Global Democratization

Question 1

Francis Fukuyama (1992:xi)

Answer 1

Decided that the ‘end of history’ had been reached because liberal democracy constitutes the ‘endpoint of mankind’s ideological motivation’ and is the ‘final form of human government’.

Question 2

Huntington, 1991

Answer 2

After the end of the Cold War, a paradigm shift is recognisable in the study of democratisation. Rather than seeing political developments as separate events, researchers turned to seeing them as connected with a cascading pattern and thus part of the ‘Third Wave’ of democratisation.

Question 3

O’Loughlin et al (1988) diffusion model

Answer 3

To track the democratic and autocratic changes after 1946 but they were highly cognisant of both regional peculiarities and states that did not conform to the regional trends

Question 4

Huntington’s third wave of democratisation is caused by

Answer 4

First, is there a new international norm consequent on globalisation? If there a political parallel to economic globalisation making countries politically similar. Second, is there a clear correlation between democracy and aid: no democracy no foreign aid. Third, is the diffusion effect identified at the time of the end of the cold war still evident, or has the asymptote been reached. Fourth, with the collapse of the communist alternative, can we accept the ‘Zeitgeist’ model.

Question 5

Linz and Stepan (1996: 74)

Answer 5

When a country is part of an international ideological community where democracy is one of many contested ideologies, the chances of transitioning and consolidating democracy are considerably less than if the spirit of the times is one where democratic ideologies have no powerful contenders.

Question 6

Lipset’s (1959) paper

Answer 6

Social requisites of democracy, which focused attention on the structural charcteristics of countries, typically the size of the middle class, private entrepreneurial groups, widespread literacy etc.

Question 7

Rustow (1970)

Answer 7

Argued that the structural national conditions that keep a democracy functioning might not be the same factors that brought democracy in the first place.

Question 8

A state wit a chance of becoming democratic has

Answer 8

A sense of community, a conscious adoption of democratic rules, and operation of the rules in a step-by-step adoption of democracy.

Question 9

Schwartzman (1998)

Answer 9

globalisation is seen as a ‘global catalyst’ of democracy.

Question 10

Global industrialisation and development filter through democracy in four ways

Answer 10

They privilege the role of technology and communication, making the import of ideas easier and therefore more difficult for an authoritarian regime to control; they promote the growth of middle class in individual countries, they increase the power of the working class, they interplay between globalised capitalism and state-class relations.

Question 11

Minimalist democracy - Beetham, 1994

Answer 11

Corresponds to formal democracy with four common features: regular fair and free election, universal suffrage, accountability of the state’s apparatus to the people’ and effective guarantees of expression and association.

Question 12

formal democracy compared to liberal democracy

Answer 12

Formal democracy should be distinguished from liberal democracy - formal democracy that encompasses extensive protections for individuals and group freedoms.

Question 13

Electoral democratic measures limited

Answer 13

Limited to formal democratic institutions, so a fuller picture of democracy needs to consider other, less institutionalised measures. Freedom house carries out a yearly survey of all countries.

Question 14

Survey team scores

Answer 14

1 indicated the highest ranking of democracy, with 7 indicating the most authoritarian regimes.

Question 15

Political rights and civil liberties correlataion

Answer 15

There is a strong correlation between the two