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Afghanistan-War and statebuilding > Potential questions > Flashcards

Potential questions Flashcards

1
Q

What is sovereign state?

A
  • Westphalian sovereignty:
  • external sovereignty: no authority above state (De jure)
  • internal sovereignty: exclusive authority on territory and population (de facto)
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2
Q

Montevideo convention on Rights and Duties (1933)
The state as a person of international law should possess the following qualifications:

A
  • a permanent population
  • a defined territory
  • government, and capacity to enter into relations with other states
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3
Q

Webers different definitions of authority

A

Traditional: the eternal yesterday, it always has been there (monarchies)

Charismatic authoity: personal gift of gaqce, qualities locagted in individual.
He/she leads, people follow.
(in Afghanistan: warlords: if they go, it is very hard to institutionalize their power)

Legal/ rational authority: the virute of legality (rules)
* Weberian state, the goal in Afghanistaqn between 2000-2021

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4
Q

What is a state (Weber)

A

The state is a** human community **that (succesfully) claims the monopoly of the legitimate use of physical force within a given territory.

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5
Q

How do power holders maintain thei domination

A
  1. control personal executive staff
  2. control material means of administration
  3. end of indirect rule
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6
Q

Charles Tilly: Modern state formation is about:

A
  1. Statemaking
  2. Warmaking
  3. Protection
  4. Extraction
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7
Q

Tilly Statemaking

A

eliminating or neutralizing their rivals inside a territory

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8
Q

Tilly Warmaking

A

Eliminating or neutralizing their rivals outside their territories

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9
Q

Tilly protection

A

Eliminating or neutralizing the enemies of their clients

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10
Q

Tilly extraction

A

Acquiring the means that of the first 3 activities. (means for state bujilding,war making and protection)

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11
Q

Charles tilly neglects external relations

e

A

external relations shape every nation state
1. Flows of resources (loans + supplies)
2. competition among states stimulates warmaking
3. Coalition of state forces states into certain forms + positions within international system

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12
Q

Mann: modern state formation is about territorizaltion + centralisation.
Two kinds of power

A

Infrastructural power:
The capacity of a state to actually penetrate within civil society and to implement actions across its territories.

Despotic power:
The range of actions that state elites are empowered to make without consultation with civil society groups. Autonomous power

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13
Q

What is the great game

A

Between 1839-1842.
What: rivalry taking place between Russian and British empires: the struggle for international influence.
When: beginning and middle 19th century.

Great

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13
Q

issues Musahiban dynasty : no process of state formatin 1929-1978

A

No infrastructural power: mann
No traditional authority weber
no state-making by war-making (Tilly)

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14
Q

Why were Afghan warlords not able to prevent Taliban from taking power?

A

3 levels of causation
macro-level (geopolitical context) = societies, economies and states
= due to Cold War + regional environment (New Great Game)

Meso-level (groups, territorial subunits)
= Fall of Communist regime, State collapse

Micro-level- individuals
Power struggles, ethnic politics

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15
Q

What is a Warlord

A

A warlord is a leader of an** armed band, possibly numbering up to several thousand fighters, who can hold territory locally** and at the same time act financially and political in the international system without interference from the state in which he is based (Duffield)

A warlord plays critical roles in peoples access to the** political arena and economic opportunities, **and sometimes even acts as the principal suppliers of governnance to people in the arenas he controls

Warlords thrive in weak + failed states.

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16
Q

Rise of Taliban

A
  1. Product of Civil War + state failure
  2. power vacuum:
    - disintegration of communist structures
    - elemination of traditional leadership
    - failure of Mujahidin to concentrate power in South (tribal structures)
  3. A response to chaos and anarchy in the South
  4. expession of (perceived) Pashtun marginalization
  5. AFghanistan is not chaos: warlords create some kind of order
  6. claim to bring back order + Islamic values
17
Q

Who were the first Taliban

A

Real taliban: Madrassa youth (grew up in refugee camps in Pakistan)
Former Mujahideen
- might not be close in ideology
- Taliban brings order

Former officers of Commuist Regime
- maybe not into ideology of Communists
- maybe not care about ideology of Taliban

18
Q

Ideology Taliban

A
  • Mix of most conservative village Islam and Deobandi doctrines, with a stress on the importance of ritual and modes of behaivour (Giustozzi)
  • Reduction of penal and criminal laws to a very narrow interpretation of Sharia
  • Reinventing old traditions (not fully in line with Afghan practices)
  • Politics reduced to an orthodox application of Sharia, based on a rigid interpretation of the Sunnah
  • Opposition to West based on cultural model (not strategy oppositon)
19
Q

What does Taliban want

C

A
  • Capture state (secular goal)
  • Impose their own Islamic order (Sharia)
20
Q

Organizaton reality Taliban

A

myths: anarchy + chaos, only popular adulation and no fighting
But,
reality:
* a military organization
- cheaper, more flexible and more effecient organisation
- richer organisation (support of business community)
- pakistan support: friendly neigbour (for them support against india)

21
Q

Conquest Afghanistan main cities

A

Kandahar, Herat, Jalalabad, Kabul Mazar

22
Q

Taliban Legitmate state (Weber)

A

Traditional authority: king/ emir + Islam
Charismatic authority: Mullah omar (1996-2001)
legal rational autority: state institutions, bureaucracy (more than Mujahedeen)

23
Q

Why 9/11

A
  1. Carry out a damaging strike against the US in retaliation for its perceived aggression in the Islamic world
  2. Signal and support the emergence of new virtuous leadership (vanguard of an international islamist movement)
  3. Prompt the US to come out of its hole (Massoud 9/9)
24
Q

What makes the War on terror so radical

A
  • Us blaimed the whole country: justification of attack instead blaming Al Qaida
  • The idea that the US could shape the Middle East
  • The idea that you had to follow the US, or became against them (and peace)
  • That spiriti of a highly emotional mind
25
Q

Failed states

A

are not able to control territory
Breeding ground for terrorism
no strong state control

26
Q

Rogue state

A

Actually solid state
not optimally established, but are solid

27
Q

War on Terror Speech Bush

A

We will make no distinction between the terrorists who commited these actions and those who harbor them 11/09

America, and our friends and allies join with all those who want peace and security in the world, and we stand together to win the war against terrorism 11/09

The deliberate and deadly attacks which were carried out yesterday against our country were more than acts of terror, they were acts of war. 12/09 2001

The war against terrorists of global reach is a global entreprise of uncertain duration

28
Q

Liberal state building efforts: strategy of institutionalization 2002-2004

A
  • New institutions built
  • progress on legislations, institutions, automation
  • women taking more space within government (1/3 parliament)
  • freedom of media, speech..
  • tens of billions of dollars for aid for reconstruction
  • rfeturn many diaspora + growin g optimism
29
Q

A system of authority thats sustainable outside the 2-side paradigm

A

State formation as state/society struggle
state formation as bagaining

30
Q

How do warlords manage to surviein spite of increasing international pressure for centralization?

A
  • Warlords are astute political entrepeneurs with a proven ability to organize violence and **control territory, who exert and transform authority** across different spheres (ideological, economic, military, social, and political) and at **different levels of political affairs **(local, national and international)
  • Warlord survival is a function of an individuals ability to make himself indespensable at **different levels op politics **(local, national and international) and exploits the gaps and interactions between them.
  • The story of warlordism is therefore one that combines structure and agency:
    Certain individuals at any time in human history may be psychologically disposed to become** self-interested specialists in violence: **weak states provide those individuals with opportunity to become warlords.
31
Q

5 Myths about the Taliban

A

1, Pakistan controls Taliban
2. Taliban fragments easily
3. Taliban has a plan for running Afghanistan
4. Taliban will bring back Al Qaida
5. Taliban does not reflect AFghanistans diversity

32
Q

2 sets of challenges to survival of regime

A

State capacity:
unprecedent crisis (economic, financial, humanitarian) + organisational and political challenges

State legitimacy:
Violent, and non-violent regime

33
Q

5 Common mistakes negotiate with Taliban

A
  1. Misjudge diplomacy of Pariahs
  2. Commit exclusively to Human Rights discourse
  3. Fail to interpret discourse of Jihadists
  4. Assume rigidity in disources equals rigidity in policy making
    - goes back to two-level game, most moderate one should be the one with most power.
  5. Avoid establishment of clear international roadmap of engagement.
34
Q

Should World engage with Taliban: NO

A

Moral arguments:
* form of symbolic support to Afghan population
* As a way to avoid legitimatization of Talibans actions international

praqctical arguments:
* will not achieve anything: Taliban has been consistent in their demands, ideas, values
* Taliban always been very vague about human rights and woman rights
* never make concessions

  • Engaging strengthen the regimes hardliners
  • will weaken those who domestically ae pressuing them (civil society actors)
  • engvaging strengthen regime politically+ economically
35
Q

Should world engage with Taliban: Yes

A

Things will get worse for Afghan population and the world…

  • if taliban reamains isolated internationally
  • if Taliban regime collapses
  • unlikely to get better, ever get concessions

Engagement is needed:
* For better, more effecicient humanitarian effort
* fruitful counterrorism
* flexibility +ad hoc arrangement local level
* Reducing the misunderstandings and mistrusts

36
Q
  • Counterinsurgency
A

is military, paramilitary, political, economic, psychological, and civic actions taken by a government to defeat insurgency.
* Afghanistan’s counterinsurgency strategy
o Population centric (not terrain centric nor enemy centric)
 Winning hearts and minds (WHAM): emotive and cognitive

37
Q
  • Definition insurgency
A

o An insurgency is an organised movement aimed at the overthrow of a constituted government through the use of subversion and armed conflict.

38
Q
  • Five shifting policies
    war on drugs
A

o 2001-2002: Hands-off Approach
o 2002-2009: Hands-On Approach
o 2009-2016: Alternative likelihood
o 2017-2019: Intensive airstrike
o 2019-2021: End of War on Drugs

39
Q

Afghanistan 3 comparaqtive advantages for poppy production

A
  1. physcial condition: high yield of the crops, welcoming climate. Temperate, warm and less humid weather.
  2. Political condition: insecurity & poor institutional weakness & absense of rules and regulations.
  3. Economic condition: rural poverty prevented development of alternative licit livelihood

Afghanistan-War and statebuilding (10 decks)

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