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PCM > Postures & Planes > Flashcards

Postures & Planes Flashcards

1
Q

Medial

A

Toward the midline

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2
Q

Lateral

A

Away from the midline

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3
Q

Internal/Deep

A

Away from the surface of the body

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4
Q

External/Superficial

A

Toward the surface of the body

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5
Q

Proximal

A

Toward the trunk of the body, to the point of origin

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6
Q

Distal

A

Away from the trunk of the body, from the point of origin

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7
Q

Ipsilateral

A

Same side

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8
Q

Contralateral

A

Opposite side

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9
Q

Anterior/Ventral

A

Front surface of the body

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10
Q

Posterior/Dorsal

A

Back surface of the body

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11
Q

Superior/Cephalad

A

Situated above, directed upward, toward the head

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12
Q

Inferior/Caudad

A

Situated below, directed downward, toward the tail

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13
Q

Prone

A

Lying face down

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14
Q

Supine

A

Lying face up

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15
Q

Planes

A

A flat surface passing through the body and dividing it into segments

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16
Q

Coronal/Frontal Plane

A

Passing longitudinally through the body from one side to the other dividing the body into anterior and posterior portions

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17
Q

Sagittarius Plane

A

Passing longitudinally through the body from front to b ack and dividing it into right and left portions

18
Q

Transverse/Horizontal Plane

A

Passing horizontally through the body dividing it into upper and lower portions

19
Q

Axis

A

An imaginary line about which motion occurs

In reference position, axes are perpendicular to the anatomic plane

20
Q

Anterior-Posterior Axis (A-P Axis)

A

Runs perpendicular to the coronal/frontal plane (divides front half and back half

21
Q

Transverse Axis (Right-Left Axis)

A

Runs perpendicular to the Sagittarius plane (divides the right half and left half)

22
Q

Longitudinal Axis (Superior-Inferior Axis)

A

Runs perpendicular to the transverse plane (divides the top half and bottom half)

23
Q

Lateral Flexion

A

Movement in a coronal/frontal plane about an anterior-posterior axis
Side bending left/right

24
Q

Flexion

A

Forward motion in a Sagittarius plane of the spine, about a transverse axis
Forward bending

25
Q

Extension

A

Backward motion in a Sagittarius plane of the spine about a transverse axis
Backward bending

26
Q

Rotation

A

Movement in a transverse plane about a superior-inferior axis, also a term used for motion about an axis
Circular or twisting

27
Q

Gravitational Line

A

Viewing the patient from the side, an imaginary line in a coronal plane which starts:
At or slightly anterior to the lateral malleolus
Passes across the lateral condyle of the knee
The greater trochanter
Through the lateral head of the humerus at the tip of the shoulder
To the auditory meatus
If plane is through the body it would intersect:
Body of third lumbar vertebra (L3 (or L2))
Anterior sacrum

28
Q

Posture

A

Position of the body, distribution of body mass in relation to gravity
Ideal posture and alignment in relation to the gravitational line

29
Q

Postural Compensation

A

Occurs in all three planes of body motion to keep the body balanced and eyes level
The result of homeostatic mechanisms working through the entire body unit to maximize function
CNS prioritized vision and balance functions
Spinal compensation involves proprioception from tendons and muscles
Vestibular information from semicircular canals

30
Q

Postural Decompensation

A 
Distribution of body mass away from ideal when postural homeostatic mechanisms are overwhelmed
Failure of the body to align
Coronal - scoliosis
Horizontal - rotation
Sagittarius - kyphosis/lordosis
31
Q

Kyphosis

A

Normal AP curve of the thoracic spine with con cavity anterior lay and convex its posterior lay
Degree can vary with age, postural habits, and osteoporosis
Can be exaggerated

32
Q

Lordosis

A

Normal anterior convexity in the curvature of the lumbar and cervical spine as viewed from the side
Degree can vary
Can be exaggerated

33
Q

Scoliosis

A

Lateral curvature in the coronal/frontal plane
Can create a C or S shaped deviation
Can be structural, pathological, or functional

34
Q

Pectus Excavatum

A

Funnel chest
Abnormally depressed lower sternum
Compression of structures

35
Q

Pectus Carinatum

A

Pigeon chest
Abnormal prominence of sternum anterior lay
AP diameter increased

36
Q

Osteopathic Postural Examination

A

Focuses on the static and dynamic responses of the body to gravity while in the erect position
Patient stands on a level surface without shoes
All extremities in full extension
Feet 6-8 inches apart with heels in same frontal plane and toes abducted about 15 degrees
Physician stands facing aspect of patient to be evaluated (front, back, side)
Examiner’s eyes at level of the part being viewed
Light Palpation may be used to confirm anatomic landmarks or observations

37
Q

Postural Exam Landmarks: Posterior View

A 
Achilles' tendon
Foot position
Medial malleolus
Relation of spine to midline
Symmetry of calves, thighs, buttocks
Popliteal lines
Gluteal creases
Lateral body lines
Greater trochanters
PSIS
Heights of iliac crests
Waist creases
Scapular prominence and angle
Rib cage rotation
Fingertip levels
Arm position
Shoulder levels
Neck-shoulder angle
Earlobe levels
Mastoid process
Posterior cirri cal muscle mass
Head position
Body position relative to vertical mid-spinal line
38
Q

Postural Exam Landmarks: Anterior View

A 
Lateral body line
Position of feet and arches (pronation/supination)
Medial malleolus
Tibial tuberosity
Patella
ASIS
Hip prominence
Greater trochanter
Iliac crest
Waist crease
Arm position
Prominence of costal arches
Rib cage angle and rotation
Thoracic symmetry
Sternal angle
Shoulder position
Sternocleidomastoid muscle
Jaw position
Facial symmetry
Level of eyes
Level of earlobes
Head position
Deviation of cervical spine and skull from midline
39
Q

Postural Exam Landmarks: Lateral View

A 
Anterior/Posterior body lines
Feet arches
Knee flexion/extension
Spinal curves: cervical/lumbar lordosis; thoracic/sacral kyphosis; C-T junction; T-L junction; L-S junction
Shoulder and arms
Hips and pelvis
Abdomen
Sternal angle
Thorax
Head position
40
Q

Observation Prior to Palpation

A

Color changes:

  • pallor
  • erythema (redness) - infection, inflammation, somatic dysfunction

Trauma:

  • scars
  • bruises
  • lacerations
  • abrasions
  • swelling
  • blemishes
  • masses
  • piercings
  • tattoos
41
Q

Anatomical Position

A 
Erect body
Feet parallel
Eyes forward
Arms to the sides
Palms forward
Thumbs to the outside of the body
(Lateral part of arm = radius (thumb side); medial part of arm = ulna)

PCM (26 decks)

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