elizabethan england 1568-1603 Flashcards
1
Q
what year did elizabeth become queen?
A
1558 - 1603
2
Q
who was elizabeth’s parents?
A
henry the 8th & Anne boleyn
3
Q
who were elizabeth’s siblings?
A
mary & edward
4
Q
evidence that henry the 8th was desperate for a male heir to the throne:
A
henry divorced his first wife -catherine of aragon
who had mary
henry then married anne boleyn who gave birth to elizabeth 1533
anne was executed
married jane seymour 1536 and she gave birth to edward, the male heir.
5
Q
what happened to anne boleyn?
A
accused of committing adultery with serval men in court and was executed for treason in 1536
(elizabeth was nearly 3 years old)
6
Q
what is the royal court?
A
a large group of advisers and other figures that surrounded the monarch
1000 people
7
Q
what was elizabeth a member of from a young age?
A
the royal court - attend important events, mostly likely be married off to an important foreign figure to form an alliance, no role in decision-making
8
Q
when did henry the 8th die?
A
1547 and edward aged 9 became king
9
Q
when did edward die?
A
1553 and mary became queen
10
Q
what was the tension between mary 1st and elizabeth before 1568?
A
mary was very paranoid about threats and rebellions
she saw elizabeth as a leader for her enemies and had her imprisoned in the tower of London in 1554 after she was accused of supporting a rebellion
many people wanted to replace mary with elizabeth
11
Q
when did mary die?
A
1558 and elizabeth became queen
12
Q
what was parliament?
A
had power in elizabethan england
made up of house of lords (lords, bishops and nobility) and house of commons
less powerful than modern UK Parliament but had influence over tax and passing laws
13
Q
what was the privy council?
A
had power in elizabethan england
led by secretary of state
did day-to-day running of the country
members were elizabeth’s key advisors
called upon to deal with any issues, military and foreign affairs, religion and queen safety
if privy agreed on something it was hard for elizabeth to refuse it
14
Q
who were the lord lieutenants?
A
had power in elizabethan england
administrative responsibility for areas of country
settled disputes and collecting taxes
responsible for raising a military if needed
most LL were also privy councillors
15
Q
who were the JPs (justices of the peace)
A
had power in elizabethan england
selected from local gentry
role was to ensure that the laws passed by parliament were properly enforced
1 JP could send someone to prison but 1+ JP required to sentence a criminal to death
16
Q
what was patronage?
A
elizabeth’s supporters and how they show their loyalty
17
Q
what was progress?
A
when elizabeth made her way around the country for publicity
18
Q
who was william cecil?
A
served as secretary of state twice and was a member of parliament
most trusted advisor
he encouraged elizabeth to take control of catholic Ireland and fight other catholic rivals in England and abroad
key role in developing poor laws
19
Q
who was francis walsingham?
A
severed as secretary of state and was one of elizabeth’s closest advisors
known as the spymaster as he had eyes and ears everywhere
established force at sea and dealt with england’s biggest rivals (spain, France, Netherlands)
played a role in the execution of mary queen of scots
20
Q
problems elizabeth faced when coming to the throne
her heir (mary):
A
when she came to the throne the current heir was her cousin mary, queen of scots
mary was a catholic and was once married to the king of France
1568 mary was exiled from scotland to england
catholics now had an alternate queen to fight for
- to avoid this elizabeth would have to marry and give birth
21
Q
problems elizabeth faced when coming to the throne
succession:
A
elizabeths legitmacy was in doubt due to how henry divorce hs first wife to marry anne
henry the 8th had done all he could to ensure the future of the tudor line
but elizabeth had yet to have an heir
in 1562 the queen contracted smallpox and nearly died
parliament were keen for elizabeth to marry and have a child as soon as possible
22
Q
problems elizabeth faced when coming to the throne
religion:
A
henry 8th broke from catholic church to get a diverse
edward continued to obtain a protestant faith
mary tried to reestablish catholicism
elizabeth was protestant but she didn’t want to make her enemies angry immediately
she allowed Catholics to follow their faith privately - some were still unhappy and believed she had no right as queen as they saw the marriage of anne boleyn and henry unofficial
23
Q
problems elizabeth faced when coming to the throne
ireland:
A
elizabeth considered herself to be queen of Ireland
many disagreed
revolt of northern Ireland in 1559
elizabeth spent thousands and sent many soldiers to try and limit Irish rebellion but it didn’t seem to work in the long term
24
Q
problems elizabeth faced when coming to the throne
taxation:
A
government needed money and to get this they used taxes
due to the poverty the taxes were very unpopular with the people of england, so this would be bad for a new monarch
25
problems elizabeth faced when coming to the throne
foreign policy:
elizabeth had to manage powerful, influential countries
france and spain were catholic and had support of the pope
saw england (protestant) as a target
netherlands was an area of disagreement
protestant population were at conflict with the spanish who ruled the area
26
arguments for marriage:
-marriage creates an alliance with a foreign country or wins support of powerful english family
-elizabeth could produce an heir to continue tudor line
-marriage and children stop mary of scots becoming queen
27
arguments against marriage:
-marrying a foreign prince could lead to england falling under their control
-englishman could create problems on who has authority
-unmarried means elizabeth keeps her independence and power (husband legally had authority over wife)
-giving birth is risky for women
-her sister marys marriage failed and didn't produce an heir
28
robert dudley:
potential marriages
earl of leicester
queens childhood friend - no risk to throne
his wife died and there was a scandal to do with her death meaning marriage became impossible
dudley was a figure of the royal court and a privy councillor he had great power and influence in government - good match
29
francis, duke of anjou and alencon:
french king's brother could lead to influence in France
brother was childless, francis was heir to throne
elizabeth was 46 and most assumed beyond having children, if she died childless england could fall under control of France
francis was catholic
many against marriage
30
how did parliament and the queen clash when it came to marriage?
after elizabeth's near-death experience in 1562, parliament were worried about the heir
so in 1566 they started to talk about this issue with the queen, however it wasn't taken well and elizabeth banned parliament from discussing it
31
the rebels
duke of norfolk:
was queens second cousin and leading english nobleman
raised as a protestant despite being from catholic family
catholic background led to people distrusting him
made lord lieutenant of north
32
the rebels
earl of northumberland:
father executed for leading a rebellion against henry 8th
not allowed to inherit his father's title until the reign of mary 1
33
first rebellion: northern rebellion 1569
many people in northern england retained their catholic beliefs and supported mary queen of scots, replacing elizabeth on the throne
elizabeth stopped mary marrying the duke of norfolk - he left royal court and headed north
led by westmorland and northumberland
started a rebellion against elizabeth, taking control of durham cathedral and doing illegal mass, then marched with 4600 men
elizabeth struggled to raise an army but the earl of essex helped and the rebels disbanded
34
the rebels
earl of westmorland:
catholic who became powerful under mary 1 rule
lost influence when elizabeth was crowned
remained powerful in the north
partof the northern rebellion
35
second rebellion: the ridolfi plot 1571
norfolk was in the tower of london for 10 months, when released he was on house arrest
he became involved with another plot led by Robert ridolfi
in 1570 the pope ordered Catholics not to obey the queen
the plan was for the Netherlands to invade england at the same time as another northern rebellion
the queen would be killed and replaced by mary queen of scots
letters were discovered and norfolk confessed his involvement and was executed 1572
36
who was the earl of essex?
father was a member of the royal court who helped put down the northern rebellion in 1569
in 1595 essex was made a privy councillor by the queen
queen gave him a monopoly on sweet wine in England (making him lots of money)
had rivalry with robert cecil
37
what happened between the earl of essex and the queen?
1598 they had an argument during a privy councillor meeting about Ireland
essex turned his back on the queen and she hit him on his head and essex nearly drew his sword, but was stopped
elizabeth put him on house arrest
38
what happened with essex in ireland and when he returned to england?
in 1599 elizabeth made essex the lord lieutenant of Ireland
his job was to crush the Ireland rebellion, but he failed and made a truce with the leader, completely against the queen's orders
knighted some members of his army but he also was forbidden to do
when essex returned he rushed to the queen's royal quarters and caught her without her wig
lost his sweet wine monopoly (leaving him in debt)
determined to remove his long-term rival robert cecil so he gathered supporters in 1601
39
essex's rebellion and his execution:
-essex took 4 privy councillors hostage and marched with 200 followers to London
-robert cecil responded and labeled essex as a traitor and many rebels abandoned the march
-essex returned home to see the hostages released
-essex and the remaining supporters were arrested
-essex was put on trial for treason
-executed 1601 in private due to the information he gave
40
why did plots against elizabeth fail?
spies
network of spies headed by walsingham meant that few plots got beyond the early stages
41
what was the great chain of being before elizabethans?
god at the top
> angles and people in heaven
> human beings
> animals and plants
42
what was the great chain of being after elizabethans?
monarch at top
> followed by nobility
> the gentry
> the peasants
43
what was the wealthier two groups in the elizabethan society?
nobility - most respected members of society, highest was duke, average income £6000 per year, protection against toucher, large amounts of land,
gentry - landlords of the countryside, £10 to £200 per year, some were JPs
44
what was it like to be wealthy?
built fine houses in the countryside - symmetrical, courtyards, oak panelling, glass windows classical chimneys
show through food - meat and wine, banquets
fashion - women wear fine clothes with white faces, showing they don't work outside (achieved via lead white face paint) - elaborate ruffs
45
who performed at theatres?
lord chamberlain's men and admiral's men
men only, no women performing
funded by patron
46
some keyfigures to do with theatre in elizabethan england:
william shakespeare - wrote 38 plays
richard burbage - one of the most celebrated actors and owned a theatre
47
what was behaviour like at theatres?
push and shoving
heckling
48
what type of opposition was there to theatre?
saw by some as sinful, campaigned to be banned
dangerous, drunken, criminal and other immoral things took place
concerned that large gatherings might spread disease
religious groups like puritans wanted to close down theatres as they saw them as distraction
49
what types of entertainment did the poor enjoy?
cock fight
dances
50
what types of entertainment did the rich enjoy?
banquets, music, dancing
51
what was england's first permanent theatre?
red lion opened in london 1567
52
when was the globe opened?
1599, southwalk london
built by lord chamberlain's men
53
what were the galleries in theatres?
seated, covered areas for richer members in the audience to sit in
54
what were the pits in theatres?
where ordinary people stood to watch the performance, they often heckled actors
55
what were the gentlemen's rooms?
balconies cost 4 pence
56
long gallery
houses:
a place for entertaining guests and winter exercise
57
loggia
houses:
open walkway at the front inspired by Italian renaissance architecture
58
straight chimney columns
houses:
reflected classical design
59
what were the stages in theatres?
where actors performed
often be scenery and a trapdoor for special features like smoke
wall at back was frons scenae including a door were actors made their entrances and exits
60
what were the tiring rooms in theatres?
dressing room where actors put on their attrie
61
what was the most expensive place in a theatre?
lords room cost around 5 pence
cushioned seats
62
how did art contribute to elizabethan england being a golden age?
portraits became very important, offered a lot of symbolism - miniature portraits were also important
decorative silverware and textile patterns
63
how did science and technology contribute to elizabethan england being a golden age?
navigation and astronomy and a growing understanding of how magnetism worked
more effective printing presses, producing books and pamphlets - allowing ideas to be spread
alchemy attempting to turn cheap metal into gold
64
how did education contribute to elizabethan england being a golden age?
very important
some girls got limited education
65
what was the reformation?
during henry the 8th's era
between 1536 and 1540
henry closed down all monasteries in England - evicting many people who worked for them
causing unemployment and a huge impact on the poor
monasteries played a big part in caring for the sick and poor but without them the poor had nowhere to go
66
what were people who were without work called?
paupers who relied on charity
67
when was there a failure of agriculture in england?
1594- 1598
led to food shortages and death of starvation
68
what was the new way of farming?
more landowners began to keep sheep on their land rather then rent it to farmers who traditionally grown crops on it
known as LAND ENCLOSURE
meaning fewer workers were needed - leaving people jobless and homeless
69
how did england's population change?
2.8 mil to 4 mil
due to increased birth rate and falling death rate
70
what resulted in a population increase?
limited places to live so landlords unfairly increased rent
less food so price inflation
terrible outbreak of flu in 1556 which killed over 200,00
71
who were the deserving poor?
able-bodied people who lived in urban areas could not find work even though they wanted to
given food and drink as payment sometimes and places to sleep
72
who were the undeserving poor?
untrustworthy beggars who had no interest in honest work
in 1567 thomas harman published a book highlighting the scams and tricks used by beggars - leading to people having a hardened attitude towards them
IDLE POOR - lazy and whipped and sent to house of correction where they were forced to work
73
when was the statute of artificers issued and what was it?
1563
ensure poor relief was collected
anyone who refused to pay the poor rates could be imprisoned
officials failing to organise poor relief could be fined up to £20
74
when was the vagabonds act issued and what was it?
1572
to deter vagrancy
act stated that vagrants were to be whipped and a hole drilled through their ears
imprisoned if arrested for a second time and receive the death penalty for the third
justices of peace kept a register of the poor and gave job to find work for able-bodied poor
75
when was the poor relief act issued and what was it?
1576
to distinguish between able-bodied and impotent poor and help the able-bodied find work
justices of peace provided able-bodied with wool and raw materials to sell
those who refused to work were sent to house of correction (which was funded by poor rates)
76
who were the helpless poor?
sick and old - provided with food and placed in special homes where they could be cared for
77
examples of new technologies that increased exploration:
new lateen sails - faster and easier to sail
defences like cannons - made sailing through hostile waters much safer
astrolabe - allowed sailors to judge how far south or north they were
compasses - navigation more accurate
78
examples of trade which benefited england:
before elizabeth most trade was with european countries
far east where spices could be brought
muscovy company created in 1555 - monopoly trade of city of Moscow in russia
brought in products like silks porcelain and so on
79
key information about drake and the hawkins family:
hawkins were merchants, seafarers and occasional pirates
1562 set sail for west African coast in sierra leone he stole 300 enslaved people already captured by Portuguese and sailed to Spanish colonies in Caribbean where he exchanged them for cargoes of leather, sugar, ginger and pearls
80
what happened with drake and san juan de ulua?
1568
set sail for america
in sierra leone they allied with 2 local chiefs and capture 250 men, women and children
suffered great damage in a storm so they stopped at the Spanish port of san juan de ulua to resupply and make repairs but they were attacked by Spanish ships
- put an end to english slave trading for next 70 years
- English switched to raiding Spanish colonies
- drake had a now created fierce hatred for spanish
81
1572 raiding and meeting diego:
knew that a ship loaded with gold and silver left the port of nombre de dios and he raided the town and shipping
he met diego an african who had been enslaved by Spanish, diego wanted to work with drake as he heard that england was free land (slavery illegal)
diego's local knowledge and connections with cimarron's proved invaluable and his language helped
82
what years were drake's circumnavigation of the globe?
1577-1580
83
what happened to thomas doughty on the circumnavigation?
doughty questioned drake's authority and his deliberate acts of provocation against Spanish
drake accused him of unity and treason
doughty was sentenced to death and beheaded in 1578
84
where was the drake passage?
pacific
85
where was drake attacked leading to diego's death?
mocha island
attacked by indigenous mapuche people
86
what happened in callao?
in a lighting raid on callao, drake learned that a great Spanish treasure ship had set sail for Panama, he raided the ship and found so much gold, silver, chests of treasure and jewels that he took 6 days to transfer and was worth over £480 million in today's money
87
who and what happened to maria?
enslaved woman maria was taken from a Spanish ship in 1579 and she was sexually abused and became pregnant, drake then abandoned her pregnant on a small island in indonesia
88
when did drake colonise 'new england'?
1579
north west of america
claimed land
89
what happened when drake returned to england?
queen knighted drake on his own ship the golden hind in 1581, the ambassador of france knighted drake for the queen
queen asked for drake to bring samples of cargo
private audience with queen for 6 hours
gave gifts to influential people like chancellor and secretaries of state - many refused to have anything to do with him as they saw him as nothing more than a pirate
brought buckland abbey as he was one of the richest men in england
90
drakes record's made of the circumnavigation:
diary containing illustrations and maps
'no one who uses them as a guide can possibly go astray'
rutters - illustrated books which included maps, views, information about currents, water depth and danger like hidden reefs
- Spanish saw drakes details journals as a threat
91
drake's geographical discoveries on the circumnavigation:
drake passage - pacific
new england/nova albion - north west of America
corrected many errors in existing maps
first European to chart and navigate south coast of java
92
what was drake's reputation like after the circumnavigation?
gave gifts to influential people like chancellor and secretaries of state to gain their respect - many refused to have anything to do with him as they saw him as nothing more than a pirate
brought buckland abbey as he was one of the richest men in England
spanish knew him as el draque - the dragon
the catholics/spanish - thought he was a servant of the devil
93
why was religion a big problem for elizabeth?
due to the reformation the country was made protestant, and during edward the 6th england became even more protestant
mary made the country catholic, made pop head of church again and latin catholic mass
300 protestants were burned alive on her orders
elizabeth was protestant
94
how did elizabeth compromise with religion?
religious settlement 1559:
ACT OF SUPREMACY - oath of loyalty to elizabeth from priests and bishops
- elizabeth supreme governor of church of england
ACT OF UNIFORMITY - everyone must attend church
- outlines what churches should look like, highly decorative
- bible in English
- allowing priests to marry
- book of common prayer
- vestments
ROYAL INJUNCTIONS - must follow the acts
95
when and what was the papa bull?
1570 pope pius excommunicated elizabeth from catholic church to end her rule
english Catholics were faced with a dilemma
96
what were recusancy fines?
fines for catholics who refused to attend protestant services
97
when and what was the northern rebellion?
1569
elizabeth refused duke of Norkolf to marry queen of scots
inspired northern Catholics to lead a rebellion to replace elizabeth with mary
westmorland and Northumberland took control of durham cathedral and held an illegal mass
earl of essex raised an army and the 4600 men marching south disbanded
westmorland escaped to France and norfolk was executed
98
when and what was the Ridolfi plot?
1571
led by Italian Ridolfi also involved norfolk
plan that invasion from Netherlands would coincide with another northern rebellion
elizabeth would be murdered and mary would replace her as queen
exposed before it could be completed
99
when and what was the throckmorton plot?
1583
led by sir throckmorton and plan was to assassinate elizabeth and replace her with mary
once elizabeth killed there would be a french catholic invasion and an uprising of english catholics
Throckmorton was executed and mary queen of scots was kept on close watch
100
when and what was the babington plot?
1586
another plot to assassinate elizabeth and replace her with mary queen of scots
led by babington and the discovery of this plot led to mary's trial and execution as it was found she knew and agreed with the plot all along
- hid coded letters in beer barrels and mary agreed to the plan, her servants worked for the chief spy and took the letters to the queen
- mary queen of scots went on a trial in 1586 questioning her life
101
who were the Jesuits?
counter-reformation - hope to bring people back to catholic faith
france and spain supported Jesuits missionaries
102
what were elizabeth's new harsher laws against Catholics?
1571 - recusancy fines for those who would not take part in protestant services
- illegal to own any catholic items like rosary beads
1581 - recusancy fines were increased to £20
1585 - any catholic priest who had been ordained after 1559 was considered a tractor and he faced death
1593 - STATUTE OF CONFINEMENT Catholics could not travel more than five miles from their own home
103
who were the puritans?
protestants who were unwilling to compromise on how their faith was practiced
religious settlement was a huge failure for them
attempted to set up new churches and had prophesying meetings - strong criticisms of elizabeth's church
104
who was mary queen of scots?
elizabeth's cousin
became queen of scots in 1542
catholic
suggested she was involved with the murder of her second cousin lord darnley she was forced to flee and seek safety in england
105
what happened when mary was in england?
seen as a big threat
privy council suggested that she be executed but elizabeth refused
she was elizabeth's prisoner for 19 years
106
when was mary queen of scots put on trial?
1586
sentenced to death, not held in public
elizabeth was reluctant to have her executed
107
conflict between england and spain
phillip 2nd of pain:
one of the wealthiest men in the world
phillip married mary the 1 in 1554 - aiming to unite catholic world but they had no children
when elizabeth became queen phillip issued a marriage proposal to her - she didn't refuse just kept him waiting
108
conflict between england and spain
problems in netherland:
phillip also ruled netherlands
1566 protestant uprising - firstly about taxes and then religious, outbreak od iconoclasm (breaking of images and sculptures)
phillip sent soldiers to restore order
elizabeth sent money to help the protestant rebels and sent english volunteers to help
she offered protection for sea beggars to stay in English ports
greatly angered king phillip
109
what happened in 1584 that led to the declaration of war?
the leader of the dutch rebels william of orange was assassinated by a Spanish catholic
in 1585 elizabeth sent troops to support protestant rebels - sent robert dudley and 7000 soldiers
109
what did drake do in 1587?
singeing of the king of spain's beard
cadiz 1587 drake destroyed lots of Spanish ships and a lot of their provisions
- delayed the armada for a year
109
two key tactics to battles at water:
fireships - an old ship would be set on fire and sent into the middle of a fleet or harbour causing chaos
line of battle - ships create a single line and fire together at enemy
109
how many ships, sailors and soldiers did the Spanish armada consist of?
151 ships
7000 sailors
34000 soldiers
commander DUKE OF MEDINA-SIDONIA
109
when did the armada anchor off dutch coast?
1588 ready to invade england
110
what happened when the spanish were to meet the duke of parma?
- duke of parma was not waiting with his troops
- English chose this moment to strike first
- led by sir francis drake
- 8 fireships were set on Spanish fleet
- leading the Spanish formation to be broken
111
what was the great battle?
day after fireship attack
english fired continuously from 100m away causing big damage but no sinking of ships
medina-sidonia tried to lead his battered fleet home
english gave chase and pounded the Spanish ships with cannon fire
112
what was the final thing that finished off the Spanish armada?
the weather - lots of storms
water was polluted
food rotten
scots, Irish and english soldiers slaughtered the Spanish
113
who were the 5 possible people for elizabeth to marry?
phillip the 2nd of Spain - spain
duke of alencon - french
robert dudley - English
charles of austria - austria
eric of sweden - swedish
114
when did the queen get smallpox?
1562 the queen contracted smallpox and nearly died
115
what were the ships in the elizabethan era called?
galleons
