Early nutrition and Lifelong health Flashcards
Is there a biological difference between breast milk and formula?
Yes, they are totally different
But 67% of people said no
72% of people do not think being formula fed has long-term consequences for health
What are the WHO guidelines for the length of breast feeding?
Exclusive for 6 months
But up to 2 years and beyond with complimentary food
What is the full duration of breastfeeding per child?
From primate studies and tribal humans
Between 4 and 7 years
What is a unifying factor of mammals?
All mammals have the capacity to lactate
Even if they are egg laying or placental mammals
What is the difference between cows and human milk?
Cows milk have more protein
As they are bred to have a lot of muscle mass
Infants on formula grow faster
What are the benefits of human milk?
Developmental tool Epigenetic regulator Innate immunity Antimicrobial factors High fatty acid composition Pluripotent stem cells
What is a proposed theory for why human brains are different?
Infant brain growth is incredibly fast
Could be as a result of the breast being good at extracting fats
What are the antiviral functions of human milk?
sIgA Oligosaccharides Lactoferrin Lysozymes and many others are found in milk and have antiviral properties
What is the relationship between breast milk and gut microbiome?
Variance in the infant gut microbiome depends almost solely on breast milk for the first 14 months
What is the microbiome patterned by?
Aberrant microbiome is patterned by infant feeding
What disease are linked to aberrant microbiome?
Asthma Obesity Type I diabetes mellitus Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia Neurological disease
Why is breast feeding very important?
Setting infants on.a trajectory of health from the beginning
Why have the differences in children who have and have not breast fed not been appreciated?
Methodology of all studies have been flawed
What is a possible mechanism via metabolic disturbances are associated with breast feeding?
Fatty acids found only in human (and donkey) milk
Work through an immune mechanism to work through beige adipocytes and convert to white adipocytes
If breast fed the thermogenic cells are able to help regulate fat stores in later life
What is the association between breast feeding and cancer?
Breast, ovarian, endometrial and oesophageal cancer risk is reduced by breast feeding
Triple negative breast cancers that have worse prognosis and affect younger women - breastfeeding reduced this by 20%
What is the link between breast feeding and postnatal depression?
Reduces risk of post natal depression
What is normal lactation?
Prolactin helps lactocytes to produce milk
Oxytocin aids with milk secretion
Supply meets demand
The more the baby feeds the more milk is produces
How often do babies breastfeed in 24 hours?
8-12 times
What is cluster feeding?
Feeding solidly for 6-8 hours
Ramps up the mothers supply
Establishes the mothers ability to produce a full supply
What are factors that can decrease mothers milk supply?
Supplementing with formula milk
Using a dummy in the early weeks
Separating mother and baby
Trying to follow a routine
Sleep training
What is responsive feeding?
Interaction between mother and child
Mother can pick up on babies signals
What is responsive feeding associated with?
Higher prolactin levels Longer duration of breastfeeding Fewer breastfeeding difficulties Increased milk supply Lower risk of overweight Later satiety responsiveness
