Early nutrition and Lifelong health

Question 1

Is there a biological difference between breast milk and formula?

Answer 1

Yes, they are totally different
But 67% of people said no
72% of people do not think being formula fed has long-term consequences for health

Question 2

What are the WHO guidelines for the length of breast feeding?

Answer 2

Exclusive for 6 months

But up to 2 years and beyond with complimentary food

Question 3

What is the full duration of breastfeeding per child?

Answer 3

From primate studies and tribal humans

Between 4 and 7 years

Question 4

What is a unifying factor of mammals?

Answer 4

All mammals have the capacity to lactate

Even if they are egg laying or placental mammals

Question 5

What is the difference between cows and human milk?

Answer 5

Cows milk have more protein
As they are bred to have a lot of muscle mass
Infants on formula grow faster

Question 6

What are the benefits of human milk?

Answer 6

Developmental tool
Epigenetic regulator
Innate immunity
Antimicrobial factors
High fatty acid composition 
Pluripotent stem cells

Question 7

What is a proposed theory for why human brains are different?

Answer 7

Infant brain growth is incredibly fast

Could be as a result of the breast being good at extracting fats

Question 8

What are the antiviral functions of human milk?

Answer 8

sIgA 
Oligosaccharides
Lactoferrin
Lysozymes 
and many others are found in milk and have antiviral properties

Question 9

What is the relationship between breast milk and gut microbiome?

Answer 9

Variance in the infant gut microbiome depends almost solely on breast milk for the first 14 months

Question 10

What is the microbiome patterned by?

Answer 10

Aberrant microbiome is patterned by infant feeding

Question 11

What disease are linked to aberrant microbiome?

Answer 11

Asthma
Obesity
Type I diabetes mellitus
Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia
Neurological disease

Question 12

Why is breast feeding very important?

Answer 12

Setting infants on.a trajectory of health from the beginning

Question 13

Why have the differences in children who have and have not breast fed not been appreciated?

Answer 13

Methodology of all studies have been flawed

Question 14

What is a possible mechanism via metabolic disturbances are associated with breast feeding?

Answer 14

Fatty acids found only in human (and donkey) milk

Work through an immune mechanism to work through beige adipocytes and convert to white adipocytes

If breast fed the thermogenic cells are able to help regulate fat stores in later life

Question 15

What is the association between breast feeding and cancer?

Answer 15

Breast, ovarian, endometrial and oesophageal cancer risk is reduced by breast feeding
Triple negative breast cancers that have worse prognosis and affect younger women - breastfeeding reduced this by 20%

Question 16

What is the link between breast feeding and postnatal depression?

Answer 16

Reduces risk of post natal depression

Question 17

What is normal lactation?

Answer 17

Prolactin helps lactocytes to produce milk
Oxytocin aids with milk secretion
Supply meets demand
The more the baby feeds the more milk is produces

Question 18

How often do babies breastfeed in 24 hours?

Answer 18

8-12 times

Question 19

What is cluster feeding?

Answer 19

Feeding solidly for 6-8 hours
Ramps up the mothers supply
Establishes the mothers ability to produce a full supply

Question 20

What are factors that can decrease mothers milk supply?

Answer 20

Supplementing with formula milk

Using a dummy in the early weeks

Separating mother and baby

Trying to follow a routine

Sleep training

Question 21

What is responsive feeding?

Answer 21

Interaction between mother and child

Mother can pick up on babies signals

Question 22

What is responsive feeding associated with?

Answer 22

Higher prolactin levels 
Longer duration of breastfeeding
Fewer breastfeeding difficulties
Increased milk supply
Lower risk of overweight
Later satiety responsiveness