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Anatomy Exam 1 > Posterior Triangle > Flashcards

Posterior Triangle Flashcards

1
Q

investing (superficial) fascia

A

a ‘sleeve’ binding all structures in the neck; attached to ligamentum nuchae (C2-C6) and spinous process of C7 vertebrae

  • splits to enclose trapezius and sternocleidomastoid mm
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2
Q

infrayhyoid fascia (pretracheal hyoid) fascia

A

covers the supra and infrahoid mm (strap muscles)

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3
Q

pretracheal (visceral) fascia

A

viscera surrounded w a layer of fascia including the thyroid and parathyroid glands, larynx, trachea, and esophagus

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4
Q

carotid sheath

A

carotid a, internal jugular v, vagus n

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5
Q

prevertebral (deep cervical) fascia

A

covering vertebral musculature

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6
Q

fascial layers of the neck

A

1) investing (superficial)
2) pretracheal hyoid (infrahyoid)
3) pretrachal (visceral)
4) carotid sheath
5) prevertebral (deep cervical)

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7
Q

what are the anterior, posterior, and inferior borders of the posterior triangle?

A

Anterior: sternocleidomastoid m (from mastoid porcess above ear to proximal 1/3 clavicle)

Posterior: Trapezius (distal 1/3 of clavicle)

Inferior: clavicle

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8
Q

what muscle divides the posterior triangle into the occipital and supraclavicular triangles?

A

the inferior belly of the omohyoid muscle

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9
Q

which triangle is above, which is below the omohyoid muscle in the posterior triangle?

A

above: occipital
below: supraclavicular (omoclavicular)

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10
Q
A

1) sternocleidomastoid muscle
2) levator scaulae
3) scalene
4) brachial plexus
5) omohyoid muscle

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11
Q

what innervates the SCM muscle?

A

accessory nerve (CN XI)

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12
Q

acting together, what is the main function of the sternocleidomastoid muscle?

A

flex the neck so the chin is thrust forward

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13
Q

when all three scalene muscles work together, what is their collective function?

A

lateral rotation of the neck

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14
Q

what are the contents of the occipital triangle, from superior to inferior?

A

splenius capitis, levator scapulae, posterior scalene

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15
Q

what are the contents of the supraclavicular triangle, from superior to inferior?

A

anterior scalene, 1st rib, upper part of serratus anterior

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16
Q

which scalene muscle is the largest/longest?

A

middle

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17
Q

which scalene muscles elevate the 1st rib, and which elevate the 2nd?

A

anterior and middle: 1st rib

posterior: 2nd rib

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18
Q

all three scalene muscles work to laterally flex the neck. in addition to this, what does the anterior scalene also do?

A

anteriorly flexes the neck

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19
Q

all scalene muscles are innervated by the …

A

cervical plexus

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20
Q

platysma

A

the muscle of facial expression

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21
Q

erb’s point

A

halfway btw the mastoid process and the sternum; where the cutaneous branches of the cervical plexus emerge

(halfway along the posterior border of the sternocleidomastoid muscle)

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22
Q

what are the contents of the occipital triangle?

A

cervical plexus (cutaneous branches)

accessory nerve XI (from jugular foramen)

phrenic nerve

transverse cervical a

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23
Q

what are the 4 cutaneous branches of the cervical plexus?

A

1) transverse cervical
2) great auricular
3) lesser occipital
4) supraclavicular

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24
Q

transverse cervical nerve

A

cutaneous branch of the cervical plexus

from ventral rami C2-C3

cutaneous nerve to throat

(lies directly anteriorly from Erb’s point, over larynx)

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25
Q

great auricular nerve

A

cutaneous branch of the cervical pleus

from ventral rami of C2-C3

nerve to area around ear

(lies on top of jugular vein and SCM muscle)

26
Q

lesser occipital nerve

A

cutaneous branch of the cervical plexus

ventral rami of C2, sometimes C3

nerve to skin near mastoid process

(follows posterior border of SCM to innervate area behind the ear)

27
Q

supraclavicular nerve

A

cutaneous branch of the cervical plexus

from ventral rami of C3-C4

splits into 3 branches (ant, middle, post)

nerve to area over the clavicle

28
Q
A

1) transverse cervical n
2) supraclavicular n
3) greater auricular n
4) lesser occipital n

29
Q

where are the motor branches of the cervical plexus?

A

motor portion lies deep to the sensory portion, and much of it can be found in the carotid triangle

30
Q

what are the 3 motor branches of the cervical plexus?

A

phrenic n

ansa cervicalis

ventral rami

31
Q

phrenic n

A

C3-4-5 keeps the diaphragm alive

sits ON TOP OF THE ANTERIOR SCALENE

32
Q

what innervates the ansa cervicalis, what are its 2 roots?

A

C1-2-3

superior root (descendens hypoglossi)

inferior root (descendens cervicalis)

innervates the STRAP muscles

33
Q

Superior (anterior) root of the ansa cervicalis (descendens hypoglossi)

A

C1 ventral ramus

provides separate innervation to the thyrohyoid and geniohyoid mm

34
Q

Inferior (posterior) root of the ansa cervicalis (descendens cervicalis)

A

C2 and C3 ventral rami

innervates sternhyoid, sternothyroid, omohyoid mm

35
Q

where is the ansa cervicalis located?

A

on top of the carotid sheath; easy to ID by finding the strap muscles

36
Q

what nerve does the anterior root of the ansa cervicalis “hug”?

A

the anterior (superior) root of the ansa cervicalis hugs the hypoglossa nerve (XII)

37
Q

what is the structure of the ansa cervicalis?

A

the superior and inferior roots of the ansa cervicalis come together to form a loop

38
Q

what are the contents of the supraclavicular triangle?

A

lower portion of the brachial plexus

subclavian artery and vein

branches of the subclavian a (VIT C and D)

termination of the external jugular vein

39
Q

where does the common carotid a biforcate?

A

at the hyoid muscle

40
Q

what is the pneumonic for the subclavian a branches?

A

VIT C and sometimes D

41
Q

relative to the anterior scalene muscle, where are the subclavian a, brachial plexus, and subclavian v located?

A

subclavian a and brachial plexus are both BEHIND the atnerior scalene (btw the anterior and middle scalenes)

subclavian v is SUPERFICIAL to anterior scalene m

42
Q

relative to the anterior scalene muscle, where do the VIT branches come off the artery?

A

Vertebral, Inferior thyroid, and thyrocervical trunk come off PROXIMAL to the anterior scalene muscle

43
Q

vertebral artery

A

first branch off the subclavian a (proximal to anterior scalene)

supplies the brain via transverse foramina and foramen magnum

44
Q

what are the branches that come off the thyrocervical trunk?

A

1) inferior thyroid a
2) transverse cervical a
3) suprascapular a
4) ascending cervical a

45
Q

relative to the anterior scalene, where is the costocervical trunk located?

A

BEHIND the anterior scalene muscle

46
Q

what are the 2 branches of the costocervical trunk?

A

1) supreme intercostal artery - 1st and 2nd intercostal spaces

(goes down to ribs laterally)

2) deep cervical artery - prevertebral and deep neck structures

(goes up to neck)

47
Q

relative to the anterior scalene muscle, where are branches of the 3rd segment of the subclavian a located?

A

DISTAL to the anterior scalene m

48
Q

what are the branches of the 3rd segment of the subclavian a?

A

abberant forms of the suprascapular a (which normally arise elswehere) and the dorsal scapular a

49
Q

where is the transverse cervical a located?

A

directly on top of anterior scalene m and brachial plexus, heads posteriorly around the neck

50
Q

what is the general course of the vertebral a?

A

1st branch off the subclavian a (proximal to anterior scalene m), dives deep behind the anterior scalene to end up in the transverse foramen of C6, where it then ascends

51
Q

important relationships in the neck: subclavian vein

A

most anterior of all components in the supraclavicular triangle

runs behind the clavicle, in front of the anterior scalene

52
Q

important relationships in the neck: subclavian a and brachial plexus

A

run btw anterior and middle scalene muscles

53
Q

important relationships in the neck: phernic n

A

runs in front of (on top of) the anterior scalene

54
Q

important relationships in the neck: transverse cervical a and suprascapular a

A

both in front of the anterior scalene

55
Q

important relationships in the neck: dorsal scapular a (if present)

A

behind (deep to) anterior scalene m

56
Q
A

1) phrenic n
2) anterior scalene m
3) transverse cervical a
4) suprascapular a
5) dorsal scapular a
6) costocervical trunk
7) thyrocervical trunk
8) subclavian artery and vein
9) vertebral a

57
Q

where is the general location of the hyperglossal (XII) nerve?

A

comes off of the anterior part of the foramen magnum, above the C1 arch

  • loops up and around to the mandible
58
Q

where is the general location of the C1 motor nerve?

A

comes out ABOVE C1, runs together with the hypoglossal nerve, then drops off and becomes the superior part of the ansa cervicalis

59
Q

what are the different origins of the scalene muscles?

A

the anterior scalene m comes off the anterior tubercle of the cervical transverse process

the middle and posterior scalene mm come off the posterior tubercle of the cervical transverse process

60
Q

which vein runs over the SCM muscle?

A

external jugular v

61
Q
A

Anatomy Exam 1 (8 decks)

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