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Farm > Poultry 3, 4, 5 and 6 > Flashcards

Poultry 3, 4, 5 and 6 Flashcards

1
Q

How do we select for moderate to high heritability traits

A

Via phenotypic selection

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2
Q

How do we select for sex limited or destructive traits or poorly heritable

A

Must use family selection i.e selecting sister line

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3
Q

What is BLUP in breeding

A

Best linear unbiased prediction
Used to work out the breeding value of chickens

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4
Q

What determines rates of progess in pedigree selection

A

Selection intensity
Heritability

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5
Q

What is the selection pressure (%) if maintaining an 1000 female population and producing 40,000 offspring

A

2.5%

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6
Q

What does a destructive trait mean

A

Destructive to get the data out e.g with disease resistance must do a disease challenge

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7
Q

Is body weight and egg production selection synergistic or antagonistic

A

Antagonistic

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8
Q

Is weight gain and feed conversion efficiency traits synergistic or antagonistic

A

Antagonistic

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9
Q

Is conformation and breast meat synergistic or antagonistic

A

Synergistic

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10
Q

Is breast meat and abdominal fat synergistic or antagonistic

A

Antagonistic

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11
Q

How many pure lines are involved in crossing to reach broiler level usually

A

4

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12
Q

How would additive genetics manifest if considering a broiler from 4 pure breed lines + example

A

The trait would be the mean of the performance in the 4 lines
e.g growth

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13
Q

How could heterosis work in crossing pure lines

A

Genes combine in the cross so can get a trait larger than the value of the two
e.g with egg production
Called hybrid vigour

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14
Q

What feed conversion rate is target for a 1kg of meat

A

1.5kg feed
(or 1.55)

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15
Q

WHat mortality rates should farmers aim for

A

3%

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16
Q

What do we need to be careful of when feeding broiler breeding stock

A

They have the genes for growth rate and feed conversion so LARGE APPETITE
But if they gain too much weight will impact on egg laying (their function) so need to control eating

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17
Q

How are males fed differently to females in broiler breeding

A

Fed much less
Because the genes for body weight and growth rate mostly run in male line so would get much heavier on the same feed as females

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18
Q

Main difference with feeding layer breeders vs broiler breeders

A

Don’t need to control body weight and feed nearly as much in layers (as don’t have genes for feed conversion)

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19
Q

What temperature should eggs be kept at on farm

A

Between 15 and 17*C

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20
Q

What is different about turkey breeding

A

All commercial turkeys in UK are bred via artificial insemination

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21
Q

What age do we rear broiler layers to before moving to laying accommodation

A

18 weeks

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22
Q

What age do we rear turkey breeders to before moving to laying farm

A

20 weeks

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23
Q

How do we breed pheasants

A

Keep in communal pens or small pens at ratio of 1 (cock):10

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24
Q

How do we breed partidges

A

Keep in pair boxes of one male and one female

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25
Q

How many days do we incubate chicken eggs (gallus gallus)

A

18 days

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26
Q

How is air movement in hatcheries controlled for hygiene

A

Higher pressure air at setter area (egg incubation)
Lower pressure air at the hatchers

SO air flows from the cleaner area to the dirtier area

+ air is filtered and conditioned for temperature and humidity in the different areas

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27
Q

How is embryo survival changes with storage time

A

Decreases

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28
Q

What angle are setter trays kept at and how often are they turned

A

45*
Turned every hour

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29
Q

After how many days setting are eggs transferred to hatcheries

A

18 days

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30
Q

At what stage would we do in ovo vaccination

A

When moving the eggs from setter trays to hatchery

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31
Q

What factors do hatchers need to control

A

Humidity: since it increases as chicks hatch must remove this

Temperature: removes heat because lots of embryo heat generated

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32
Q

At what day in relation to setting are chicks removed from hatch box

A

21 days
- May give probiotics
- Vaccinate if not done yet

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33
Q

What is the advantage of nest born systems i.e taking 18 day old eggs to farm to hatch directly into barn

A

Can access feed and water straight after hatching

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34
Q

What is the standard hatchability

A

85%

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35
Q

What factors should be considered when predicting hatchability

A

Age of the flock
Breed

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36
Q

What does egg breakout study mean

A

Take one tray that is representative of the whole flock and look at non hatch debris to assess at what stage the chick died

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37
Q

What factors should we look into if there is an issue with infertility

A

Female and male management
Cock rations
Lighting programmes

38
Q

What should we look into if there is an issue with early dead embryos (2-5 days)

A

Nest management
Egg handling and storage

Often related to temperature interuption during egg storage; so starting incubation and then reducing temp which kills embryo

39
Q

What temperature will start incubation process

A

25*C

40
Q

What factors should we look into with issues of mid dead embryos

A

Breeder stock nutrition and vitamins
Egg contamination e.g via cracks, weak shell

41
Q

What factors should we look into if dealing with late embryo death issues

A
  • Setter and hatchery conditions e.g turning, temperature, humidity
    Pull time e.g if eggs taken out incubator too early then not ready to hatch in hatchery

Avian encephalomyelitis
Mycoplasm

42
Q

What two infectious diseases can be associated with late dead embryos

A

Avian encephalomyelitis
Mycoplasma

43
Q

What weight do we want out 45g broiler chick to weight at 34 days

A

1.9kg

44
Q

What do we expect water conversion to be roughly in related to feed

A

About double

45
Q

What proportion of UK chickens are red tractor (assured chicken production)

A

80-85%

46
Q

What is the most common pattern of ventilation in intensive housing

A

Air comes in the roof and goes out the sides

47
Q

What is a standard -crop length-

A

30 - 56 days

48
Q

How much downtime is allowed between crops

A

1-2 weeks

49
Q

What problem does biomass heaters not encounter than gas heaters do

A

Doesn’t create water or CO2 within the house (since indirect heating) so don’t need to worry about removing the humidity

50
Q

What drinker system is commonly used in intenstive vs extensive systems

A

Intensive = nipple
Extensive = bell

51
Q

What age are free range broilers usually reared to indoors before allowed to range

A

3 weeks (i.e when they are feathered)

52
Q

WHat is the cause of infectious bronchitis in chickens

A

Coronavirus
- We vaccinate at day old in hatchery

53
Q

What is the cause of infectious bursal disease and how does it work

A

Birnavirus
Immunsuppressive; if infected early in life, get replication in bursal cells and bird wont be able to produce antibodies

54
Q

How does the mutated form of birnavirus work in chickens

A

Gives peracute form of disease with high mortality due to viraemia and acute damage to the body

55
Q

3 coccidia species that are relevant to broilers

A

Eimeria acervulina, E maxilla, E tenella

56
Q

Which coccida species are relevant to older birds not broilers

A

Eimeria necatrix, Eimeria brunetti

57
Q

How can coccidiosis have an impact on food safety

A

Predisposes to salmonella and campylobacter

58
Q

What is different about turkey production and broiler production in terms of sex separation

A

In turkeys, males and females are sexed at day old and reared separately; more sexually dimorphic

Stags are grown out for longer (25 weeks) vs hens (16 weeks)

59
Q

How long are turkeys kept in rearing house and how long in growout sheds

A

Rearing: 6-10 weeks
Grow out period = until age of 16-25 weeks

60
Q

WEight of day old turkey poult

A

50-70g

61
Q

What drinking system is typically used with turkeys

A

Bell drinkers (since don’t do well with nipples)

62
Q

What endemic viral disease are most turkeys in the UK vaccinated against

A

Turkey rhinotracheitis

63
Q

Which strain causes pasteurella issues in turkeys

A

P multocida

64
Q

Treating pasteurella in turkeys

A

Tetracyclines
Can vaccinate farm if history

65
Q

If turkey lungs are swollen with a pink ‘cooked’ appearance and consolidation, what might this indicate

A

Pasteurellosis

66
Q

What turkeys does erysipelas typically affect

A

Older, heavier birds
(> 13 weeks)

67
Q

What symptoms can erysipelas cause in people

A

skin rash, cellulitis, endocarditis if it goes septicaemic

68
Q

Presentation of turkeys with erysipelas

A

Lethargic, unsteady gait, death

+ in chornic form see scabby skin

69
Q

Post mortem findings in turkey with erysipelas

A

Enlarged + friable liver and spleen
Swollen kidneys
Haemorrhages in pericardial fat …

70
Q

Treatment for turkeys with erysipelas and what is the withdrawal time for this

A

Procaine penicillin and benzathine penicillin
Withdrawel for penicillin is 28 days

71
Q

What is the cause of black head in turkeys

A

Histomonioasis

72
Q

What can oregano extract (herban) be useful in treating

A

Black head (histomoniasis)

73
Q

How is black head spread in turkeys

A

Bird to bird
Via intermediate hosts e.g caecal worm, slugs, snails

74
Q

Treatment for black head

A

Chlortetracyclines/tiamultin
Herban
Dimetridazole (NB: not licensed anymore)

75
Q

What is known as brooder pneumonia

A

Aspergillus fumigatus

76
Q

When do we tend to see aspergillus issues in turkeys

A

In early chicks (<1 weeks) associated with poor hatchery/egg hygiene or cracked egg incubation
–> Birds inhale large numbers of spores e.g when infected egg breaks open

Also can be seen with wet straw that llows spore replication

77
Q

Post mortem findings with aspergillus fumigatus

A

Round, plaque lesions in air sacs
Nodular granulomas in the lungs

78
Q

Which poultry species is the most susceptible to avian influenza

A

Turkeys

79
Q

Are commercial layers (egg production) single ages or multi aged

A

Multi aged to allow all year egg production despite egg production curve

80
Q

Why was the lion code originally brought in for eggs

A

Salmonella control

81
Q

What do the 0-3 numbers on egg stamp mean

A

0 = organic
1 = free range
2 = barn
3 = cage

82
Q

What is the major advantage of caged systems for layers

A

can remove the birds from their own faeces
Helps with disease control

83
Q

How many birds in a colony cage

A

80

84
Q

Where do you usually find the more dominant birds in an aviary system

A

Top of the house

85
Q

How does rear and move system work with commercial layers and what is an important consideration

A

Rear until 14 weeks on rearing farm
Then transfer to laying accomodation

Should MATCH these as closely as possible to avoid stress e.g using same drinker type

86
Q

Is salmonella higher in intensive or extensive systems

A

Higher in intensive

87
Q

Which disease agents are higher in free range and which are lower

A

Higher = pasteurella, erysiperlas, blackhead, ascarids
Lower = slmonella

88
Q

What is cage fatigue

A

= osteoporosis
Higher in caged systems (ca2+ stripped from bones for eggs)`

89
Q

Mortality risk in colony cage laying hens vs free range

A

5.4% vs 9.5%

90
Q

How many weeks do hens produce eggs until

A

72

91
Q

How many eggs per hen until 72 week age in colony cage vs free range

A

Cage: ~320
Free range: ~300

Farm (15 decks)

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