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Sociology Unit Two > Power > Flashcards

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Sociology 101 flashcards
1
Q

the political system that enables the people to periodically elect those who will govern them

A

Democracy

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2
Q

a democratic political system in which citizens participate directly in the decision making process eg by voting on proposals for policies (does not occur in britain)

A

direct democracy

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3
Q

a democratic political system in which citizens elect representatives such as MPs who make political decisions on their behalf. britain is run in this way

A

indirect democracy/representative democracy or parliamentary democracy

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4
Q

the person elected to represent a constituency in the House of Commons

A

member of parliament (MP)

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5
Q

the voting system in which the candidate who gains more votes than any of his or her rivals in a constituency is chosen to be the MP

A

‘first past the post’

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6
Q

the geographical area which elects a single MP to represent them in parliament

A

constituency

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7
Q

an organisation established to secure the election of its members or supporters into public office. a vote for a particular candidate is also a vote for the leader of that party to become PM

A

political parties

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8
Q

the head of the government in britain. he or she is the leader of the majority party in the house of commons

A

prime minister

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9
Q

the main party that is not in government. the party with the next largest number of MPs

A

opposition/official opposition

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10
Q

refers to either the political or legal status associated with membership of a particular state such as the uk OR to active involvement in public life and the political process

A

citizenship

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11
Q

members of a state who have full legal rights (eg to vote in elections) and responsibilities (eg to respect the law)

A

citizens

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12
Q

the political system that has a hereditary Head of State.

A

monarchy

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13
Q

a type of monarchy (occurs in britain) in which the monarch’s powers are exercised by the prime minister. the monarch reigns but does not rule

A

constitutional monarchy

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14
Q

a political system in which power is concentrated in the hands of an individual or small group who have not been freely and fairly elected

A

dictatorship

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15
Q

the process by which people learn political skills, beliefs and values

A

political socialisation

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16
Q

a group, usually concerned with a single issue, that applies pressure to try to bring about change. some protect sectional interests, others promote causes. they do not wish to form government

A

pressure group

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17
Q

the power of those entitled to use it

A

authority

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18
Q

suggests a connection between voters’ class positions and their voting preferences. mainly 50s and 60s

A

class alignment

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19
Q

suggests a weakening of the connection between class position and voting preference. last 35 years

A

class de-alignment

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20
Q

more people prepared to vote for whatever party appears to offer the best deal

A

‘floating voters’

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21
Q

the proportion of eligible voters who actually show up to vote in an election

A

turnout

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22
Q

those eligible to vote in elections. the vast majority of people aged 18 and over

A

electorate

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23
Q

after a general election, the winning party can claim that it has this (or the authority) to carry out its policies, based on the wishes of the electorate

A

mandate

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24
Q

a statement of policy proposals issued by a political party before an election

A

manifesto

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25
Q

less favourable or unfair treatment based, for example, on an individual’s age, gender, ethnicity.

A

discrimination

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26
Q

a list of female-only, selected candidates from which the final choice is made

A

all-women short list

27
Q

a pressure group, such as a trade union, that seeks to protect or defend its members’ common interests

A

protective group

28
Q

a pressure group, such as Amnesty International, that seeks to promote a particular cause or campaign on a specific issue

A

promotional group

29
Q

pressure groups which operate inside government networks and are consulted by government departments, civil servants, ministers etc when policy proposals are being prepared. eg the automobile association (AA) and the confederation of british industry (CBI)

A

insider group

30
Q

pressure groups that are not consulted automatically by the government. this may be because their aims are not recognised by the government

A

outsider group

31
Q

people who wish to crate a society based on equality. they argue that governments should have a wider responsibility for their citizens’ quality of life

A

socialists

32
Q

political. means that those involved in government, of whatever party, share similar ideas about what the government should do

A

consensus

33
Q

politics. those who see radical change as dangerous and suggest that governments should reform institutions only when a clear need to do so has been established

A

conservatives

34
Q

politics. see its main aim as protecting the interests of working people. Its approach to politics is based on working class values such as solidarity

A

‘old’ labour

35
Q

a political approach based on the belief that governments should limit their activity to maintaining ‘law and order’. in particular, governments should not interfere with market forces in the economy

A

neo-liberalism

36
Q

a system in which the state takes responsibility for protecting its citizens’ health and welfare by providing services eg the NHS and benefits eg income support

A

welfare state

37
Q

benefits which require the claimant to have paid sufficiently into the next national insurance (NI) scheme in order to qualify for them

A

contributory benefits

38
Q

benefits such as income support that are designed for people in financial need who have not paid enough NI contributions to qualify for NI benefits

A

non-contributory benefits

39
Q

benefits, including national insurance (NI) benefits, which are the responsibility of central government

A

national benefits

40
Q

benefits, such as housing benefit, which are the responsibility of individual councils

A

local benefits

41
Q

a test to establish ned before financial help from public funds is given

A

means test

42
Q

some people who rely on state benefits are seen as developing a way of life in which they become so dependent on benefits that they lose all motivation to work

A

dependency culture

43
Q

the percentage of economically active people who are unemployed at a given time

A

unemployment rate

44
Q

those aged 16 and over who are either in work or actively seeking work

A

economically active

45
Q

people who are neither in work nor actively seeking it

A

economically inactive

46
Q

an association of employees such as the national union of teachers, that protects its members’ rights in the workplace

A

trade union

47
Q

income and savings assessed to find out if the total is less than a level set by the government

A

means tested

48
Q

obedience based on the use of force. we obey a group or an individual because we feel we have no choice. this power includes the threat or use of physical violence or torture

A

coercion

49
Q

the exercise of power based on consent or agreement when we willingly obey someone because we think that it’s the right thing to do

A

authority

50
Q

a type of authority in which obedience is based on custom and tradition eg monarchy

A

traditional authority

51
Q

a type of authority in which obedience is based on an individual or group’s position in an organisation

A

legal rational authority

52
Q

a type of authority in which obedience is based on an individual’s charisma or extraordinary personal qualities

A

charismatic authority

53
Q

in South Africa (1948-94) a government policy of segregation is known as this, and was used as the basis for stratification. Mandela led a large movement against it.

A

apartheid

54
Q

groups established to protect a sectional interest and to influence the political decisions that may affect them

A

interest groups

55
Q

political action. sometimes illegal, taken outside the normal political process eg eco warriors chaining themselves to bulldozers to delay building developments

A

direct action

56
Q

an attitude based on the belief that people high on the social scale are superior and should be looked up to

A

deferential

57
Q

an informal, loosely organised coalition of individuals or groups supporting an interest or cause

A

new social movement

58
Q

a word occasionally used by feminists to mean mainstream, thereby drawing attention to the gender bias of much language

A

malestream

59
Q

a process through which people, organisations and states become increasingly interdependent, both economically and culturally

A

globalisation

60
Q

an independent state whose inhabitants form a single, national community

A

nation state

61
Q

companies, businesses which operate on a global scale, in may countries. have no particular commitment to the welfare of workers, consumers/general public of britain

A

transnational companies

62
Q

a set of individuals between whom there is a strong sense of identity. the individuals may or may not live in the same locality

A

community

63
Q

expresses the idea of separation. a sense of powerlessness is part of this eg an employee may have no power to decide how a job will be done or how quickly to work. citizen may feel powerlessness to influence government

A

alienation

Sociology Unit Two (4 decks)

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