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Year 2 Development > Postnatal and Child development > Flashcards

Postnatal and Child development Flashcards

1
Q

At 4 weeks what are the parts of the foetal brain?

A

Prpsencephalon (future forebrain)
Mesencephalon (future midbrain)
Rhombencephalon (future hindbrain)
Future spinal cord

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2
Q

What are the three flexure’s present at 4 weeks?

A

Cephalic
Pontine
Cervical

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3
Q

At 5 weeks what structures are present?

A

telencephalon
diencephalon
pons
medulla

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4
Q

At 8 weeks what is forming?

A

Developing ventricle system (third, fourth ventricle and aqueduct)
Developing hemispheres

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5
Q

What is the brain like at term?

A 
full developed cortex
ventricular system
cerebellum
pons 
medulla
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6
Q

What is the function of the prefrontal association are?

A

Executive function

Concentration

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7
Q

What does deficit in the prefrontal association area lead to?

A

ADHD

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8
Q

What does the spinal cord consist of?

A

White and Grey matter

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9
Q

What is the grey matter responsible for?

A

Motor neurons

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10
Q

How are the nerves organised within the spinal tracts?

A

Pyramidal tracts (lateral and anterior corticospinal tracts)

Extrapyramidal tracts

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11
Q

What is the role of the extrapyramidal tracts?

A

Regulation of posture and balance

important in primitive reflexes in small infants

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12
Q

What are the primitive refelxes seen when examining infants?

A

Morrow reflex (extension of neck, abduction and then adduction of arms)

Grasp reflex

Opening of fingers due to stroking

Parachute reflexes - outstretched arms when tilted upside down

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13
Q

What is the significance of primitive reflexes?

A

Develops 28-30 weeks gestation
Disappear 3-6 months (morrow)
6-9 months (grasp)
Persistence of these reflexes can demonstrate impaired development

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14
Q

What is developement?

A

Global impression of a child encompassing growth in understanding, acquisition of new skilles

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15
Q

Who knows about children’s development?

A

Parents
Doctors
Nursery nurses
Teachers

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16
Q

When is development assessed?

A

Opportunistically

Planned programme of reviews

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17
Q

What are the 4 domain of child developement?

A

Gross motor skills
Fine motor skills
Speech and language
Social skills

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18
Q

What comprises gross motor skills?

A 
Position
Head lag
Sitting
Walking 
Running
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19
Q

What comprises fine motor skills?

A 
Use of hands 
Grasp and fine pincer
Bricks
Crayon
Puzzles
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20
Q

What comprises speech and language skills?

A

Vocalisation
Words
Understanding
Imaginative play

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21
Q

What comprises social skills?

A

Social interaction
Stranger reaction
Eating skills
Dressing

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22
Q

What do you first look at when assessing a newborn?

A

See how the baby is positioned
As a newborn they will have a limited flexed, symmetrical posture
with a marked head lag on pulling up (lack of neck muscle maturity)

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23
Q

What is the positioning by 6-8 weeks?

A

Raises head to 45 degrees in prone

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24
Q

What is the positioning by 6-8 months?

A

Sits without support
At 6 months: with round back, good baseline posture
At 8 months: with straight back

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25
What happens around 3-5 months? (gross motor)
Babies begin to roll independently | Can pull themselves up and have outstretched arms
26
What happens around 8-9 months? (gross motor)
Crawling
27
What happens at 10 months? (gross motor)
Cruises around furniture | Need to be aware of safety around the home
28
What occurs at 12 months? (gross motor)
Walks unsteadily, broad gait with hands apart
29
What happens at 15 months? (gross motor)
Walks steadily
30
What is important to note regarding motor development?
``` Many variations of normal e.g. sitting to crawl to walk OR shuffling before walking all fours before walking ```
31
What happens at 6 weeks? (vision and fine motor)
Follows moving objects or face by turning head
32
What happens at 4 months? (vision and fine motor)
Reaches out for toys
33
What happens at 4-6 months? (vision and fine motor)
Palmar grasp Thumb and fingers grasp as one piece 'Inferior grasp'
34
What happens at 7 months? (vision and fine motor)
Transferring of objects from one hand to the other
35
What happens at 10 months? (vision and fine motor)
Hold object between thumb and index finger | 'Mature pincer grip'
36
What happens at 16-18 months? (vision and fine motor)
Make marks with a crayon
37
What progressively improves between 14 months and 4 years?
Building blocks | tower of three --> steps
38
What progressively improves between 2-5 years?
Ability to draw without seeing how it is done Line --> Triangle Can draw after seeing it done 6 months earlier
39
What is apparent in a newborn? (hearing, speech and language)
Responds to startling noises
40
What is apparent at 7 months? (hearing, speech and language)
Turns to soft sounds out sight | Sounds used indiscriminately
41
What is apparent at 10 months? (hearing, speech and language)
Sounds used discriminately to parents
42
What is the babble of babies with hearing impairments sound like?
Montone sound
43
What is apparent at 12 months? (hearing, speech and language)
2-3 words other than 'dada' and 'mama'
44
What is apparent at 18 months? (hearing, speech and language)
6-10 words | Shows two parts of body e.g. where is your nose and then points
45
What is apparent at 20-24 months? (hearing, speech and language)
Uses two or more words to make simple phrases
46
What is apparent at 2.5-3 years? (hearing, speech and language)
Talks constantly in 3-4 word sentences
47
What can be different in autism?
Disordered speech and language development No words Babble
48
What is apparent at 18 months? (social, emotional and behavioural )
Holds spoon and gets food safely to mouth
49
What is apparent at 18-24 months? (social, emotional and behavioural )
Good imaginative play
50
What is apparent at 6 weeks? (social, emotional and behavioural )
Smiles responsively
51
What is apparent at 6-8 months? (social, emotional and behavioural )
Puts food in mouth
52
What is apparent at 10-12 months? (social, emotional and behavioural )
Waves bye-bye | Peek a boo
53
What is apparent at 12 months? (social, emotional and behavioural )
Holds a cup and drinks from it using two hands
54
What is apparent at 2 years? (social, emotional and behavioural )
Toilet training Dry by day Pulls off some clothing
55
What is apparent at 2.5 - 3 years? (social, emotional and behavioural )
Parallel play Interactive play evolving Takes turns
56
What are patterns of abnormal developement?
Slow but steady Plateau Regression - early sign of serious illness
57
What are limit ages?
Warning of when a child has not reached particular milestones e.g. head control by latest 4 months sitting unsupported by latest 9 months
58
Give examples of abnormal motor development at 1.5-2 months that may suggest cerebral palsy?
``` Unable to lift head or push up on arms Stiff extended legs Pushing back with head Constantly fisted hand and stiff leg on one side Difficulty moving out of this position? ```
59
What is abnormal motor development 3-6 months?
``` Unable to lift head Floppy trunk Stiff arms Extended legs Arms flexed and held back ```
60
What causes these abnormal motor signs?
Increased muscle tone Disinhibition of the motor neurons to the lower limbs Possibility of early cerebral palsy
61
What is abnormal motor development 6-9 months that may suggest cerebral palsy?
``` Poor head control Difficulty getting arms forward Arches back Pointed toes Will not take weight on legs ```
62
What is abnormal motor development 9-13 months that may suggest cerebral palsy?
``` Not interested in weight bearing Difficulty in pulling to stand Stiff elgs Cannot crawl on hands an knees Uses one side of body to move ```
63
What is abnormal motor development 12-18 months that may suggest cerebral palsy?
``` Holds arms or both arms stiffly and bent Excessive tiptoe gait Sits with weight to one side Uses predominantly one hand for play One leg may be stiff ```
64
What are the fields of development surrounding vision and fine motor? (limit ages)
Fixes and follows visually by 3 months Reaches for objects at 6 months Transfers by 9 months
65
What are the fields of development surrounding hearing and speech? (limit ages)
Polysyllabic babble by 7 months Consonant babble by 10 months Saying 6 words with meaning by 18 months Join words 2 years
66
What are the fields of development re social behaviour? (limit ages)
``` Smiles by 8 weeks Fear of stranger by 10 months Feeds by 18 months Symbolic play by 2 years Interactive play by 3 years ```
67
What is the planned review programme?
``` The healthy child programme 3 components - Screening - General examination and immunisation - Health education and promotion ```
68
When does screening occur?
``` Throughout pregnancy At birth (bloodspot, hearing and physical) ```
69
When are there child health reviews?
``` Birth visit 10-14 day visit 6-8 week reviews First year reviews Two year review Health review at school ```
70
What health promotion activity is given? (early years)
``` Relationships Breast feeding Vaccination Reading Weaning Social and emotional Injury prevention Learning Physical activity Nutrition ```
71
What health promotion activity is given? (late years)
Healthy weight Sexual health Encourage physical activity
72
What are the categories of causes of development impairment ?
Prenatal Perinatal Postnatal
73
What is done when evaluating the child (history)?
History - parental concern - birth history - family history PMHx - developmental history - current skills Examination - developmental assessment (general and neurological) - further as required
74
What is the approach to developmental assessment?
Ask Observe Task
75
What needs to be assessed in a developmental assessment?
Milestones proceeding age Expected milestones fora age Next important milestones
76
What factors influence developmental delay?
Ill health e.g. ear infections affecting speech Lack of physical/physiological stimuli Reduce inherent potential Sensory/motor impairment
77
What are the types of developmental delay?
Global Specific - Langauge - Motor - Sensory - Cognitive
78
What are some causes of global delay?
Chromosomal abnormalities e.g. Down's, Fragile X Metabolic e.g. hypothyroidism, inborn errors of metabolism Antenatal and perinatal factors e.g. infections, drugs, toxins, anoxia, trauma, folate def Environmental-social issues Chronic illness
79
What are causes of motor delay?
``` Cerebral palsy Down's Congenital dislocation hip Social deprivation Muscular dystrophy Neural tube e.g. spina bifida Hydrocephalus ```
80
What causes language delay?
``` Hearing loss Learning disability Autistic spectrum disorder Lack of stimulation Impaired comprehension of language Impaired speech production ```
81
What are come commonly used assessment tool?
``` Standardised tests Schedule of growing skills Griffiths developmental scale Bailey developmental scale Denver developmental screening tests ```

Year 2 Development (9 decks)

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