Commerce + Trade Flashcards
England’s manufacturing was dominated by ______ (under __% of economy) with most production controlled by ______ in towns.
cloth → 10 → guilds
By 1688 England’s economy grew through immigrant skills (e.g. ______ cloth-making) and ______ becoming a trade hub though transport remained ______.
Dutch → London → poor
The Civil War (1640s–50s) caused: * 10000 houses destroyed * 1% population homeless * ______ taxes on beer&salt * Seizure of ______ estates
excise → Royalist&Catholic
The C______ P______ (1614) failed to finish cloth in England due to lack of ______ while demand shifted to ‘’ (lighter fabrics).
Cockayne Project → skill → new draperies
Dutch immigrants introduced ______ knitting machines in Norwich&Colchester where __% worked in textiles by 1699.
frame → 40
French H______ fled persecution bringing skills in ______ (Spitalfields) and watchmaking.
Huguenots → silk-weaving
Immigrants boosted industries: * Dutch: ______ cloths * Huguenots: ______& ______
light → silversmithing → glassmaking
New crops like ______ (linen) and ______ (dyes) emerged while the ______ system dominated production.
flax → alum → domestic
Key 17C industries: * ______ (Staffordshire) * ______ (Newcastle) * ______ refining (London)
pottery → coal → sugar
London’s population boom caused anxiety dubbed “______ of all ill humour” by C______
sink → Clarendon
London drove national ______ prices and the ______ trade from Newcastle.
coal → coal
Three key financial players: 1. B______ (Royal Exchange) 2. Money s______ (e.g. Clayton) 3. G______-bankers (post-1640)
Brokers → scriveners → Goldsmith
The B______ of E______ (founded ___) managed public debt after Crown defaults.
Bank → England → 1694
The N______ A______ (1651&1660) targeted ______ shipping requiring colonies to trade via ______ ships.
Navigation Acts → Dutch → English
England’s merchant fleet grew from 115000 tons (1629) to 340000 tons (1686).
115 → 340
J______ (1607) survived via ______ profits while M______ (1634) was a Catholic refuge.
Jamestown → tobacco → Maryland
New England colonies (e.g. P______ 1620) focused on ______ and ______ trade.
Plymouth → fishing → fur
Cromwell’s W______ D______ captured J______ (1655) later a ______ hub.
Western Design → Jamaica → sugar
The R______ A______ C______ (1672) shipped _000 slaves per year by 1680s.
Royal African → 5
The EIC exported ______ (cotton) and ______ (gunpowder ingredient) from India.
calico → saltpetre
EIC’s profits exceeded £____ annually by 1680s and minted its own coins.
600,000
Early 17C: ______-focused trade → Late 17C: ______& ______ exports.
cloth → sugar → tobacco
Pre-1640: ______ servants → Post-1660: ______ labor in colonies.
indentured → enslaved
The three A______-D______ W______ (1652–54 1665–67 1672–74) were fought over ______ dominance and ______ routes.
Anglo-Dutch Wars → trade → shipping
The N______ A______ (1651) directly targeted D______ shipping by requiring English goods to be carried on ______ ships.
Navigation Acts → Dutch → English
The 1667 raid on the M______ (Dutch burning English ships) forced England to concede in the ______ of B______
Medway → Treaty → Breda
The G______ R______ (1688) ended rivalry by uniting England and the Netherlands under ______ III.
Glorious Revolution → William
M______ aimed for a favorable ______ balance via ______ (e.g. banning French imports in 1678).
Mercantilism → trade → protectionism
The S______ A______ (1663) required colonies to export ______ (e.g. tobacco) only to ______.
Staple Act → enumerated goods → England
Cromwell’s “W______ D______” (1655) reflected mercantilist goals by seizing ______ from Spain.
Western Design → Jamaica
L______ C______ H______ (1688) became the center of ______ insurance later formalized as Lloyd’s of London.
Lloyd’s Coffee House → marine
The F______ O______ (1681) and F______ S______ (1683) provided ______ insurance post-Great Fire.
Fire Office → Friendly Society → fire
Bills of ______ replaced cash transactions while goldsmiths issued early ______ (pre-Bank of England).
exchange → banknotes
R______ I______ (1643) was unique for granting full ______ freedom founded by R______ W______
Rhode Island → religious → Roger Williams
The R______ A______ C______ (1663) was rechartered in 1672 to monopolize the ______ trade.
Royal Adventurers → slave
Pennsylvania (1681) was a ______ colony founded by W______ P______ as a “holy experiment.”
Quaker → William Penn
London’s ______ trade (e.g. coal from N______) fueled its growth as Europe’s leading ______ hub.
coastal → Newcastle → distribution
The 1667 R______ B______ Act mandated ______-resistant materials after the Great Fire.
Rebuilding → fire
Dutch vs. English trade: * Dutch led in ______ and ______. * English focused on ______ and ______ post-1651.
finance → spices → colonies → re-exports
Indentured servitude (pre-1670) vs. slavery (post-1670): * Indentured: ______-year contracts. * Enslaved: ______ for life.
7 → hereditary
