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VETS1025: Animal Management > Exotics > Flashcards

Exotics Flashcards

1
Q

5 Avian orders of major vet interest are:

A

-Psittaciformes (Parrots)
-Passeriformes (“soft birds” / Perching)
-Galliformes (chickens)
-Anseriformes (water fowl)
-Columbiformes (Pigeons)

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2
Q

Four reasons why birds are kept by humans

A

-companionship
-aviculture (breeding)
-food (meat and eggs)
-sport (racing pigeons)

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3
Q

Social License means

A

What is acceptable to the general society

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4
Q

When placing an indoor bird cage, think about these four concepts:

A

-location
-family traffic
-security
-toxins

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5
Q

Companion birds operate on a ____cycle

A

Diurnal

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6
Q

Quarantine of companion birds involves:

A

-geographic separation of all new arrivals for 6 weeks

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7
Q

3 types of Aviaries

A

-full flight
-suspended
-combined

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8
Q

Location and size of aviaries is determined by (6)

A

-species
-number of birds
-space
-local government
-prevailing weather
-position of sun during the day

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9
Q

Outdoor aviaries should be pointed

A

Northward

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10
Q

Aviary furniture includes

A

-perches
-food/water bowls
-nest boxes

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11
Q

Aviary management includes these 6 concepts

A

-pest control (rats/mice, snakes, wild birds, insects, pets, children)
-cleaning
-feeding and watering (minimum once a day)
-parasite control
-quarantine
-diurnal cycle

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12
Q

Enrichment Plan for birds utilizes a combination of

A

-foraging
-physical
-sensory
-social
-occupational

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13
Q

The 20-80 rule of birds is

A

20% of the time socializing, grooming, sleeping
80% of the time searching for food

*in captivity this is reversed

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14
Q

Foraging Enrichment involves

A

Searching for and finding food

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15
Q

Physical Enrichment involves

A

-objects (toys, tree branches, etc)
-environment as a whole (size and design)

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16
Q

Sensory Enrichment involves

A

Utilizing the bird’s senses such as sight, hearing, smell, and touch

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17
Q

Social Enrichment can be

A

-indirect (bird can see or hear other animals)
-direct (cage mate -raining, social rooms, etc)

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18
Q

Occupational Enrichment includes

A

Items that elicit problem solving and learning

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19
Q

Define Herpetology

A

Study of reptiles

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20
Q

Define Herpetoculture

A

Keeping of reptiles

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21
Q

The class Reptilia has how many orders?

A

4

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22
Q

What are the four orders of the class Reptilia

A
  1. Testudines (turtles, terrapins, and tortoises)
  2. Sphenodontia (tuataras)
  3. Squamata (lizards, snakes, and worm lizards)
  4. Crocodilia (crocodiles, gavials, caimans, and alligators)
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23
Q

How may species of Tuataras are there?

A

2

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24
Q

Turtles are ____ while tortoises are ____

A

Water / semi aquatic ; land dwelling

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25
Q

Testudines are also known as

A

Chelonians

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26
Q

Testudines have ~ how many species

A

330

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27
Q

There are over ____ species of Squamata

A

9000

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28
Q

There are ____ species of Crocodilia

A

25

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29
Q

3 Unique features of reptiles include

A

-slow metabolism
-thermoregulation (ectothermic)
-UVB Radiation

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30
Q

Metabolism of reptiles is determined by (5)

A

-temperature
-body size
-species
-diet (herbivore vs carnivore)
-predation behaviour (ambush vs passive)

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31
Q

Are reptiles cold blooded?

A

No, they are ectothermic

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32
Q

Why can’t reptiles retain heat?

A

Lack of insulation

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33
Q

3 Advantages of thermoregulation include

A

-lower food requirements
-energy is not wasted
-ability to safely brumate (hibernate)

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34
Q

2 Disadvantages of Thermoregulation

A

-activity is limited by external temperature
-unable to sustain high levels of activity

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35
Q

What is UVB Radiation

A

-Ultraviolet Light B Radiation
-important for reptile behaviour and Vitamin D3 metabolism

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36
Q

Vitamin D3 in reptiles comes from ____ and is used for _____

A

The sun ; calcium metabolism (ie. bones, eggs, respiratory rate)

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37
Q

Three wavelengths of UVB Radiation are

A

-A (appetite)
-B (bones)
-C (cancer)

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38
Q

9 Primary husbandry factors for reptiles

A

-species
-the enclosure
-lighting
-heating
-humidity
-ventilation
-water quality
-hygiene
-biosecurity

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39
Q

4 Secondary Husbandry Factors for Reptiles

A

-food
-water
-brumation
-environmental enrichment

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40
Q

A normal part of reptile microflora is

A

Salmonella

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41
Q

Reptile enclosures should be (3)

A

-waterproof
-easy to clean
-no traps

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42
Q

Active at dusk/dawn

A

Crepuscular

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43
Q

Active during the day

A

Diurnal

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44
Q

Active during the night

A

Nocturnal

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45
Q

Two heat types used for reptiles

A

-radiant (above heat)
-convective (below heat)

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46
Q

Reptiles control their body temperature through three ways:

A

-cardiovascular shunting
-changing body shape
-behaviour

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47
Q

Most reptiles prefer humidity at

A

50-60%

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48
Q

Ventilation of reptile enclosures is important for (3)

A

-providing fresh air
-removal of ammonia
-prevention of overheating

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49
Q

The highest maintenance reptiles are

A

Turtles

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50
Q

Turtle enclosures require a ____ water change ____ per ____

A

10% ; once ; week

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51
Q

Biosecurity of reptiles is important for (4)

A

-keeping disease out
-minimizing potential stressors
-minimizing potential spread of disease
-identification and removal of sick reptiles

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52
Q

Ovulation in reptiles occurs after

A

Brumation

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53
Q

5 concepts of enrichment pans for reptiles include

A
  1. Foraging
  2. Physical
  3. Sensory
  4. Social
  5. Occupational
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54
Q

Three small animal orders of the class mammalian include

A

-Carnivora (ferrets)
-Lagamorpha (rabbits)
-Rodentia (mice, rats, Guinea pigs)

55
Q

Which species are illegal to own in QLD

A

Rabbits and ferrets

56
Q

The ____ rat is used for research while the ____ rat is used for companionship

A

Rattus rattus (black) ; Rattus norvegicus (brown)

57
Q

Which rat is used for scientific research

A

Black rat

58
Q

Rabbits and Guinea pigs are heat ____

A

Intolerant

59
Q

The smell of ferrets comes from

A

Skin glands

60
Q

7 considerations for the small animal enclosure are:

A
  1. Physiologic and Behavioural needs
  2. Social Interactions
  3. Hygiene
  4. Ventilation
  5. Food and Water
  6. Escape and Injury
  7. Privacy and Security
61
Q

Guinea pigs are (4)

A

-social
-heat intolerant
-easily stressed
-prey species

62
Q

Rabbits and guinea pigs can be housed

A

Outdoor or indoor

63
Q

Small animal enclosures should not be placed

A

Directly in the sun

64
Q

Most small animals except ferrets are active

A

At dawn / dusk (crepuscular)

65
Q

Small Animal Environmental Enrichment involves

A

-foraging
-physical
-sensory
-social
-occupational

66
Q

The most common pet are

A

Fish

67
Q

How many species of fish are there

A

20,000 - 30,000

68
Q

6 considerations for aquarium husbandry are

A

-water quality
-aeration
-lighting
-tank design and location
-stocking rates
-compatibility

69
Q

Aquarium water quality is based on: (4)

A

-source
-changes
-filtration
-temperature

70
Q

5 steps of the Nitrogen Cycle

A
  1. Nitrogen is introduced via fish food
  2. Ammonia is excreted
  3. Nitrosomas bacteria convert Ammonia to Nitrite
  4. Nitrobacter bacteria convert Nitrite to Nitrate
  5. Plants use Nitrates as fertilizer
71
Q

Nitrosoma bacteria convert

A

Ammonia to Nitrite

72
Q

Nitrobacter bacteria convert

A

Nitrite to Nitrate

73
Q

Specific gravity in a marine tank should be

A

1.023-1.027

74
Q

Town water is

A

High in chemicals

75
Q

In both freshwater and marine tanks, water should stand for ____ and one should use ______

A

12 hours ; use an airstone to agitate the water and release gas

76
Q

How much and how often should water be changed in the aquarium

A

4-10% weekly

77
Q

Filtration can be

A

-internal (cheaper option, inside the tank)
-external (pumps water out, filters it, and pumps it back in)

78
Q

Filtration of aquariums does what?

A

Removes solid waste and chemicals

79
Q

Filtration devices can be (4)

A

-physical
-chemical
-biological
-all of the above

80
Q

Aquariums need to be ____ and marine tanks need to be ____

A

Heated ; cooled

81
Q

Water monitoring involves 6 parameters

A

-temperature
-pH
-ammonia
-nitrites
-nitrates
-hardness

82
Q

Ammonia in water should not exceed

A

0 ppm

83
Q

Nitrates in aquarium should not exceed

A

160 ppm

84
Q

Nitrites in aquarium should not exceed

A

0 ppm

85
Q

Aeration is ____ and is caused by _____

A

Dissolved oxygen ; decaying food, too many plants, high temperatures

86
Q

Aeration can be increased by

A

-ripples on the water surface via air stones / spray bars

87
Q

Fish need a ____ cycle

A

Diurnal

88
Q

Water weighs

A

1 kg per L

89
Q

High number of fish in a tank can lead to (3)

A

-increased oxygen consumption
-increased waste
-spread of disease

90
Q

Stocking density is determined by

A

Surface area

91
Q

Tropical freshwater surface area is

A

75 cm^2

92
Q

Cold freshwater surface area is

A

180 cm^2

93
Q

Tropical marine surface area is

A

300 cm^2

94
Q

Fish divide themselves into

A

3 strata

95
Q

Successful handling depends on these 4 factors

A

-knowledge of the animal
-experience of the handler
-correct technique
-appropriate tools/chemicals

96
Q

Restraint can be

A

-physical
-chemical
-psychological

97
Q

The desire / instinct to conceal signs of pain or injury from predators is called

A

The Masking Phenomenon

98
Q

In birds of prey, the front talons ___ while the back talon ___

A

Holds ; kills

99
Q

One of the most common birds seen by vets are

A

Backyard Poultry

100
Q

Define Chick

A

Young chicken

101
Q

Define Pullet

A

Young hen <6 months ; hen that has yet to lay eggs

102
Q

Define Cockerel

A

Young rooster

103
Q

Define Hen

A

Female chicken that has laid eggs

104
Q

Define Rooster/Cock

A

Male chicken >6 months of age

105
Q

Define Layer

A

Hen >20 weeks of age that is laying eggs

106
Q

Define Point of Lay

A

A pullet that is old enough to lay but has not done so yet (usually 16-21 weeks of age)

107
Q

Define Broiler

A

Meat chicken that has reached slaughter weight (around 30-60 days)

108
Q

Define Bantam

A

A miniature version of a recognized chicken breed

109
Q

Define Broody/Clucky

A

A hen that is ready to lay or sitting on eggs

110
Q

Define Candling

A

Examining an egg - used to assess fertility

111
Q

Define Poult

A

Young turkeys <6 months of age

112
Q

Define Frizzle

A

A chicken breed where the feathers curl

113
Q

Define Hackles

A

Feathers on the neck of the rooster

114
Q

The red appendage on the top of a chicken’s head is called

A

The Comb

115
Q

The fleshy appendage hanging on either side of the lower beak of poultry is called

A

Wattles

116
Q

Code of Practice for husbandry of poultry is

A

Minimum floor/run area of 3m^2 for housing up to 6 bantams or 3 large birds
-increased enclosure size per additional bird

117
Q

1 nest box can house ____ chickens

A

2-3

118
Q

Chicken perches should be

A

-150mm in length per chicken
-500mm above ground

119
Q

Weight gain occurs when

A

Energy in > energy out

120
Q

5 nutrients, their source, and their role for chickens are

A
  1. Protein (animal/vegetable) - growth, feathering, eggs
  2. Carbohydrates (grain) - energy
  3. Fat (grain) - energy, hormones
  4. Vitamins (vegetables, fruits, supplements) - chemical processes
  5. Minerals (grit, supplements) - bones, egg shells, chemical processes
121
Q

Starter feed is for ___ and contains ____

A

-Hatchlings up to 6 weeks
-22% protein

122
Q

Grower feed is for ____ and contains ____

A

-chickens 6-18 weeks
-14-16% protein

123
Q

Layer feed is for _____ and contains _____

A

-chickens over 18 weeks
-15-18% protein

124
Q

Three types of commercial feeds for chickens are

A

-Starter
-Grower
-Layer

125
Q

Which chicken commercial feed. Obtains the most protein

A

Starter

126
Q

4 feed types are

A

-scratch (treat)
-crumble (chicks)
-pellet
-mash (bit of everything; layers)

127
Q

Grit can be

A

-insoluble
-soluble

128
Q

Legal requirements of kitchen scraps for chickens

A

NO animal matter or other waste contaminated by animal matter is allowed to be fed

129
Q

Unwell chickens will overeat _____ which causes _____

A

Grit ; blockage

130
Q

A chicken should be fed

A

120-160g per day

131
Q

A chicken should have how much water

A

Up to 500mL per day

132
Q

Cockfighting for sport is

A

Illegal in Australia

133
Q

Weekly water change in aquariums is recommended to

A

Decrease Nitrate levels

VETS1025: Animal Management (7 decks)

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