Poverty and Development

Question 1

Ideas of development as modernisation can be viewed as

Answer 1

Eurocentric

Question 2

Rostow, 1960

Answer 2

Best known modernisation theory - five stages of economic group that can be identified, ranging from ‘traditional’ societies to the ‘age of high mass consumption’.

Question 3

Truman

Answer 3

Argued that poverty and poor living conditions in many parts of the world were an indication of a lack of development. Once they were assisted and had shown how to developed, it was argued that success would follow

Question 4

Other theorists and activists argue

Answer 4

That many factors external to poorer countries were of much greater importance.

Question 5

Prebisch

Answer 5

Argued that it was important to consider the current reality of Latin America when choosing development policies, rather than following northern-based models.

Question 6

Dependency theorists argued

Answer 6

that Latin America could nto follow a European development path, because the global context was very different.

Question 7

For most dependent theorists the solution was

Answer 7

not to adopt protectionist measures as outlined by the structuralists rather the solution was a more dramatic withdrawal from the golbal economic system.

Question 8

Andre Gunder Frank (1967)

Answer 8

Termed the ‘development of underdevelopment’. Frank highlighted how the chains of exploitation and dependency run not just from the periphery of Latin America to the core of Europe, but that within Latin America there are unequal relationships between urban and rural groups and between landowners and labourers.

Question 9

Dependency theorists - global capitalist system and solution

Answer 9

The global capitalist system dominated by the northern countries that is an obstacle to autonomous development in the south. The solution and route to development is through withdrawing from the global economic system and setting up alternative forms of society and economy.

Question 10

the late 1970s and early 1980s

Answer 10

Saw the increasing prominence of neo-liberal ideas in government-policy making in western Europe and North America, as well as in development policies directed towards the south.

Question 11

Th the heart of the neo-liberal ideas is the belief

Answer 11

that government intervention in the economy always leads to inefficiencies and that is far better to let market forces determine wages, prices and what would be produced and where.

Question 12

SAP’s

Answer 12

Reflect the imposition of ideas and understandings of development on southern countries from those of the Global North and aimed to stabilise a country’s economy and then to restructure it in order to prevent development in the future.

Question 13

SAP’s negatives

Answer 13

While they achieved their aims of stabilisation, in many cases the restructuring was associated with increasing levels of social inequality as unemployment increased and welfare provision was slashed.

Question 14

Hunt, 1989

Answer 14

Rather than focusing on large-scale projects of earlier periods, it was argued that smaller-scale activities, such as concentrating on the work of the informal-sector trades would be more effective in helping the economically poor.

Question 15

NGO slogan

Answer 15

‘Helping people to help themselves’ is a common slogan used by the NGOs working in the development field, particularly in southern countries.

Question 16

Approach common since the early 1980s

Answer 16

The focus on individuals, families and communities represents a grassroots or bottom-up approach that has become increasingly common since the early 1980s.

Question 17

HDI report 2013

Answer 17

For the first time in 150 years the combined output of the developing world’s three leading economies - Brazil, China and India - is about equal to the combined GDP of the longstanding industrial powers of the north - Canada, France, Germany, Italy, UK and US.