Pov + Soc Change Flashcards
Early 17C poverty worsened due to population growth slow economic development& and war disruption. By late 17C ________ poverty fell but ________ poverty increased.
deep → shallow
The E________ P________ L________ (1598/1601) became increasingly effective in alleviating poverty.
Elizabethan Poor Laws
________ poverty meant starvation-level deprivation (declined late 17C)& while ________ poverty involved lacking fuel/clothing (increased).
Deep → shallow
In crisis years& food prices could rise __% due to harvest failure/disease.
50
The “s________ poor” were considered deserving& while “s________ beggars” were able-bodied and “v________” were criminalized.
settled → sturdy → vagrants
In the 1630s ____ arrests for vagrancy occurred (~__% of population).
26k → 50
The H________ T________ (1661) showed __–__% of households were too poor to pay.
Hearth Tax → 30–40
By the 1670s ~__% of England’s population remained in poverty.
⅓
By late 17C& the “l________ p________” (__%+ of population) relied on poor relief during downturns.
labouring poor → 25
Poor relief shifted from crisis aid to tackling structural issues like ________& ________& and seasonal unemployment.
old age → disease
Early 17C “P________ R________” caused real wages to plummet (farm labourers at __% of 15C levels).
Price Revolution → 44
Late 17C saw real wages rise ~__% by 1700 due to population decline and agricultural/commercial growth.
40
The “L________ I________ A________” caused erratic harvests& worsening food insecurity.
Little Ice Age
________ and ________ (e.g.& Cornwall) had subsistence-level poverty due to underdeveloped economies.
Ireland → Scotland
Post-Reformation& private charities replaced monastic aid& with endowments rising from £__k (1610) to £__k (1700).
25 → 150
The B________ of O________ (1586) encouraged grain stores for famine relief but was discontinued by __.
Book of Orders → 1630
The S________ A________ (1662) required “s________ certificates” to claim poor relief& restricting labour mobility.
Settlement Act → settlement
The “m________ s________” (yeomen& merchants) rose to __–__% of the population by 1688.
middling sort → 20–25
The gentry owned __% of land by late 17C& while nobility held only __%.
50 → 15
London’s merchant elite included aldermen worth £__k+ and traders earning ~£__m/year collectively.
100 → 4
“Economic change was primary& welfare secondary” is a view attributed to ________.
Slack
The Civil War divided the g________ with some rising (e.g.& Cromwell) while others declined.
gentry
The nobility’s decline was driven by inflation& Civil War losses& and diluted prestige. The number of noble families rose from __ (1625) to __ (1688).
104 → 157
The Marquis of N________ donated £________ to the Royalist cause& showing some nobles retained vast wealth.
Newcastle → 900&000
The gentry expanded __% (1500–1650) and owned __% of land by late 17C& surpassing the nobility (__%).
300 → 50 → 15
Gentry dominated roles like __& __& and MPs. Example: O____ C________ rose from minor gentry to ruler.
JPs → judges → Oliver Cromwell
Marxist historian ________ argued the gentry drove England’s shift to capitalism& while ________ claimed they were declining.
Tawney → Trevor-Roper
Merchant numbers surged from __ (1580) to __ (1638) to __ “large traders” by 1688.
30000 → 64000 → 2000
London’s elite included __ aldermen worth £100k+ and others earning £__m/year collectively (__% of land revenue).
6 → 4 → 25
Merchants either sought gentry status (buying ________) or embraced urban identity (e.g.& ________ immigrants).
estates → Dutch/French
The “________ interest” (landed gentry) vs. “________ interest” (merchants) split shaped Restoration politics (Tories vs. ________).
Landed → Monied → Whigs
Gregory King’s 1688 survey showed society remained a pyramid: __% nobility/gentry __% “middling sort” and a majority ________.
2 → 20–25 → poor
The C________ W________ divided the gentry and reduced noble power through confiscated estates.
Civil War
________ and ________ communities (e.g.& Huguenots) boosted urban economies and trade networks.
Dissenters → immigrant
T________ and H________ viewed the gentry as capitalist pioneers& while T________-R________ saw decline.
Tawney → Hill → Trevor-Roper
By 1688& the combined income of elite traders matched __% of England’s land revenue.
25
