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Anatomy II > Posterior abdominal walls and kidneys > Flashcards

Posterior abdominal walls and kidneys Flashcards

1
Q

The medial border of the kidney has an indentation known as the hilum which transmits which structures?

A

Renal vein

Renal artery

Ureter

*also transmits lymphatics and nerve plexuses; hilum is continuous with the renal sinus which contains the upper expanded end of ureter, the renal pelvis

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2
Q

What does the anterior surface of the R kidney articulate with?

A

R suprarenal gland

Descending duodenum

R colic flexure

small intestine

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3
Q

What does the anterior surface of the L kidney articulate with?

A

L suprarenal gland

stomach

spleen

pancreaase

L colic flexure

descending colon

jejunum

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4
Q

The posterior surface of both the R & L kidneys share related structures superiorly and inferiorly:

A

Superiorly: Diaphragm

Inferiorly: Psoas major, quadratus lumborum, and transversus abdominis

*subcostal nerves and vessels, iliohypogastric and ilioinguinal nerves also pass posterior to both kidneys*

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5
Q

Each kidney is supplied by its own renal artery. The kidney consists of 5 segments each receiving its own segmental arteryl; there is no collateral circulation between segements, meaning?

A

occlusion of a segmental artery results in necrosis fo the affected tissue but it also means a kidney segment can be surgically removed without affecting surrounding segments

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6
Q

Although the right renal vein has no tributaries, the left renal vein has 2:

A

gonadal & suprarenal veins

*L renal vein passes deep to the superior mesentaric artery where it may be compressed (renal vein entrapment syndrome)

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7
Q

If a donor kidney is transplanted where anatomically is it placed?

A

Iliac fossa

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8
Q

Should one be suffering from kidney stones found in the ureters, where might they expect to feel the pain sensation aside from their flanks?

A

Infrascapular (loin) region

*Loin-to-groin pain

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9
Q

Kidney stones can obstruct the renal pelvis, ureter, bladder, or urethra; urinary tract obstruction causes urine to back up with distention of the renal pelvis and calices otherwise known as what condition?

A

Hydronephrosis

*could result in kidney failure

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10
Q

Arteries of the ureters do form anastamoses:

A

Upper- branches of renal

Middle- branches of testicular/ovarian, abdominal aorta, and common iliac

Pelvic cavity- branches of internal iliac

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11
Q

What about the veins associated with the ureter?

A

upper- renal

Middle- gonadal

pelvic cavity- internal iliac

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12
Q

The kidney lymphatic drainage is facilitated by?

A

Para-aortic nodes

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13
Q

The ureters’ lymphatic drainage is facilitated by:

A

Upper- para-aortic

Middle- common iliac nodes

Inferior- external or internal nodes

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14
Q

Nerve supply of the kidney consists of sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers:

A

Sympathetic: Kidneys- T10-T12; Ureters- T11-L2

Parasympathetic: Kidneys- vagus nerve; ureters- vagus nerve. & S2-S4

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15
Q

Blood supply of suprarenal gland

A

Arteries

  1. Superior suprarenal a. <<< inf. phrenic a.
  2. Middle suprarenal a. <<< abdominal aorta
  3. Inferior suprarenal a. <<< renal a.
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16
Q

Blood supply of suprarenal gland (veins)

A
  1. Right suprarenal v. >>> IVC
  2. Left suprarenal v. >>> left renal vein
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17
Q

Nerve supply of suprarenal gland

A

Primarily sympathetic

18
Q

As a means of controlling pelvic or lower extremity bleeds in children or thin adults what artery may be compressed?

A

Abdominal aorta

19
Q

The visceral branches of the aorta are split into 2 types- paired and unpaired:

A

Unpaired arteries

  • Celiac artery (L1): supply foregut
  • Superior mesenteric artery (L1): supply midgut
  • Inferior mesenteric artery (L3): supply hindgut

Paired arteries

  • Middle suprarenal arteries: supply adrenal glands
  • Renal arteries: supply kidneys
  • Testicular or ovarian arteries: supply testes or ovaries
20
Q

The abdominal aorta also has posterior and terminal arteries. What are they?

A

Posterior arteries:

  • Inferior phrenic arteries: supply diaphragm
  • Lumbar arteries (4 pairs): posterior abdominal wall muscles (minus diaphragm & bones) & spinal cord
  • Median sacral artery

Terminal arteries:

-Common iliac arteries

21
Q

The abdominal aorta is susceptible to dilation otherwise known as?

A

Aneurysm

-if ruptured can lead to fatal hemorrhage if not surgically repaired which is usually complicated by origin of inferior mesenteric artery

22
Q

Tributaries of the inferior vena cava include:

A

Right suprarenal vein

Inferior phrenic veins

Hepatic veins

23
Q

The ascending lumbar veins connect iliac ilolumbar and lumbar veins with azygos and hemiazygos veins acting as:

A

Collateral channel between upper and lower parts of body in inferior vena cava is blocked

24
Q

The thoracic duct is the largest lymphatic vessel in the body draining:

A

lymph from all of the body below the diaphragm and the left half of the body above the diaphragm

25
Q

The diaphragm has apertures that allow structures to pass between the thorax and abdomen. One of the major aperatures is known as the caval opening allowing what structures to pass through?

A

inferior vena cava

Right phrenic nerve

26
Q

The diaphragm has apertures that allow structures to pass between the thorax and abdomen. One of the major aperatures is known as the esophageal hiatus allowing what structures to pass through?

A

Anterior and posterior vagal trunks

esophageal branches of left gastric artery

27
Q

The diaphragm has apertures that allow structures to pass between the thorax and abdomen. One of the major aperatures is known as the aortic hiatus allowing what structures to pass through?

A

Aorta

28
Q

What other structures pass through the diaphragm outside of the aperatures?

A
  • Left Phrenic nerve, passes through the muscular part of diaphragm
  • The greater and lesser splanchnic nerves pass through the crura on either side
  • Hemiazygos vein passes through the left crus
  • Sympathetic trunks and least splanchnic nerves pass posterior to medial arcuate ligament on either side
29
Q

What is the motor innervation of the diaphragm?

A

Phrenic nerve (C3-C5)

30
Q

What is the sensory innervation of the diaphragm?

A

central portions of diaphragm- phrenic

peripheral portions of diaphragm- lower 6 intercostal and subcostal nerves (T5-T12)

31
Q

Should one experience pain in the diaphragm where might it be referred?

A

2 different areas based on sensory innervation of diaphragm

central- shoulder region (C3-C5 segments)

peripheral- over costal margin of anterolateral abdominal wall

32
Q

If one phrenic nerve is injured, that hemidiaphragm is paralyzed on the ipsilateral side and will rise during inspiration in a condition known as?

A

Paradoxical movement

–> may be asymptomatic

33
Q

What is the blood suppy for the superior surface of the diaphragm?

A

Pericardiacophrenic

Musculophrenic

Superior phrenic

34
Q

What is the blood suppy for the inferior surface of the diaphragm?

A

Inferior phrenic

35
Q

What is the venous blood supply for the superior and inferior surfaces of the diaphragm?

A

Superior: pericardiacophrenic and musculophrenic

Inferior: right inferior phrenic and left inferior phrenic

36
Q

Muscles of the posterior abdominal wall include:

A

Iliopsoas

–>Psoas major

–>Iliacus

Psoas minor

Quadratus lumborum

37
Q

Function Innervation of psoas major

A

Flexes the thigh or, acting from below, flexes the trunk on the thigh (e.g., during a sit-up)

L1-L3

38
Q

Innvervation of iliacus

A

Flexes the thigh or, acting from below, flexes the trunk on the thigh (e.g., during a sit-up)

femoral nerve (L2-L4)

39
Q

Function/Innervation of psoas minor:

A

Weakly helps flex the trunk

L1

40
Q

Function/innervation of Q.lumborum

A

Stabilizes the 12th rib in position from below during inspiration; acting unilaterally, it helps to laterally flex the trunk to the ipsilateral side

T12-L4

41
Q

What are the branches of the lumbar plexus as it pertains to psoas major?

A

anterior- genitofemoral

medial- obturator

Lateral- iliohypogastric, ilioinguinal, femoral, and lateral cutaneous nerve of thigh

42
Q

What are the branches of the lumbar plexus?

A

Iliohypogastric & ilioinguinal nerves (L1)

Genitofemoral nerve (L1-2)

Lateral cutaneous nerve of thigh (L2-3)

Obturator nerve(L2 to L4)

Femoral nerve (L2 to L4)

Lumbosacral trunk (L4-5)

Anatomy II (5 decks)

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