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VETS1025: Animal Management > Poultry > Flashcards

Poultry Flashcards

1
Q

Poultry evolved from

A

Red Jungle Fowl

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2
Q

Chicks have a

A

Strong propensity to pick at particles - especially shiny objects

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3
Q

Commercial poultry do not have

A

Maternal guidance

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4
Q

Poultry feeding occurs

A

In the morning and before dusk

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5
Q

Feed to water ratio for poultry is

A

2:1

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6
Q

Three feed types for poultry are

A

-commercial feeds (starter, grower, layer)
-kitchen scraps
-shell grit

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7
Q

Shell grit provides

A

Calcium

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8
Q

Feeding only vegetable matter to chickens can result in

A

Not getting enough calcium

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9
Q

Poor calcium requirements in chickens results in (3)

A

-inability to lay
-laying of soft shells
-hypocalcemia

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10
Q

Comfort behaviours of poultry include (5)

A

-preening
-wing flapping
-feather ruffling
-stretching
-dust and water bathing

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11
Q

Which gland is used to spread oil across the feathers

A

Uropygial (preen) Gland

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12
Q

Poultry dust bathing helps to

A

Dislodge parasites

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13
Q

Dust bathing in chickens usually occurs during

A

Warm afternoons

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14
Q

Increased activity, restlessness, and sitting for 25-40 min means

A

The chicken is nesting and pre-laying

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15
Q

Egg eating occurs when (5)

A

-overcrowding
-uneven nest space
-nutritional deficiency
-too much light
-disposing of cracked/broken eggs

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16
Q

How can one stop egg eating (6)

A

-frequent gathering of eggs
-increasing nest availability
-darkening the nests (16 hours of darkness)
-beak modification
-inducing a moult
-culling

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17
Q

As the chicken gets older, one should increase

A

Light and intensity

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18
Q

Eggs are typically collected in

A

The morning

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19
Q

Laying hens have been

A

Genetically modified to produce large quantities of eggs over a longer period of time

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20
Q

Free range layers / boilers must have

A

Meaningful and regular access to an outdoor range during daylight hours and be free to roam/forage outside

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21
Q

Stocking density of meat birds depends on

A

Ventilation

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22
Q

In Australia, ____ sets the animal welfare standards

A

RSPCA

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23
Q

Nutrition, environment, health, behaviour, and mental state are also known as

A

The Five Freedoms

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24
Q

Good welfare of poultry includes (3)

A

-farming
-transport
-slaughter

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25
Q

Poor ventilation in the poultry industry can lead to

A

Wet floors = increased ammonia = increased disease

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26
Q

Too much ammonia with chickens can result in

A

Footpad Dermatitis

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27
Q

Footpad Dermatitis is rated

A

On a scale from 0-2

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28
Q

A score of 2 for Footpad Dermatitis means

A

Severe lesion/injuries >25%

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29
Q

Bumblefoot is caused by

A

Foot lesions

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30
Q

Excessive Feather Pecking can be a result of (9)

A

-large flocks
-poor management/environmental factors
-lighter breeds
-barren, crowded conditions
-dietary deficiency
-insufficient feed or water space
-abrupt ration change
-poor ventilation, high temperature, low humidity
-excessive light

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31
Q

Injurious Pecking is rated

A

On a scale of 0-2

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32
Q

A score of 2 for injurious pecking of the head/neck means

A

Large injuries >2cm

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33
Q

A score of 2 for injuries pecking on the body of chickens means

A

Large injuries >5cm

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34
Q

Cannibalism is more common in

A

Non-cage systems

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35
Q

How can one prevent cannibalism of poultry (3)

A

-ensure diet and environment are appropriate
-beak trimming/debeaking
-light intensity reduction

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36
Q

Effective beak treatment can prevent

A

-injuries
-cannibalism
-mortality

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37
Q

Infrared treatment is used for

A

Beak trimming

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38
Q

7 types of on-farm euthanasia methods for poultry

A

-Manual Cervical Dislocation
-Mechanical Cervical Dislocation
-Non-Penetrating Captive Bolt
-Penetrating Captive Bolt
-CO2
-Decapitation
-Blunt Force Trauma

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39
Q

Which on-farm euthanasia method in poultry is perceived as “good” to the public

A

CO2

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40
Q

Which method of euthanasia for poultry is recommended

A

Manual Cervical Dislocation

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41
Q

Which method of euthanasia of poultry has the highest biosecurity risk

A

Decapitation

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42
Q

Which mode of euthanasia of poultry may not always cause death

A

Mechanical Cervical Dislocation

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43
Q

Which mode of euthanasia of poultry is typically used for turkeys and broilers

A

Non-Penetrating Captive Bolt

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44
Q

Which methods of euthanasia are not practical for chicks or young poults

A

-Non-Penetrating Captive Bolt
-Penetrating Captive Bolt

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45
Q

KPI stands for

A

Key Performance Indicators

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46
Q

Not every egg is

A

Fertile

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47
Q

Hatch Set refers to

A

of eggs hatched DIVIDED BY # of eggs set

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48
Q

Hatch of Fertile refers to

A

of eggs hatched DIVIDED BY # of fertile eggs

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49
Q

Incubation of eggs will result in

A

Moisture loss

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50
Q

The Hatch Window should be

A

-as short as possible
-want all chicks to hatch together

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51
Q

Chick Yield refers to

A

How much weight is lost during incubation

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52
Q

Hatchability or Hatch of Set is

A

The number of live chicks

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53
Q

Define a clutch

A

The set of eggs a bird will lay before brooding begins

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54
Q

Brooding is

A

A natural instinct of chickens to stop laying eggs in order to incubate

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55
Q

Important incubation storage parameters include (3)

A

-physiological zero = 24 C
-relative humidity (RH) = 50-70%
-storage temperature = 15-29 C

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56
Q

The longer eggs are incubated

A

The cooler the temperature

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57
Q

At 1-6 days of egg storage, temperature should be ____ and humidity ____

A

18-19 C ; 50-60%

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58
Q

At 7-10 days of egg storage, temperature should be ___ and humidity ____

A

16-17 C ; 50-60%

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59
Q

At >11 days of egg storage, temperature should be ____ and humidity _____

A

15-16 C ; 60-70%

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60
Q

For egg storage, temperature ____ as time ____

A

Decreases ; increases

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61
Q

Incubation period for chickens is

A

21 days

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62
Q

Incubation period for turkeys is

A

28 days

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63
Q

Incubation period for ducks is

A

28 days

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64
Q

Number of daily turnings for chicken eggs

A

18

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65
Q

Number of daily turnings for turkey and duck eggs

A

25

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66
Q

Eggs should be turned daily until

A

Three days before transfer

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67
Q

For chickens, stop daily egg turning at

A

Day 18

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68
Q

For turkeys and ducks, stop daily egg turning

A

At day 25

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69
Q

The region for measuring eggshell temperature

A

Middle of egg

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70
Q

Egg shell temperature affects

A

Hatch window

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71
Q

The ideal shell temperature is

A

37.6 C

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72
Q

The ideal maximum egg moisture loss is

A

13%

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73
Q

At day 21, chicken eggs should ideally

A

Be 100% hatched

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74
Q

75% of chicken eggs should be hatched

A

12 hours before day 21

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75
Q

25% of chicken eggs should be hatched

A

24 hours before day 21

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76
Q

7 factors that affect early hatching are

A

-extended pre-heating period
-setting eggs too early (ie. eggs incubated over 21 days)
-incorrect setter and hatcher temperatures
-hot-spots
-incorrect ventilation
-seasonal temperature changes
-too many fertile eggs

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77
Q

8 factors affecting late/delayed hatching include

A

-setting eggs too late (incubated less than 21 days)
-incorrect setter and hatcher temperatures
-incorrect ventilation
-seasonal temperature
-eggs stored for too long
-eggs stored at too low a temperature
-disease/fertility problems
-increment setting patterns in multi-stage machines

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78
Q

Three factors that can affect early AND late hatch

A

-incorrect setter and hatcher temperatures
-incorrect ventilation
-seasonal temperature changes

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79
Q

How much time does it take to hatch a chicken

A

21 days

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80
Q

How much time does it take to hatch a turkey

A

28 days

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81
Q

Candling of eggs shows

A

Which eggs are not developing

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82
Q

Blood vessels in the egg during candling means

A

It is a live embryo

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83
Q

Candling of eggs occurs at

A

Day 7-10

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84
Q

A better performing hatchery will have

A

A higher % hatch of fertile eggs

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85
Q

Ideal chick yield should be

A

67-68%

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86
Q

A chick yield of <67% is ___ and results in ___

A

-low
-dehydrated chick that will be active and noisy

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87
Q

A chick yield of 68% is ____ and results in ____

A

-high
-a lazy chick that will not feed/drink

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88
Q

Term used to describe eggs being moved from the incubator to trays

A

Transfer

89
Q

In-ovo vaccines occur at

A

Day 18

90
Q

Four types of poultry vaccines

A

-Marek’s Disease (MD)
-Infectious Laryngotracheitis (ILT)
-Infectious Bursal Disease (IBD)
-Newcastle Disease (ND)

91
Q

Two reportable chicken diseases

A

-Newcastle Disease (ND)
-Infectious Laryngotracheitis (ILT)

92
Q

In-ovo vaccinations are given ____ and need to hit _____

A

-at day 18 in the blunt end of the egg
-must hit either Allantois or Bird

93
Q

In-ovo vaccines will be absorbed by

A

Day 25

94
Q

Coccidiosis vaccine is given

A

As a spray vaccine

95
Q

Two types of beak trimming

A

-hot blade trimming
-infrared beak trimming

96
Q

Broilers have a lifespan of

A

<2 months

97
Q

Chicks will have internal immunity for

A

Infectious Bursal disease (IBD)

98
Q

Commercial layers have a life span of

A

Around 2 years

99
Q

Eye drops can be given to chickens for prevention against (3)

A

-Infectious Bronchitis (IB)
-Newcastle Disease (ND)
-Infectious Laryngotracheitis (ILT)

100
Q

A wing stab is

A

Injection of the live vaccine for Fowlpox (FP)

101
Q

Two types of brooding

A

-ring brooding
-whole room/house/shed brooding

102
Q

Ring brooding is

A

-easier
-more efficient

103
Q

From 21 days, the ideal temperature is ____ for broilers

A

20 C

104
Q

Brooding chicks require

A

Supplemental heat for 2-3 weeks of age

105
Q

Chick brooding temperature is correct when

A

Chicks are evenly spread out and noise level signifies contentment

106
Q

Chicks in brooding will make no noise when

A

Temperature is too high

107
Q

Chicks are crowded and noisy in the brooder when

A

Temperature is too low

108
Q

Define Whencold

A

Chicks emit a loud, high-pitched cheeping sound

109
Q

Crop fill after 2 hours should be

A

75% full

110
Q

Crop fill after 48 hours should be

A

100% full

111
Q

Crop checking is used to

A

Feel if crop is full ie. if the chick has eaten

112
Q

Target CO2 levels for poultry is

A

<2500 ppm

113
Q

Target CO levels in poultry is

A

<10 ppm

114
Q

Brooding is

A

A chick 0-6 weeks old that cannot regulate its own heat

115
Q

Growing in chickens is

A

A pullet 6-20 weeks old

116
Q

Pullet grower feed is _______ and contains _____ than starter feed

A

-less expensive
-less protein

117
Q

Beak trimming usually occurs during

A

The growing phase (6-20 weeks)

118
Q

As body weight increases, egg production ____

A

Decreases

119
Q

What influences the chickens reproductive system

A

Light and intensity

120
Q

Chickens should have _____ of light and _____ of darkness

A

8 hours ; 16 hours

121
Q

Three types of egg production systems and how many chickens in each

A

-intensive (10,000 - 1,000,000)
-semi-intensive (few hundred to few thousand)
-extensive (few chooks in the yard)

122
Q

Chicken cages are (3)

A

-stacked in tiers in back-to back rows
-contain 10-20 birds per cage
-decreasing worldwide

123
Q

Furnished cages are (2)

A

-Popular in Europe
-allow chicken to express natural behaviour

124
Q

Advantages of caged housing (5)

A

-low rates of injury, disease and mortality
-lower carbon footprint
-less need for vet care
-protection from predators
-production of more and cleaner eggs

125
Q

Disadvantages of caged housing (4)

A

-reduced social interaction
-unable to roam and explore
-unable to practice natural behaviours like nesting and dust bathing
-unable to perch leading to lower bone strength

126
Q

Advantages of Barn/Aviary poultry system (4)

A

-protection from weather/predators
-ability to move around
-greater social interaction
-ability to express natural behaviours

127
Q

Disadvantages to Barn/Aviary poultry system (6)

A

-increased risk of parasites
-difficult to identify/remove birds for treatment
-increased risk of feather pecking, fighting, and cannibalism
-increased risk of broken bones
-costs of production are increased
-greater labour requirements

128
Q

Advantages of Free Range (4)

A

-access to outdoor area and ability to roam freely
-opportunity to interact socially
-ability to practise normal natural behaviours
-better bone strength

129
Q

Disadvantages to Free Range (5)

A

-exposure to predators and weather
-harder biosecurity control
-increased likelihood of feather pecking, fighting, stress, and cannibalism
-increased risk of parasites
-increased need for antibiotics

130
Q

Sexing of chickens can be done in one of four ways

A

-color sexing
-vent sexing
-feather sexing
-head spot sexing

131
Q

All layers are

A

Female

132
Q

In-ovo sexing can be done by

A

-invasive
-noninvasive

133
Q

Purebred chickens can be sexed by

A

Primary feather growth

134
Q

Male chicken vents contain

A

Genital papillae

135
Q

Female vents lack a

A

Papillae

136
Q

Turkeys and broilers will have variation in

A

Male / female growth

137
Q

5 Broiler origins are

A

-New Hampshire
-Brahma
-Plymouth Rock
-Cornish Game
-Croad Langshan

138
Q

Two Layer origin breeds

A

-Leghorn
-Rhode Island Red

139
Q

White and brown eggs are

A

The same structurally and nutritionally

140
Q

A male turkey is called a

A

Tom

141
Q

A female turkey is called a

A

Hen

142
Q

In commercial turkey production, males weigh ___ and females weigh ____

A

20 kg ; 10-12 kg

143
Q

5 types of Heritage Turkeys are

A

-Naragansett
-Royal Palm
-Bourbon Red
-Broad Breasted Bronze
-Artisan Gold

144
Q

Chick

A

A young chicken or turkey

145
Q

Pullet

A

A young hen <6 months that has yet to lay eggs

146
Q

Cockerel

A

Young rooster <6 months

147
Q

Hen

A

A female chicken

148
Q

Rooster/Cock

A

Male chicken >6 months

149
Q

Layer

A

A hen >20 weeks that is laying eggs

150
Q

Point of Lay

A

A Pullet (young hen) that is old enough to lay but hasn’t yet (16-21 weeks old)

151
Q

Broiler

A

A meat chicken that reaches slaughter weight at 30-60 days

152
Q

Bantam

A

A miniature version of a recognized chicken breed

153
Q

Broody/Clucky

A

A hen that is ready to lay or is sitting on eggs

154
Q

Candling

A

Examining an egg to assess fertility

155
Q

Poult

A

A young turkey

156
Q

Frizzle

A

A chicken breed where the feathers curl up

157
Q

Hackles

A

Feathers on the neck of the rooster

158
Q

Comb

A

Red appendage on the top of a chicken’s head

159
Q

Wattles

A

Fleshy appendage handing on either side of the lower beak

160
Q

Birds have (6)

A

-very high metabolic rate
-high oxygen demand
-various types of feathers
-no teeth (a gizzard is used)
-ability to lay eggs
-waste is excreted from only one orifice (cloaca)

161
Q

Birds lack a

A

Diaphragm - air enters air sacs via abdominal breathing

162
Q

The crop is

A

Gastrointestinal storage

163
Q

The proventriculus is

A

The stomach of birds

164
Q

Digestion in birds

A

Crop —> Proventriculus —> Gizzard —> Intestine
Takes ~3 hours

165
Q

Meckel’s Diverticulum is

A

The yolk sac attachment

166
Q

Faeces of birds is

A

-intestinal
-caecal

167
Q

Caecal droppings

A

Occur every 8-10 droppings, look like diarrhea

168
Q

Intestinal faeces accounts for ___ while caecal ___

A

90% ; 10%

169
Q

Bird waste will have a white surface called

A

Urates

170
Q

Bird breathing is

A

A one way system

171
Q

Air sacs contain

A

No blood

172
Q

Three parts of the feather

A

-rachis (base)
-barb (extensions off the rachis)
-barbules (extensions off the barb)

173
Q

Fault bars are

A

Stress or nutritional issues resulting in a white line on the feather. Can be scored 0-3

174
Q

Commercial poultry farming systems (4)

A

-free range
-cage
-barn-laid
-specialty

175
Q

Poultry farming worldwide is highly

A

Vertically integrated

176
Q

Ingham and Baiada

A

Are the two major poultry farmers in Australia (70%)

177
Q

Vertical integration means

A

Control of two or more steps of production, processing, and marketing

178
Q

Highest biosecurity level of the vertical integration system is

A

Breeder

179
Q

Lowest biosecurity measures in the vertical integration system is

A

Distribution

180
Q

Feed mills produce (4)

A

-soy
-corn
-barley
-wheat

181
Q

Breeding of turkeys is done through

A

Artificial insemination

182
Q

Eggs are in the hatchery for

A

21 days

183
Q

Commercial rearing of poultry takes

A

4-6 weeks

184
Q

Vertical Integration of Broilers and Turkeys involves 6 steps

A
  1. Breeder
  2. Breeding and Multiplication
    -company owned
    -contract farms
  3. Hatchery
  4. Commercial Rearing
    -company owned
    -contract farms
  5. Slaughter and Processing
  6. Distribution
185
Q

Vertical integration of layers involves 6 steps:

A
  1. Breeder
  2. Breeding and Multiplication
    -company owned
    -contract farms
  3. Hatchery
  4. Pullet Rearing
    -company owned
    -contract farms
  5. Egg Laying and Production
  6. Grading and Distribution
186
Q

Most meat chickens come from

A

Intensive system farming

187
Q

Potential sources of disease in poultry come from: (10)

A

-feed
-housing
-rodents
-insects
-people
-litter
-other poultry/livestock
-equipment
-source of flocks
-hatchery

188
Q

Factors influencing infection risk in poultry (5)

A

-location of farm
-design of facilities
-range of flock age
-proximity of farm to central facilities (feed mills processing plants, hatchery)
-farm entry

189
Q

Three key stages of biosecurity

A
  1. Conceptual - site planning
  2. Structural - building design
  3. Operational - site management
190
Q

Site Design and Planning involves (6)

A

-conceptual biosecurity
-one entry point
-control points
-drainage
-proximity to migratory bids
-distance from other farms

191
Q

Building Design of poultry involves (6)

A

-structural biosecurity
-prevention of wild animals and birds
-prevention of spread of Avian Influenza
-drainage
-ventilation
-physical structure and materials used

192
Q

Site management of poultry involves (5)

A

-operational biosecurity
-correct procedures
-wheel washing
-step over Barrie’s
-cleaning and disinfecting

193
Q

Farm biosecurity is secured by

A

-design
-planning
-restriction

194
Q

All-in-all-out

A

-Prevents bringing diseases into a flock through the arrival of new bids
-Allows for a transition period between flock groups to clean and disinfect

195
Q

Two types of entry rooms

A

-greatgrandparent/grandparent (GGP/GP)
-danish entry

196
Q

6 types of barn/shed ventilation

A

-cross ventilation
-side ventilation
-longitudinal ventilation
-tunnel ventilation
-combitunnel ventilation
-extra ventilation in the gable

197
Q

New birds must be

A

Isolated and quarantined for a minimum of 2 weeks

198
Q

The lowest risk chickens are

A

One day old

199
Q

Older bids are more likely to be

A

Diseased or carriers of disease

200
Q

Fowl Chlorea is transmitted by

A

Rodents

201
Q

Three types of chicken mites

A

-northern fowl mite
-red mites
-scaly leg mite

202
Q

Scaly leg mite is typically seen in ___ and causes ____

A

Backyard and outdoor flocks ; hyperkeratosis

203
Q

Three internal parasites that can harm poultry

A

-large round worms
-caecal worms
-tape worms

204
Q

Direct transmission

A

Causative agent is passed directly from affected bird to healthy bird

205
Q

Horizontal vs Vertical transmission

A

-Both are direct transition
-horizontal is bird to bird
-vertical is hen to egg

206
Q

Indirect Transmission

A

Causative agent is passed indirectly from an affect bird to a healthy bird via an intermediate host (ex. People)

207
Q

4 genetic changes of poultry over the past 35 years

A

-higher persistency (produce eggs for longer time)
-higher egg mass (more eggs produced)
-smaller hen (less feed needed)
-extended single-cycle production period

208
Q

What are the components of the Breeder’s Equation

A

R = response to selection (genetic change)
i = selection intensity
h^2 = heritability of a trait
op = phenotypical variation
L = generation interval (usually 1 year)

209
Q

Breeders Equation is

A

R = (i h^2 op) / L
Why poultry breeders have been so successful in getting genetic change

210
Q

Most meat chickens in AUstralia come from

A

Cobb and Ross strains

211
Q

Which chickens are used for breeding only

A

Great Grandparents (GGPs)

212
Q

Meat chickens come from the ____ generation

A

4th

213
Q

As chicken growth _____ , leg strength ____

A

Increases ; decreases

214
Q

Ducks are brooded for

A

10-14 days

215
Q

Why are turkeys artificially inseminated

A

Increases fertility

216
Q

Fertile egg and infertile egg can be differentiated by

A

Examining the Germinal Spot

217
Q

Sexing of chickens by assessing feather color pattern is done at what age

A

Day old chicken

218
Q

Function of the shell membranes of the egg is to provide

A

Protection from bacterial invasion

VETS1025: Animal Management (7 decks)

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