Dairy Flashcards
1
Q
Ungulates
A
Mammals with hooves
2
Q
Cattle can live up to
A
25 years old
3
Q
Gestation time in cattle is
A
283 days (9 months) +/- 14 days
4
Q
Calves weigh
A
25-45 kgs
5
Q
Smaller breed cattle weigh
A
270-450 kgs
6
Q
British cattle weigh
A
450-900 kgs
7
Q
Large breed cattle weigh
A
630-1130 kgs
8
Q
Cattle are used for
A
-meat
-milk
-hide
9
Q
Three main dairy breeds are
A
-Holstein Freisan
-Brown Swiss
-Jersey
10
Q
Two main types of Dual Purpose cattle breeds are
A
-Normande
-Fleckvieh
11
Q
Define Bull
A
Uncastrated male cattle that is breeding
12
Q
Define Steer
A
Castrated male cattle
13
Q
Define Cow
A
Female cattle that is breeding
14
Q
Define Heifer
A
Female cattle that has not calved yet
15
Q
Define Dry Cow
A
A cow that is 7+ months pregnant and CANNOT be milked
16
Q
Define Springer / Close up / Transition
A
Dry cow on last 3 weeks of calving
17
Q
A Dry Cow on her last 3 weeks of calving is called
A
-Springer
-Close-up
-Transition
18
Q
Define Fresh Cows
A
A cow that is 40 days post-calf
19
Q
Define first-calf heifer and how to handle
A
-heifer experiencing her first birth
-more likely to kick; be more gentle
20
Q
Define Freemartin
A
The female in a set of twins - has reduced reproductive capacity
21
Q
Cattle Senses include
A
-sensitive hearing (less able to localize sound)
-four primary tastes (preference for sweet and salty)
-vision
22
Q
Vision in cattle is
A
-the dominant sense
-wide field view of 330 degrees
23
Q
Cattle can see everywhere except
A
Directly behind them
24
Q
The cattle’s pupil is
A
Oval shaped - in line with the horizon
25
Narrow Binocular Vision utilizes
Two eyes
26
Panoramic vision utilizes
One eye
27
Blind spot is located
Directly behind the cow
28
PALS in cattle handling stands for
-Patience
-Angle
-Location
-Speed
29
Cattle will try to protect
Their head and neck
30
You should not approach cattle
Head on
31
Pressure Zone is
Region where cattle will begin to move away from
32
Flight Zone is
The area where the cattle will run or do damage
33
Cattle will move ____ when the handler crosses the _______
Forward; Point of Balance
34
Four positive behaviours for cattle handling include:
-gentle hit
-predictable movements
-soft talking
-voice commands
35
5 Negative behaviours for cattle handling include
-abrupt movements
-cattle prod
-loud shouting / yelling
-hitting with a metal object
-tail-twists
36
Negative behaviours can lead to (3)
-high fear
-low production
-poor welfare
37
Cattle Restraint can be
Chemical and/or Mechanical
38
Mechanical Restrain includes (3)
-cattle crush/chute
-head halter
-nose pliers/grips
39
A cattle crush/chute can be
-manual or hydraulic
-squeeze or not
40
First cows arrived in Australia in
1788 in NSW
41
Dairy Industry began in QLD in the
1890s
42
First milking machines were introduced in
1900
43
First calf born by Artificial Insemination was in
1944
44
The world’s 3rd largest dairy exporter is
Australia
45
About ____% of milk production is exported in Australia
36%
46
Most dairy industries are located
In coastal areas
47
Market Milk is (3)
-processed immediately for drinking
-short shelf life
-mainly produced in QLD and NSW
48
Manufactured milk is (3)
-used in the manufacturing of dairy products
-has a longer shelf life
-mainly made in Victoria
49
Australian milk prices are based on these two components
-milk fat
-protein solids
50
The main dairy breed used in Australia is
Holstein
51
Holstein Breed (5 facts):
-account for 75% of dairy cows in Australia
-black and white
-large breed
-horned
-high volume, low components
52
Jersey Breed (5 facts):
-second most common breed in Australia
-smallest dairy cow
-fawn colour
-horned
-low volume, high components
53
Brown Swiss Breed (6 facts):
-second most common dairy breed worldwide
-light brown to grey and darker shades
-horned and polled
-large size
-average production, high components
-longer pregnancy (290 days)
54
Pregnancy usually lasts
283 days
55
Ayrshire Breed (5 facts):
-mostly in Victoria and NSW
-shade of red or brown with white (can be all white)
-long, curved horns
-medium size
-average production
56
Guernsey Breed (4 facts):
-popular in all states but mainly in South Australia and Victoria
-fawn, red, and white with yellow pigmentation of skin
-medium size
-average production
57
Illawarra Breed (6 facts)
-developed in Australia
-mix of 3 breeds: Ayrshire, Devon, and Milking Shorthorn
-red, white, roan
-horned
-medium sized
-average production
58
Main Cattle housing system in Australia is
Pastoral
59
What housing system is not allowed in Australia
Tie-Stalls
60
Main source of cattle feed is
Pasture
61
Pastoral or pasture based feeding is (3)
-cheap
-takes 8-8.5 hours to maintain weight and production
-cons: environment factors / hazards
62
A feedpad is used to
Bring food to the cow to decrease eating time (2 hours) and increase production
63
Feedpads have a low height to
Increase saliva production which aids in rumination
64
Define Calf
Young male or female cattle
65
Define Bobby Calf
Young male calf usually destined for veal
66
Define Dam
Female parent in a pedigree
67
Define Sire
Male parent in a pedigree
68
Define Empty Cow
Not pregnant
69
How can you tell if a cow is close to heat and in heat
Close to heat = jumping
In heat = standing
70
Define Colostrum
First milk following calving
71
Define Lactation and how long it should last
Period of milk production (ideally 305 days)
72
DIM stands for ___ and means ____
-Days in Milk
-from calving to present day
73
A non-lactating cow is dried off around
7 months pregnancy
74
Dry Cow Therapy involves
Milking the cow out and putting antibiotics in the utter
75
Define Cull Cow
Cow to be removed from the herd (not necessarily going to slaughter)
76
A cow unable to rise is called a
Downer Cow
77
Define Milking Parlour
Specialized area of the farm where milking is performed by hand or machine
78
Define Cluster
The four parts of the milking machine that take the milk from the utter to deliver to the vat
79
Inflammation or infection of the cow’s mammary glands is called
Mastitis
80
SCC stands for ____ and represents _____
-Somatic Cell Count
-number of white blood cells per mL of milk
81
Somatic Cell Count (SCC) can be used
As an indication of infection
82
Define Bulk Milk Tank
An on farm refrigerated, stainless steel storage vessel in which milk is cooled quickly to 2-4 degrees C and is constantly agitated
83
To agitate the milk means
The milk does not separate
84
Calves cannot
Regulate their own temperature properly
85
Colostrum (4 points):
-provides passive immunity
-mostly protein
-given as soon as possible (first 6 hours of life and again before 24 hours of life)
-best from the 3rd to 7th lactation (1st calf colostrum is rarely used)
86
Calves are separated from their mothers for two reasons
-decrease risk of pathogens
-breed out maternal instinct
87
Colostrum intake depends on three factors:
-timing
-quality
-quantity (10-15% of body weight)
88
Calves are weaned off milk when
They are double their birth weight
89
Cows can start breeding at
15 months of age
90
Ideally, a heifer should be calving at
21 months of age
91
Identification of Cattle can be done through 6 ways:
-ear marking/notching
-ear tattoo
-freeze branding
-photography
-ear tagging (both ears)
-radio frequency identification devices (RFID)
92
Ear tattooing of cattle is (4 points)
-permanent
-used in pedigrees
-time consuming
-difficult to read
93
Ear marking/notching of cattle is (3 points):
-permanent
-welfare issue
-not really used in dairy
94
Freeze branding in cattle is (4 points):
-permanent
-not useful on white cows
-uses liquid nitrogen
-easier to read than fire branding
95
Ear tags are
Not permanent
96
Photography of cattle is used for
-stud cattle (especially Holstein) with high genetic value
97
Define Disbudding
-removal of horn producing cells in calves less than 2 months
98
Define Dehorning
-removal of horn and horn processing tissues
99
The cattle’s horn is attached to
The skull
100
Dehorning will leave
The sinus exposed
101
Disbudding is a welfare issues because it is
Painful and unnecessary
102
Which is preferred: disbudding or dehorning
Disbudding
103
Castration of cattle is
-not a common husbandry procedure in dairy
-can be surgical or non-surgical
104
5 diseases Cattle should be vaccinated against:
-Clostridial Diseases
-Leptospirosis
-Botulism
-Bovine Ephemeral Fever
-Tick Fever
105
Clostridial Diseases include (5):
-tetanus
-malignant oedema
-blackleg
-enterotoxaemia
-black disease
106
A cattle 5 in 1 vaccine is used for
Clostridial diseases
107
A cattle 7 in 1 vaccine is used for
Leptospirosis and Clostridial Diseases
108
5 in 1 or 7 in 1 vaccines are given at
First Dose: 3-6 months
Second Dose: 4-6 weeks later
Annual Booster
109
BEF vaccine protects against
Bovine Ephemeral Fever
110
Four main health issues in cattle include
-mastitis
-calving issues
-lameness
-metabolic disease (hypercalcemia)
111
PMR stands for
Partial Mixed Ration (pasture + extra feed)
112
TMR stands for
Total Mixed Ration (no pasture)
113
Grass pros (3) and cons (4):
Pros:
-cheap
-cow is designed to eat it
-less disease
Cons:
-difficult to control/monitor intake
-irrigation needed
-depends on weather
-supplements needed
114
Supplements are (3 points) ; pros (4) and cons (3):
-high energy feeds to increase production
-usually given during milking
-can be grain, hay/silage, or by products
Pros:
-increased production
-less reliance on rainfall
-cheap
-easier to monitor intake
Cons:
-fluctuating supplies
-variable prices
-can increase likelihood of acidosis
115
PMR and TMR pros (3) and cons (2):
Pros:
-increases production
-not reliant on weather
-better nutritional control (in TMR)
Cons:
-increased cost
-increased risk of Management Diseases (mastitis, LDA, RDA, Acidosis, Lameness)
116
2 Welfare issues in the milking/holding yard
-poor ventilation
-cramped (increased risk of mastitis and lameness)
117
Most calf growth occurs in the last _____ of gestation
2 months
118
Peak lactation occurs
6-8 weeks post-calving
119
Why is milk from the first 6-8 milkings withheld?
Colostrum curdles milk
120
Cows are milked
Two times a day
121
Most costly disease of dairy cattle worldwide is
Mastitis
122
Clinical signs of Mastitis
-pain
-swelling
-redness
-milk changes
123
Mastitis can be caused by two factors
-contagions through milking
-environment
124
Mastitis results in
-reduced volume
-reduced quality
125
Why Dry Off cows? (2)
-increased production during the next lactation
-best chance to remove infection
126
Dry Off Period should last
50-60 days
127
Incidence vs Prevalence
How often vs How many
128
How to Dry Off:
-once a day milking
-decrease feed to maintenance only
-insertion of antibiotic
-application of teat dip
129
Define Open Days
Period from calving to conception
130
Conception rate is higher in _____ than _____
Bulls ; AI
131
Three types of Calving Patterns:
-Seasonal
-Split/Batch
-Year Round
132
Seasonal Calving Pattern (4 points):
-Victoria and New Zealand
-calving occurs once a year during August - September at the same time for all cows
-manufacture milk
-most common production system
133
Split/Batch Calving Patterns (3 points):
-two distinct calving periods through spring and summer
-maximizes production
-increasing in popularity
134
Year Round Calving Pattern (5 points):
-non-seasonal
-cows are milked year round (even supply)
-market/white milk
-mainly in QLD, WA, and Northern NSW
-less efficient
135
Define Lameness
Impairment of the locomotor system
136
Prevention of Lameness includes
-risk factor evaluation of environment
-hoof trimming
-foot baths
137
Lameness can be caused by three factors
-environment
-poor management/handling
-animals with wider hips and low BCS
138
Five M’s that relate to a Downer Cow
-Mastitis
-Metritis (inflammation of uterine)
-Musculoskeletal
-Metabolic Disease (hypocalcemia)
-Massive Infection
139
If the head is up then ______ is lame
Front foot
140
If the head is down then _____ is lame
Back foot
141
BCS stands for ____ and is used for ____
Body Condition Score (1-5)
-indication of the amount of fat cover on a dairy cow
142
Body condition scoring is
A visual assessment (subjective) of the amount of muscle and fat covering the bones of a cow
143
3 Goals of BCS include:
-early detection of health problems
-identify area for improved feeding management
-improve herd health, production, reproduction, and profitability
144
Ideal BCS targets at calving and at mating are
Calving: 3.25-3.75
Mating: 2.75-3.25
