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Year 2 Development > Postnatal and Child development > Flashcards

Postnatal and Child development Flashcards

1
Q

At 4 weeks what are the parts of the foetal brain?

A

Prpsencephalon (future forebrain)
Mesencephalon (future midbrain)
Rhombencephalon (future hindbrain)
Future spinal cord

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2
Q

What are the three flexure’s present at 4 weeks?

A

Cephalic
Pontine
Cervical

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3
Q

At 5 weeks what structures are present?

A

telencephalon
diencephalon
pons
medulla

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4
Q

At 8 weeks what is forming?

A

Developing ventricle system (third, fourth ventricle and aqueduct)
Developing hemispheres

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5
Q

What is the brain like at term?

A 
full developed cortex
ventricular system
cerebellum
pons 
medulla
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6
Q

What is the function of the prefrontal association are?

A

Executive function

Concentration

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7
Q

What does deficit in the prefrontal association area lead to?

A

ADHD

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8
Q

What does the spinal cord consist of?

A

White and Grey matter

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9
Q

What is the grey matter responsible for?

A

Motor neurons

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10
Q

How are the nerves organised within the spinal tracts?

A

Pyramidal tracts (lateral and anterior corticospinal tracts)

Extrapyramidal tracts

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11
Q

What is the role of the extrapyramidal tracts?

A

Regulation of posture and balance

important in primitive reflexes in small infants

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12
Q

What are the primitive refelxes seen when examining infants?

A

Morrow reflex (extension of neck, abduction and then adduction of arms)

Grasp reflex

Opening of fingers due to stroking

Parachute reflexes - outstretched arms when tilted upside down

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13
Q

What is the significance of primitive reflexes?

A

Develops 28-30 weeks gestation
Disappear 3-6 months (morrow)
6-9 months (grasp)
Persistence of these reflexes can demonstrate impaired development

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14
Q

What is developement?

A

Global impression of a child encompassing growth in understanding, acquisition of new skilles

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15
Q

Who knows about children’s development?

A

Parents
Doctors
Nursery nurses
Teachers

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16
Q

When is development assessed?

A

Opportunistically

Planned programme of reviews

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17
Q

What are the 4 domain of child developement?

A

Gross motor skills
Fine motor skills
Speech and language
Social skills

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18
Q

What comprises gross motor skills?

A 
Position
Head lag
Sitting
Walking 
Running
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19
Q

What comprises fine motor skills?

A 
Use of hands 
Grasp and fine pincer
Bricks
Crayon
Puzzles
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20
Q

What comprises speech and language skills?

A

Vocalisation
Words
Understanding
Imaginative play

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21
Q

What comprises social skills?

A

Social interaction
Stranger reaction
Eating skills
Dressing

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22
Q

What do you first look at when assessing a newborn?

A

See how the baby is positioned
As a newborn they will have a limited flexed, symmetrical posture
with a marked head lag on pulling up (lack of neck muscle maturity)

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23
Q

What is the positioning by 6-8 weeks?

A

Raises head to 45 degrees in prone

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24
Q

What is the positioning by 6-8 months?

A

Sits without support
At 6 months: with round back, good baseline posture
At 8 months: with straight back

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25
Q

What happens around 3-5 months? (gross motor)

A

Babies begin to roll independently

Can pull themselves up and have outstretched arms

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26
Q

What happens around 8-9 months? (gross motor)

A

Crawling

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27
Q

What happens at 10 months? (gross motor)

A

Cruises around furniture

Need to be aware of safety around the home

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28
Q

What occurs at 12 months? (gross motor)

A

Walks unsteadily, broad gait with hands apart

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29
Q

What happens at 15 months? (gross motor)

A

Walks steadily

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30
Q

What is important to note regarding motor development?

A 
Many variations of normal
e.g. sitting to crawl to walk
OR 
shuffling before walking 
all fours before walking
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31
Q

What happens at 6 weeks? (vision and fine motor)

A

Follows moving objects or face by turning head

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32
Q

What happens at 4 months? (vision and fine motor)

A

Reaches out for toys

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33
Q

What happens at 4-6 months? (vision and fine motor)

A

Palmar grasp
Thumb and fingers grasp as one piece
‘Inferior grasp’

34
Q

What happens at 7 months? (vision and fine motor)

A

Transferring of objects from one hand to the other

35
Q

What happens at 10 months? (vision and fine motor)

A

Hold object between thumb and index finger

‘Mature pincer grip’

36
Q

What happens at 16-18 months? (vision and fine motor)

A

Make marks with a crayon

37
Q

What progressively improves between 14 months and 4 years?

A

Building blocks

tower of three –> steps

38
Q

What progressively improves between 2-5 years?

A

Ability to draw without seeing how it is done
Line –> Triangle
Can draw after seeing it done 6 months earlier

39
Q

What is apparent in a newborn? (hearing, speech and language)

A

Responds to startling noises

40
Q

What is apparent at 7 months? (hearing, speech and language)

A

Turns to soft sounds out sight

Sounds used indiscriminately

41
Q

What is apparent at 10 months? (hearing, speech and language)

A

Sounds used discriminately to parents

42
Q

What is the babble of babies with hearing impairments sound like?

A

Montone sound

43
Q

What is apparent at 12 months? (hearing, speech and language)

A

2-3 words other than ‘dada’ and ‘mama’

44
Q

What is apparent at 18 months? (hearing, speech and language)

A

6-10 words

Shows two parts of body e.g. where is your nose and then points

45
Q

What is apparent at 20-24 months? (hearing, speech and language)

A

Uses two or more words to make simple phrases

46
Q

What is apparent at 2.5-3 years? (hearing, speech and language)

A

Talks constantly in 3-4 word sentences

47
Q

What can be different in autism?

A

Disordered speech and language development
No words
Babble

48
Q

What is apparent at 18 months? (social, emotional and behavioural )

A

Holds spoon and gets food safely to mouth

49
Q

What is apparent at 18-24 months? (social, emotional and behavioural )

A

Good imaginative play

50
Q

What is apparent at 6 weeks? (social, emotional and behavioural )

A

Smiles responsively

51
Q

What is apparent at 6-8 months? (social, emotional and behavioural )

A

Puts food in mouth

52
Q

What is apparent at 10-12 months? (social, emotional and behavioural )

A

Waves bye-bye

Peek a boo

53
Q

What is apparent at 12 months? (social, emotional and behavioural )

A

Holds a cup and drinks from it using two hands

54
Q

What is apparent at 2 years? (social, emotional and behavioural )

A

Toilet training
Dry by day
Pulls off some clothing

55
Q

What is apparent at 2.5 - 3 years? (social, emotional and behavioural )

A

Parallel play
Interactive play evolving
Takes turns

56
Q

What are patterns of abnormal developement?

A

Slow but steady
Plateau
Regression - early sign of serious illness

57
Q

What are limit ages?

A

Warning of when a child has not reached particular milestones
e.g. head control by latest 4 months
sitting unsupported by latest 9 months

58
Q

Give examples of abnormal motor development at 1.5-2 months that may suggest cerebral palsy?

A 
Unable to lift head or push up on arms
Stiff extended legs 
Pushing back with head 
Constantly fisted hand and stiff leg on one side 
Difficulty moving out of this position?
59
Q

What is abnormal motor development 3-6 months?

A 
Unable to lift head 
Floppy trunk
Stiff arms 
Extended legs 
Arms flexed and held back
60
Q

What causes these abnormal motor signs?

A

Increased muscle tone
Disinhibition of the motor neurons to the lower limbs
Possibility of early cerebral palsy

61
Q

What is abnormal motor development 6-9 months that may suggest cerebral palsy?

A 
Poor head control 
Difficulty getting arms forward
Arches back 
Pointed toes
Will not take weight on legs
62
Q

What is abnormal motor development 9-13 months that may suggest cerebral palsy?

A 
Not interested in weight bearing
Difficulty in pulling to stand 
Stiff elgs 
Cannot crawl on hands an knees
Uses one side of body to move
63
Q

What is abnormal motor development 12-18 months that may suggest cerebral palsy?

A 
Holds arms or both arms stiffly and bent 
Excessive tiptoe gait
Sits with weight to one side 
Uses predominantly one hand for play
One leg may be stiff
64
Q

What are the fields of development surrounding vision and fine motor? (limit ages)

A

Fixes and follows visually by 3 months
Reaches for objects at 6 months
Transfers by 9 months

65
Q

What are the fields of development surrounding hearing and speech? (limit ages)

A

Polysyllabic babble by 7 months
Consonant babble by 10 months
Saying 6 words with meaning by 18 months
Join words 2 years

66
Q

What are the fields of development re social behaviour? (limit ages)

A 
Smiles by 8 weeks
Fear of stranger by 10 months 
Feeds by 18 months
Symbolic play by 2 years 
Interactive play by 3 years
67
Q

What is the planned review programme?

A 
The healthy child programme 
3 components
- Screening
- General examination and immunisation
- Health education and promotion
68
Q

When does screening occur?

A 
Throughout pregnancy 
At birth (bloodspot, hearing and physical)
69
Q

When are there child health reviews?

A 
Birth visit
10-14 day visit 
6-8 week reviews 
First year reviews
Two year review 
Health review at school
70
Q

What health promotion activity is given? (early years)

A 
Relationships
Breast feeding
Vaccination 
Reading
Weaning
Social and emotional
Injury prevention
Learning
Physical activity
Nutrition
71
Q

What health promotion activity is given? (late years)

A

Healthy weight
Sexual health
Encourage physical activity

72
Q

What are the categories of causes of development impairment ?

A

Prenatal
Perinatal
Postnatal

73
Q

What is done when evaluating the child (history)?

A

History

  • parental concern
  • birth history
  • family history

PMHx

  • developmental history
  • current skills

Examination

  • developmental assessment (general and neurological)
  • further as required
74
Q

What is the approach to developmental assessment?

A

Ask
Observe
Task

75
Q

What needs to be assessed in a developmental assessment?

A

Milestones proceeding age
Expected milestones fora age
Next important milestones

76
Q

What factors influence developmental delay?

A

Ill health e.g. ear infections affecting speech
Lack of physical/physiological stimuli
Reduce inherent potential
Sensory/motor impairment

77
Q

What are the types of developmental delay?

A

Global

Specific

  • Langauge
  • Motor
  • Sensory
  • Cognitive
78
Q

What are some causes of global delay?

A

Chromosomal abnormalities e.g. Down’s, Fragile X

Metabolic
e.g. hypothyroidism, inborn errors of metabolism

Antenatal and perinatal factors
e.g. infections, drugs, toxins, anoxia, trauma, folate def

Environmental-social issues

Chronic illness

79
Q

What are causes of motor delay?

A 
Cerebral palsy
Down's
Congenital dislocation hip
Social deprivation
Muscular dystrophy 
Neural tube e.g. spina bifida 
Hydrocephalus
80
Q

What causes language delay?

A 
Hearing loss
Learning disability
Autistic spectrum disorder 
Lack of stimulation
Impaired comprehension of language
Impaired speech production
81
Q

What are come commonly used assessment tool?

A 
Standardised tests
Schedule of growing skills
Griffiths developmental scale
Bailey developmental scale
Denver developmental screening tests

Year 2 Development (9 decks)

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