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Sociology Unit Two > Crime and Deviance > Flashcards

Crime and Deviance Flashcards

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Sociology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Behaviour, beliefs and physical characteristics that break social norms and produce negative reactions

A

Deviance

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2
Q

Acts that are immoral and illegal such as murder, rape and theft

A

Criminal and deviant

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3
Q

Thought of as natural but is actually the product of cultural expectations

A

Socially defined behaviour

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4
Q

Punishment to those who do not conform to social expectations eg by ignoring them or using argument to try to change their behaviour

A

Negative sanctions

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5
Q

The way crime is officially measured, based on statistics collected by the Home Office. Drawn from records kept by the police/other official agencies. Published annually. Secondary source

A

Official crime statistics

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6
Q

A large amount of criminal activity never appears in the crime statistics

A

Dark figure of crime

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7
Q

Surveys of the public which ask them to report any crimes they have experienced, whether or not they have reported them

A

Victim surveys

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8
Q

A victim survey conducted annually by a team of home office researchers. Includes crimes not reported to police. Collects info about victims, circumstances, behaviour of offenders.

A

British crime survey (BCS)

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9
Q

Surveys of the population which ask them to confess to crime they have committed but for which they have not been caught. Anonymously, they tick off the criminal or deviant acts from a list.

A

Self report survey

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10
Q

An illegal act which is punishable by law. It involves actions such as robbery, fraud or shoplifting

A

Crime

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11
Q

Views of what is criminal or deviant behaviour are influenced by the values and norms of the society we live in

A

Socially constructed

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12
Q

A group of a person’s own age who are important to them and often influence them to behave in a certain way

A

Peer group pressure

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13
Q

A group with a set of values and ways of behaving which are distinctive from the generally accepted cultural values of society

A

Sub-cultures

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14
Q

Stress caused by menstruation can cause irrational behaviour. Approx 80% of female crime occurs around menstruation

A

Premenstrual tension (PMT)

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15
Q

felt when people compare their own situation to that of others whom they believe to be unfairly better off. lacking resources the majority of others have eg mobile phone, laptop could lead to criminal activity

A

Relative deprivation

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16
Q

juvenile and adult crime in terms of the legal and illegal opportunities available to them ie in areas of low education and employability people may turn to illegal activity to achieve success

A

Opportunity structure

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17
Q

the process whereby the mass media can exaggerate the significance of a particular social issue

A

deviancy amplification

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18
Q

rules written down in the form eg of laws or codes of conduct. usually associated with the ways the state have official status and punishment, penalties, negative sanctions if broken

A

formal rules

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19
Q

rules that are taken for granted rather than written down. provide guidelines on how we’re expected to behave in particular social settings eg wouldn’t ask permission to use the toilet at home but would at school

A

informal rules

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20
Q

the process by which people are persuaded to obey the rules and conform eg laws, police etc

A

social control

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21
Q

social control based on unwritten rules and processes such as the approval of disapproval of other people enforced via social control include peer groups and family. positive/negative social sanctions

A

informal social control

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22
Q

individual or group that is responsible for ensuring members of society conform to socially acceptable behaviour eg family, peers, work, legal system, schools

A

agents of social control

23
Q

the monitoring of the behaviour of people and objects within society

A

surveillance

24
Q

a television system often used for surveillance

A

CCTV (closed-circuit television)

25
Q

occurs when society is stable, ordered, and runs smoothly without continual distruption

A

social order

26
Q

agents of social control with the power to enforce the law

A

police

27
Q

conduct of legal proceeding against a defendant for criminal behaviour

A

prosecution

28
Q

may be given by police to adults who admit they are guilty of first time offences such as vandalism or petty theft. Counts towards a criminal record.

A

formal caution

29
Q

an oral warning given by police. does not count towards a criminal record

A

informal caution

30
Q

a formal verbal warning given by a police officer to a young person who admits they are guilty of a minor first offence

A

reprimand

31
Q

a service a person performs for the benefit of their community in place of a prison sentence

A

community service

32
Q

the suspension of a jail sentence. criminal given the chance to live in the community and follow certain conditions set by the court under the supervision of a specialised officer

A

probation

33
Q

an order made by the courts against a person who has been shown to have engaged in antisocial behaviour ie drinking on the streets, vandalism, dealing/buying drugs. issued for minimum of two years and can ban person from continuing behaviour, visiting certain areas, interacting with certain people etc

A

ASBO (Anti Social Behaviour Order

34
Q

the belief that the police and courts, because they are male dominated, are easier on women

A

chivalry thesis

35
Q

a young woman who behaves in a boisterously assertive or crude manner and engages in heavy drinking sessions

A

ladette

36
Q

occurs when the everyday practices and procedures of an organisation eg police lead to discrimination against ethnic groups, either intentionally or unintentionally

A

institutional racism

37
Q

when a person is accused of a crime of which they are not guilty

A

injustice

38
Q

a situation where large numbers of people fail to follow generally accepted values, instead adopting various deviant forms of behaviour eg theft

A

anomie

39
Q

criminal acts committed by middle class people in the course of their work

A

white-collar crime

40
Q

crime carried out by individuals in work and ranges from minor theft of an organisation’s property to large scale fraud. white collar

A

occupational crime

41
Q

crime carried out as a lifetime career such as drug running. white collar

A

professional crime

42
Q

crime carried out by executives of organisations to increase profit and can include activities such as selling harmful products. white collar

A

corporate crime

43
Q

crimes commited via computer such as transferring financial transactions from dormant accounts to your own. white collar

A

computer crime

44
Q

the misappropriation of the identity (eg name, dob, current/previous addresses) of another person without their knowledge or consent. then used to obtain goods and services in that person’s name

A

identity theft

45
Q

the economic impact associated with white collar crime and corporate crime such as loss of taxation revenue

A

financial harm

46
Q

white collar crime. harm suffered by employees, consumers, community including sickness, injury, death from environmental pollution, sale of defective car tyres, unfit foods, work related exposure to toxins/chemicals

A

physical harm

47
Q

white collar crime. includes mistrust that may develop between professionals and clients or employers/employees

A

social costs

48
Q

a group that is defined as a threat to society’s values. seen as deviant/troublemakers

A

folk devil

49
Q

a media-fuelled overreaction to social groups eg ‘hoodies’. process involves the media exaggerating the extent and significance of a social problem. group is cast as a folk devil. involves a process of scapegoating young people or blaming them for society’s problems

A

moral panic

50
Q

an offence in which the offender demonstrates hostility to the victim based on the victim’s membership of a ‘racial’ group or the offence is motivated by hostility towards members of a ‘racial’ group because they are members of that group

A

racially aggravated offence

51
Q

the process of blaming an individual or group for something that is not their fault

A

scapegoating

52
Q

individuals are targeted and victimised because of their race, ethnicity or religion

A

racist victimisation

53
Q

serious crimes, generally those for which an accused person may be sent to prison if found guilty

A

indictable offences

54
Q

less serious crimes eg parking offences

A

non-indictable offences

Sociology Unit Two (4 decks)

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