potions, poisons, and delectable delights Flashcards
T/F: it’s safe to use hydrogen peroxide in cats
T, it can cause necro-ulcerative hemorrhagic gastritis
when to NOT induce emesis?
- caustic/corrosive agents
- > 6 hours post ingestion
- predisposed to aspiration
- neurologic and can not swallow well/unconcious
decontamination with adsorbants
activated charcoal/toxiban- a single dose is considered for most intoxicants
cholestyramine is specific for certain intoxicants -> binds bile acids in the intestine thereby preventing resorption of intoxicants from the gut
decontamination with gastric lavage
recommended for comatose patients or large ingestions of toxins where emesis was attempted but unsuccessful
decontamination with enemas
warm tap water (30-60mls), a few drops of dawn or ivory soap, 3-6 mls of lactulose
Methylxanthine’s (caffeine, theobromine, theophylline)
Clinical signs: The major clinical signs are vomiting and tachycardia within 4-6 hours of ingestion.
Treatment: tachycardia, and agitation with moderate or higher ingestion -> AC w/sorbital + EKG + fluids if hospitalization indicated for 6-12 hours. Severe range warrants hospitalization with repeat doses of AC + fluids + EKG monitoring for 24 - 48 hours
prognosis excellent for most patients especially if appropriate for decontamination is performed
NSAIDs clinical signs and treatment
Clinical signs: melena, hypovolemic shock and PU/PD. Hepatic damage/failure is idiosyncratic and not dose dependent.
Treatment: misoprostol for stomach ulcers, sucralfate, fluids, intravenous lipids, blood purification techniques
NSAIDs prognosis
poor for oliguric or anuric renal failure and GI ulceration may be complicated and/or neuro signs may improve but still need renal and GI support
Hepatotoxins
Clinical signs and PE consistent with liver dysfunction (petechiae, icterus), mild to mod prolonged PT/PTT
Xylitol clinical signs
Clinical signs: weakness, depression, tremors, ataxia, collapse, seizures within 1 hour post ingestion. Hepatic injury and dysfunction can occur up to 3 days post ingestion.
Xylitol treatment and prognosis
Treatment: Dextrose for seizure and hypoglycemic patients and you may place freestyle libre to monitor BG. Hepatic necrosis may be monitored and supplemented with N-acetylcysteine.
Prognosis: hypoglycemia = good, hepatic failure = faire to guarded.
Wild mushrooms clinical signs
unexplainable acute clinical signs, GI hyper salivation, ataxia, V/D, neurologic, hepatic signs consistent with injury and dysfunction, urinary incontinence, PU/PD
wild mushrooms diagnostics, treatment plan and prognosis
ID the mushroom and treat with hepatic support, daily bile aspirates and decontamination where possible and supportive. Prognosis is variable but up to 80% in most cases.
Sago/Cycad Palm Clinical Signs and Mech of A
Clinical Signs: May take place 2-3 days after exposure and GI signs with hepatic signs injury and dysfunction. Neurologic signs.
Mech of A: Several toxic compounds target the GIT, liver and CNS and all parts of the plant are toxic.
what do hops do to dogs as a toxicant?
hops cause malignant hyperthermia resulting in multi-organ failure
Marijuana/THC/CBD
Vomiting is common, somnolence, jumpy/startle, ataxia, urinary incontinence, bradycardia. Cats pace and wander, disoriented, staring into space, aggression.
Marijuana/THC/CBD treatment and prognosis
bengin neglect, emesis with AC sorbitol and a very good prognosis
SSRIs/MAO inhibitors
Clinical signs of tachycardia and hyperthermia, neurologic, signs 1-2 hours after ingestion. Treat with acepromazine, methocarbamol, serotonin antagonist cyproheptadine. Prognosis is very good with supportive therapies, clinical signs may take up to 2 days to resolve
Rodenticides clinical signs, tx and prognosis
Clinical signs of green discolored feces with neurologic signs. Unlike anticoagulant rodenticides no antidote is available, intra-lipid therapy, AC suggested q8 hrs for 2 days, seizure control or mannitol or hypertonic saline. Prognosis for severe neurologic signs is poor.
Pyrethroids (permethrin)
Clinical signs: neurologic (hyper-excitable) with clinical signs within 1-2 hours of exposure and cats are the most sensitive. Treatment is bathing, tremor and seizure management, intra-lipid therapy. Prognosis is good with interventions
Vitamin D toxicosis
Clinical signs of renal injury because the cholecalciferol is converted to calcitriol in the kidneys which decreases Ca and P excretion and increases gut absorption. Will have have hypercalcemia and and irregular EKG. Treatment includes cholestyramine, renal removal, phosphate binders decreases GIT absorption. prognosis is good for low dosages that receive prompt decontamination and in patients with mild hypercalcemia and guarded at higher doses with clinical signs.
how should you monitor patients with vitamin D toxicosis and what are the possible sequelae?
monitor chemistry and lytes in asymtomatic patients for 2-5 days and in patients that have normalized calcemium monitor and taper the treatments. Possible sequelae include metastatic calcification of tissues and permanent renal injury.
Grapes and Raisins
Dogs get signs of renal injury and have an idiosyncratic rxn with a generally supportive treatment plan that includes managing hyperkalemia. Prognosis is poor to good.
