Posterior Leg and Plantar Foot (Lect)

Question 1

What is the purpose of the two sesamoid bones associated with the distal first metatarsal?

Answer 1

Provide partial insertion for muscles and gives the muscles a mechanical advantage as they exert their actions

Question 2

What are the effects of frequently wearing high heels?

Answer 2

muscle shortening in calves and back

Question 3

What tendon grooves the medial and lateral malleoli?

Answer 3

Tibialis posterior (medial)
Fibularis brevis and longus (lateral)

Question 4

What tendon grooves the calcaneous?

Answer 4

Flexor Hallucis longus

Question 5

T or F: the tibia is the most common long bone to be fractured?

Answer 5

T

Question 6

What are march fractures and what are their cause?

Answer 6

inferior one-third of the tibia in individuals is fractured on the anterior cortex

occurs as the result of taking long walks after long periods of being sedentary

Question 7

What causes spiral fractures?

Answer 7

torsion injuries resulting from indirect violence (tackling in football)

Question 8

What are boot top fractures and what is their cause?

Answer 8

spiral fracture involving middle to distal thirds of the tibia and neck of the fibula

results from anterior or posterior falls and the rigidity of ski boots

Question 9

What are bumper fractures?

Answer 9

close proximity of the tibia to the overlying skin

Question 10

What are the boundaries of the popliteal fossa?

Answer 10

Semiembranosus (medially)
Biceps Femoris (laterally)
gastrocnemius inferiorly

Question 11

What drains into the popliteal vein at the lower border of the fossa?

Answer 11

Small Saphenous v.

Question 12

Describe the path of the fibular n.

Answer 12

Follows the tendon of biceps femoris adjacent to the lateral head of gastrocnemius, in the origin of fibularis longus it spits into superficial and deep fibular nn.

Question 13

Describe the path of the tibial n.

Answer 13

Passes deeply though a gap in the origin of the soleus to innervate the deep posterior leg after having innervated gastrocnemius, soleus, plantaris, and popliteus

Question 14

What is the triceps surae and where do they insert?

Answer 14

two heads of gastrocnemius and the soleus

Calcaneus

Question 15

What spans the interval between the medial side of the tibia and the lateral side of the fibula and the origin of the posterior intermuscular septum?

Answer 15

Transverse intermuscular Septum

Question 16

What lies between the gastrocnemius and the soleus?

Answer 16

Plantaris tendon

Question 17

When conducting the ankle reflex test what muscles flex and what nerve segments are responsible for the reflex?

Answer 17

Ticeps surae

Spinal Cord Segments S1 and S2

Question 18

How does the crural fascia help in venous return?

Answer 18

• It improves the efficiency of the calf pump created by the triceps surae muscles by creating a tight sleeve

Question 19

What are some of the complications that can arrise from inability of communicating veins to prevent blood flow from going from deep to superficial?

Answer 19

• backflow can cause varicose veins

Question 20

What helps to unlock the weight bearing knee?

Answer 20

popliteus

Question 21

What artery follows the course of the tibial n?

Answer 21

posterior tibial a.

Question 22

What structures lie superficial and deep to the tibial n?

Answer 22

Soleus (superficial)

Flexor digitorum longus (deep)

Question 23

What artery runs in the same plane and lateral to the posterior tibial a.

Answer 23

fibular a.

Question 24

What is the path of posterior compartment structures to the plantar surface of the foot?

Answer 24

Pass posterior to the medial malleolus and through the tarsal tunnel

Question 25

What are the causes and signs of an achilles rupture?

Answer 25

• caused putting sudden stress on the tendon

- symptomes: abrupt pain in posterior aspect of the leg, inability to walk, lump on the calf (gastrocnemius and soleus)

Question 26

What are the structures passing through the tarsal tunnel from anterior to posterior?

Answer 26

Tibialis Posterior Tendon
Flexor Digitorum Tendon
Posterior Tibial A. and V. 
Tibial N. 
Flexor Hallucis Longus Tendon

(Timothy Doth Vex All Very Nervous Horses)

Question 27

Where is the tarsal tunnel located?

Answer 27

Deep to the Flexor Retinaculum
Posterior to medial malleolus
Medial surface of calcaneous
medial and posterior surface of talus

Question 28

The pulse of what artery is felt by pressing on the sole of the foot midway between the medial malleolus and calcaneous?

Answer 28

Tibial artery

Question 29

What tendon grooves the cuboid bone?

Answer 29

fibularis longus

Question 30

The crossing of what two muscles creates the crural chiasm?

Answer 30

Tibialis Posterior (bottom)
Flexor Digitorum Longus (top)

Question 31

The crossing of what two muscles creates the plantar chiasm?

Answer 31

Flexor Hallicus longus (Bottom)

Flexor Digitorum Longus (top)

Question 32

What grooves the medial malleolus?

Answer 32

Tibialis Posterior

Question 33

What muscles act to support the transverse arch?

Answer 33

Tibialis posterior and anterior

Fibularis longus

Question 34

What ligaments support the arches of the foot?

Answer 34

Plantar calcaneonavicular (spring ligament)
Plantar calcaneoboid (short plantar ligament)
long plantar ligaments
Plantar aponeurosis

Question 35

What nerve supplies cutaneous innervation to the first 3.5 toes and most of the medial part of the foot?

Answer 35

Medial Plantar n.

Question 36

What nerve supplies cutaneous innervation to toes 3.5-4 and most of the lateral foot?

Answer 36

Lateral plantar n.

Question 37

What nerve supplies cutaneous innervation to the medial side of the medial longitudinal arch?

Answer 37

Saphenous n.

Question 38

What nerve supplies cutaneous innervation to the most lateral part of the foot?

Answer 38

Sural n.

Question 39

What nerve supplies cutaneous innervation to the heel?

Answer 39

Medial calcaneal branch of the tibial n.