavery as evil and decided to do something about it produced drawings of the conditions on slave ships and pamphlets to show how horrible the conditions are

Answer 60

example: when britian took control of jamaica in 1655 the maroons escaped from the plantations where they were forced to work and went to live in the mountains the British negotiated with the maroons and managed to control rebellions for a while

Answer 61

the abolition of slavery act in 1833 instantly freed enslaved people smuggling of enslaved people became a problem and conditions were worse as there was no one to regulate it britian increased the pressure on other nations to abolish slavery

Answer 62

- long working hours - accidents were common = young people lost limbs and in extreme cases their lives - many young children lost their legs in mines as carts ran over them - children in factories were being caught under machines - factory owners mistreated their workers - girls would be made to carry bags of 180kg of coal - women were dragging carts of coal on their hands and knees

Answer 63

- reports came from inspectors - MP micheal sadler, reported that factory children being injured and mistreated = he suggested that those under 18 should not work 10+ hours a day - reform of working conditions - miners act 1842 - poor law amendment act 1834

Answer 64

laissez-faire politics - belief that politics should not be involved in peoples personal lives

Answer 65

philanthropists

Answer 66

- he had a successful mill in manchester where he treated his workers well - he was a socialist therefore driven by creating an equal society - in 1810 he introduced the 8-hour day - opened a school in 1816, all children had to have a certain number of hours of education

Answer 67

- he was responsible for the reform of the poor law that resulted in many people entering workhouses - wrote a report called "the sanitary conditions of the labouring population", which showed the link between the poor housing and sanitation of the workers and outbreaks of killer diseases like cholera = significant as most upper/middle-class individuals blamed the workers themselves

Answer 68

- she was a social reformer and prison reformer - in prison, she saw hundreds of women and children huddled on the floor in 2 cells, they had to cook and clean for themselves, and children had to share cells with murders - she established a school and chapel in the prison

Answer 69

- she was concerned with the issue of child prostitution and campaigned for the age of consent to rise from 13 to 16 - she was appalled at how women were treated when arrested for prostitution - in 1869 the contagious disease act was introduced as a way of keeping sexually transmitted infections away from the armed forces, any woman could be examined by a police officer = butler repealed the act in 1883

Answer 70

people who opposed the new technology they would deliberately break machinery in the hope that factory owners would turn away from technology

Answer 71

people who opposed the new technology they were angered by the depression in agriculture and the new machines that took their jobs they set fire to farms and damaged machines

Answer 72

this defined the rights of trade unions as meetings to discuss wages and conditions anything outside this was illegal act brought around to control threats of groups of workers and stopped them picketing

Answer 73

set up by robert owen in 1834 brought workers together

Answer 74

they took strike action whenever they were unhappy with something to do with their job and would refuse to work until their demands were met

Answer 75

1851 amalgamated society of engineers (ASE) - union of highly skilled men who paid subscriptions ensuring their sick pay and other benefits 1860 new model unions carpenters 1866 new model unions tailors known as new model unions as they accepted the structure but negotiated improvements

Answer 76

- farm labourers from a small village in dorset - they formed a union to try and negotiate better pay and conditions - new farm machinery = fewer labourers needed & anyone could operate machinery = no special training was needed = wages dropped - leader was George loveless

Answer 77

- not broken the law by being part of a trade union - illegal to take secret oaths - the men had all taken an oath to keep their union secret = therefore breaking the law

Answer 78

- men found guilty of making an unlawful oath - sentenced to 7 years transportation to Australia of hard labour

Answer 79

- various organisations who were dedicated to overturning the decision - Robert owen called a meeting of the GNCTU and 10,000 attended - after persistent campaigning and petitions on 14 march 1836 all men were given a full and free pardon = trade unions won

Answer 80

- conditions in the factory were poor and many of the girls and women working became very ill and some even died - common illness was PHOSSY JAW, caused by white phosphorus that was used to make matches light = it caused their jaws to rot = teeth to fall out = those who survived were left with disfigured faces - workers paid poor wages - often funded by factory owner for small things like not working fast enough or being late to work went on strike in 1888

Answer 81

annie besant

Answer 82

- higher wages for the women and register them for strike pay - wrote articles in support of the women - held public meetings to raise awareness of the match factory conditions - marched the women in a procession to houses of parliament

Answer 83

- successful - the employers agreed to the demands and removed the system of deductions and fines - given a pay rise

Answer 84

- wanted better pay and working conditions - pay rise from 5 pence an hour to 6 pence - wanted 8 pence an hour for any overtime work - had to compete for work = regularly go days without any work

Answer 85

- more militant than new model unions - their leader was ben tillet - marched through London to raise the profile of the strike and get support - men carried rotten vegetables and fish on their heads to show what they and their families were living on - picketed the gates of london docks

Answer 86

- gained the support of influential people like the lord mayor of London - the public was sympathetic and supported their demands - unions in Australia donated £30,000 to support the strike - this all forced the hand of the dock owners and the men received their pay rise and guaranteed 4 hour days

Answer 87

- the national union of women's suffrage societies - created in 1897 - led by millicient fawcett - mainly middle class women

Answer 88

- peaceful - marches - meetings - petitions = gained support for mps who supported votes for women, never enough to achieve their aims though

Answer 89

- the women's social and political union - created in 1903 - led by emmeline Pankhurst - a breakaway group of the suffragists (NUWSS)

Answer 90

- militant - disrupted political meetings - attacked police officers - vandalised mps houses - set fire to letterboxes = attracted a lot of media attention but also alienated a lot of potential supporters

Answer 91

- at the derby day in epsom the kings horse was running around the race course and it was deliberately brought down by emily wilding Davidson (a suffragette) - she died in the hospital due to the injuries she had obtained - became the first martyr of the suffragette movement - she was trying to stick a suffragette rosette on the horse but instead was trampled

Answer 92

- suffragette tactics extended to prisons - they went on hunger strikes = gained publicity - the government knew they could not have women dying in prison as many of the women were middle class who had influential husbands or fathers - prison officers tried to force-feed the suffragettes = this was dangerous and could lead to disabilities and death - the government passed the TEMPORARY DISCHARGE FOR ILL HEALTH ACT in 1913 = allowing women to be released when they became too weak from starvation, once they were better they returned t the prisons

Answer 93

- NUWSS and WPSU united to support the war efforts and earned the nickname of "angel of the factory" - proved that women could do the same jobs as men and that they could make clear headed decisions

Answer 94

the representation of peoole act was passed: - men over the age of 21 could vote - some women over the age of 21 could vote if they owned property otherwise they had to be over 30

Answer 95

- ABORTION ACT 1967 = women could have an abortion if they faced an unwanted pregnancy - DIVORCE ACT 1969 = women can request a diverse from their husband - EQUAL PAY ACT 1970 = illegal to pay women less than men for the same job - CONTRACEPTION = became widely available on the NHS after 1974 - EMPLOYMENT PROTECTION ACT 1975 = illegal to sack a woman because she was pregnant

Answer 96

foreign competition and lack of modern technology

Answer 97

- friday 1921 - mine owners announced an extension of the working day - announced a drop in wages - workers were outraged and decided to strike - the trade union congress called a strike - however many unions pulled out as they didn't feel the immediate concern - this left the miners unsupported therefore they decided to return to work

Answer 98

- 1925 the price of coal fell again and the mine owners declared further changes to hours and pay - prime minister baldwin decided to subsidise the coal industry to avoid strike action - he also set up the Samuel Commission to aid the miners and mine owners in compromising

Answer 99

- baldwin's subsidy money ran out - the workers decided/agreed to strike - ships sat unloaded in docks, trains didn't move, coal wasn't mined - the country was divided

Answer 100

- made army take over the jobs of striking workers - encouraged middle-class students to take a break from university and work in heavy industries - started a propaganda campaign turning the public against the strikers - baldwin referred to the strike as a revolution and communism

Answer 101

- created their own newspaper to explain their motivations for the strike - used the paper to remind workers to be peaceful - some strikers were violent and clashed with the police - strikers travelled the country to picket with other industries - funds set up to feed strikers

Answer 102

- union membership fell dramatically - this coincided with a rise in unemployment - the government made an act claiming it illegal for unions to join together and strike

Answer 103

- miners wanted better pay and working conditions - went on strike for a year but failed to achieve their aims - miners were not united and many kept working - Margaret Thatcher wanted to reduce the power of the unions = union movements have never been as strong since this failure

Answer 104

britian - had a large empire - migration from the commonwealth made britian a multiracial nation

Answer 105

- the ship EMPIRE WINDRUSH docked at London, with 492 people from the Caribbean - the 1948 british nationality act gave 800 million commonwealth members the chance to come to the "mother country" and gain full English citizenship

Answer 106

- shortage of labour - opportunity

Answer 107

- shortage of labour for low-paid and unskilled jobs in britian - the government was trying to rebuild the country after the war and to do this they needed people to fill these jobs - wanted to secure the loyalty of these countries in case they were needed again examples: - london transport = recruited people from Barbados and jamaica to drive buses and trains

Answer 108

- British companies held recruitment fairs = which meant that before even leaving home, many immigrants had secured a job

Answer 109

- the surge of black men into communities caused resentment - most white people moved out to other areas, called "white flight" = segregation - groups of white young men felt that immigrants were stealing "their women" - this tension exploded in 1958 at the Noting Hill riots in London - many highly educated immigrants were forced to take low-paid, unskilled work as their qualifications were not accepted in britian - asian and Caribbean immigrants were treated differently - overcrowding was a big problem as landlords refused to let immigrants rent their accommodation

Answer 110

after the notting hill riots in 1958 relations between immigrant groups and white residents were not good - factory owners were reluctant to employ black workers = increasing segregation - the general feeling was that there were too many immigrants settling in major cities and this was viewed as needing to be stopped

Answer 111

they had two main aims: - curb the number of immigrants coming into the country - tackle the racial discrimination that had developed

Answer 112

COMMONWEALTH IMMIGRANTS ACT 1962, controlled the immigration of all commonwealth passport holders, stating that immigrants had to apply for a work voucher before coming to britian, and could only get a voucher if their skills were in demand = impacted commonwealth doctors and nurses as their qualifications weren't recognised

Answer 113

ANOTHER COMMONWEALTH IMMIGRANTS ACT 1964, put tighter controls on immigration by extending restrictions to those who were part of the commonwealth, if people didn't have a parent or grandparent who was born or was a citizen of the UK they could not move there = confirmed that non-white immigration was the problem that the government was trying to stop = racist and unfair

Answer 114

IMMIGRATION ACT 1971, act replaced employment vouchers with work permits, only allowing temporary residence in britian, encouraged voluntary repatriation (government could assist people in moving back to their country of origin), and allowed chain migration (families could join those who already had citizenship)

Answer 115

ENOCH POWELL - a conservative mp - his politics were highly supported - his policy was known as POWELLISM - viewed white British people as superior to those who were non-white - gave a speech in 1968 where he called all immigrants to return home "river's of blood speech"

Answer 116

1965 RACE RELATIONS ACT - prevented racial discrimination in housing and employment 1968 COMMONWEALTH IMMIGRANTS ACT - aimed to help the integration of immigrant communities 1976 RACE RELATIONS ACT - extended the definition of discrimination to any practice that disadvantaged another group, race relations board was replaced with the COMMISSION FOR RACIAL EQUALITY which had greater power

Answer 117

- sparked by a national front (a group who wanted all nonwhite immigrants in Britain to return to their country of origin) march through the borough - the black community felt let down by police as the police let the march happen - relations between the black community and the police were disintegrating - the black community was being blamed for the crime in the area - the national front claimed "a multiracial society is wrong, is evil and we will destroy it"

Answer 118

- the role of the police and their poor relationship with black communities sparked the riots - there was a recession in the late 1970s = economic hardships and hit black communities hard with high unemployment, poor housing and higher crime rates - many individuals in brixon felt they were being discriminated - the police were allowed to stop and search people they suspected committed a crime, known as the SUS LAW = this led to racial profiling - operation swamp 81 meant brixon was filled with police officers using the sus law and over 1000 people were stopped in 6 days - tension boiled over when rumours of police brutality against a black man led to an angry crowd confronting police officers - an arrest of a young black man in 1981 started the riot where for 3 days young black people fought the police and set fire to buildings and vehicles - 300 police officers hurt, 100 vehicles destroyed, 82 arrests made

Answer 119

- government set up an inquiry into the riots - report was published in 1981 blaming the police for being racist towards the black community in brixion - this led to the creation of the independent police complaints authority