Post Thatcher - Historiography Flashcards
1
Q
Riddell (1997-2010) (1)
A
- Riddell provides the case for Clause IV (CIV) being a troublesome element in the Party’s history as far back as Gaitskell, who tried to reform it. The issue was not the executive desire to remove CIV, but more-so the declined ability of the Union to challenge/ even to accept the changes in the climate of the 1990s. Knock on effect from Thatcher? The link could be explored
2
Q
Robinson & Twyman (1997-2010) (2)
A
- Data on the notion of progressive- its general lack of a solid definition among the public, and misinterpretation as just a force for modernisation. 2. Critically important information is the representation of David Cameron as in front of Miliband and Tony Blair as a modernising force
3
Q
Toye (1997-2010) (2)
A
- what is new in new labour is the forces of Old Labour are so weak. It is the dominance and self-confidence of modernisers, not their novelty, which distinguishes the Blair Party from predecessors 2. Shift in the balance of powers
4
Q
Meredith (1997-2010) (1)
A
- Defends equality under labour, suggests Crosland’s revisionist nature would have adapted to the economy and globalisation in same way as NL
5
Q
Hall (1997-2010) (2)
A
- New Labour has succumbed to a sweeping view of globalisation, which provides ‘dubious legitimacy’ of the third way project. 2. Globalisation is treated as if it were an irresistible force of nature.
6
Q
Fielding (1997-2010) (4)
A
- Core values thesis - Blair’s old/new dichotomy reflects ill informed prejudices 2. Society changed: -1979 - 32% in manufacturing - 1997 - 18% -Service - 58%-75% -Trade unions - 12 mil to 7 mil. 3. Compared to 1979 - Unions much weaker and so less able to resist Labour leadership’s long-standing desire to pander to capitalism LRC was only committed to improving the legal position of trade unions in capitalism. 4. Considered that the party’s failure to fully embrace grater levels of state control was at the root of its electoral malaise. The former, called revisionists, represented by Gaitskell, broke through with Industry and Society in 1957, failed to win in 1959.
7
Q
Hickson (1997-2010) (1)
A
- Rejection of Meredith - conception of equality of opportunity fails to recognise underlying socio-economic inequality 2. Key division - interpretation of democratic inequality and social justice 3. Social justice allows for the sense of an undeserving poor, democratic equality recognises that a low-performance strata of society is inevitable, and to some extent, desirable.
8
Q
Bognador (1997-2010) (2)
A
- Defender of Blair, on the account of globalisation, individualism and knowledge based economy. 2. Evidences how education was bolstered, still essentially Labour.
9
Q
Lee (1997-2010) (3)
A
- Labour triangulated its position in politics to allow to win its support, at the cost of value-based politics 2. Poplar and Canning Town = C2 and DE Voters - declined by 21.1% in 2005 3. Labour’s historical social constituency has been collapsing. The simple but not insubstantial answer is that fewer C2 and DE voters and fewer people in the North of England and in Greater London feel a strong affinity for Labour
10
Q
FSB (1997-2010) (1)
A
- The language of class changed, but too simple to say this was simply the result of appealing to the middle class - about appealing to the new working class
11
Q
Driver (1997-2010) (2)
A
- Provides models and explanation of how Labour has been moving right since Gaitskell. Model of significance - catch-up accommodation and the movement of the centre ground NL Showed little respect for Labour’s sacred cows: state ownership, economic planning, Keynesian Demand management, full employment, tax-and-spend welfarism and close links to trade unions Brown - Iron Chancellor - found extra resources for health and education 2. Does the loss of public ownership as a means of socialist policy constitute a loss of socialist goals? Tudor Jones, 1989 - YES - ‘For what is at stake is not the outmoded instrument of policy. Public ownership has meant more to Labour than that. Since 1918 it has played a central role in the party’s thinking, programmes and strategy’ - Jones also criticises how far Blair’s central arguments that socialism is ethical rather than an economic doctrine
12
Q
Crime (1997-2010) (8)
A
- Tough on crime, tough on causes of crime 2. Poor parenting 3. Low school achievement 4. Drug and alcohol abuse 5. Unemployment 6. Care in the community 7. Homelessness 8. Lack of facilities for young people
13
Q
Major - what was the 1992 Election described as?
A
“Not so much a victory, more an escape” - Robin Cook
14
Q
What were the rough edges of Thatcherism from a ‘92 perspective?
A
Homelessness, childcare
15
Q
What was Kinnock credited with achieving?
A
Shrewd, ruthless, effective party manager - “taken the knife to the Militant, reduced the policy making role of the trade unions and cast off the doctrinal incubus which had haunted the party in the early 1980s and made it unelectable. Focus: - Social injustice - Class war (failed to shake - led to downfall)
16
Q
What of the labour apparatus remained crucially untouched?
A
the union block vote
17
Q
What was the Tory response to the failings of the 1997 election?
A
Focus on appeal to core Conservative vote - The trouble was that the Conservative core vote was too narrow, being based on the over-65s and the geographically and socially immobile, to act as a springboard for electoral revival. In 2001, there were actually swings away from the Tories among the professional and managerial classes, 25- to 34-year-olds and ethnic minorities, groups from which they already had low levels of support in 1997.
18
Q
What was the core appeal of the Tories post Major?
A
“Tebbit trinity” of Europe, immigration and taxes, or what Tim Bale calls “the politics of the 19th tee”
19
Q
How many % points behind Labour in 2005? (Tories)
A
3%
20
Q
Selsdon - the net Blair effect
A
- Economic and welfare policy managed by Gordon Brown, not Blair 2. Economic, constitutional and welfare reform were the legacies of others, like Irvine and John Smith 3. The second Blair government was a ‘crazy salad’ mixing traditional labourite beliefs in high spending with a Wilson belief in managerialism and a neo-thatcherite attention to the markets
21
Q
New Labour Term Summary (Selsdon)
A
First term - policy-light Second term - little achieved constitutionally/ transport,
22
Q
Major (Bogdanor) - Who is he compared to?
A
Baldwin - Both unexpected leaders - Formidable - Controversial - Baldwin - “of the utmost insignificance” - Conciliator - Good negotiator - Plagued by foreign policy
23
Q
How many heard of Major before 1990?
A
2%
24
Q
Major’s qualifications
A
“Never has so much been written about so little”
25
What position were the Tories in in 1992?
10% behind in opinion polls
26
What, according to Bogdanor, did Major benefit from?
- Major’s lack of grandeur helped him - Elected more of because of who he wasn’t - 1995 Tory leadership - wasn’t Redwood - believed to be a loser
27
What did The Sun present Major as?
A turnip
28
Where were there internal conflict in Tory ranks? (1999)
Between Major, Hague and Clarke Clarke - fear of moving too far right
29
What did Major claim about the EU?
it had "phoney threats to delay enlargement"
30
What was Kinnock remembered for?
"shrewd, ruthless and effective party manager... taken the knife to militant... cast off the doctrinal incubus which had haunted the party"
31
What did the Observer claim was the death knell of Kinnock?
Although a modernising force, failed to cast off the language of class war... failed to abolish union block vote
32
What were concerns in 1992?
Root-and-branch reforms were required to fix the anomaly in the system which allowed for the Conservatives to remain in power for 17 years
33
What were the strains of Thatcherism in its final years?
Alienation and deep demoralisation
34
Facts about the 1992 election
- Highest vote ever gained for political party - 14 million votes - more than Thatcher, Blair - 1992 - FPTP saw lack of working majority DESPITE highest number of votes - v important
35
What has happened to Major?
Often seen as a holder of the throne during the interregnum between Thatcher and Blair. Only 3 PMs actually held office longer than Major
36
What were the three greatest achievements of Major?
- Kept Britain in Europe - Held Tories together - survived the ratification of Maastricht - Reformed public services
37
Why was Maastricht so difficult to ratify?
Danish had a referendum on Maastricht, British called for same.
38
What concessions did Major get from Maastricht?
- on monetary union, for Parliament to decide - Social chapter - standards for welfare - more symbolic than anything - Without opt=outs, would not have been ratified - Tactical mistake - waited for ratification till after election
39
What destroyed the party?
Being forced out of the ERM in sept 1992 - interest rates raised to 15% - black wednesday - Fixed exchange rate system - Due to reunification of Germany - could not sustain rate at which joined - Then adopted floating pound Never again polled above 40%
40
Why was it good for Labour to lose 1992?
- 1992 = Lucky for Labour to lose - Labour more committed to ERM than Tories - If Labour won - would’ve been party of devaluation - 1951, 1967, 1992
41
What did Major do to the public services, what was Labour response?
Extend right of choice to public sector to mirror private. - Testing in state schools - Grant aided schools (resurrected as academies) - Self managing trusts - Job Seeking Allowance (resurrected) Labour opposed, but resurrected
42
What was Major recognised as in regards to Blair
"father of New Labour"
43
Keith Joseph statement
...strengthen choice and responsibility for the individual and the family: humanising market forces to make a compassionate society; spreading the ownership of wealth and prosperity in such a way as to facilitate personal saving and the transfer of modest amounts of personal wealth; concentrating social provision on those in genuine need, thus asserting our credentials as a compassionate party with a record of effective care.’ - Joseph
44
Major FP
- Corollary - traditional FP should remain unchanged - no intervention - could not afford to be international policeman - American view - Bosnia - deliberate ethnic cleansing - aided and abetted by Mislosovich -to expand Serbia - Blair took this view - Major - ancient hatreds - one side as bad as other, not get involved - in politics not to be distracted by utopian settlements -
45
How many open graves in Bosnia?
125,000 in open graves in Bosnia
46
Public opinion towards foreign policy
- 2/3 supported dispatch of troops - 1/2 wanted airstrikes
47
Why was 1997 less of a landslide than presented?
- Been moving that way since 1992 - Little real political change with change in government
48
Did Blair repudiate anything of Thatcher?
Bar foundation schools and GP funding, no. - Privatisation remained, and added to - no ground given to Trade Unions - PFI extended
49
Blair's weakness?
Not confronting powerful figures front on
50
Issue with New Labour?
Being too heavy on communication, light on policy. Not many true Blairites - appointed anathematise men such as Frank Dobson to Health. Not until term 2 when Blairites took office (like Adonis, Heywood, Stevens)
51
Clarke- Labour FP
1. Bush and Clinton lent on Germany as the key decision maker (major years) 2. Clinton caused disruption in Downing Street by recognising Gerry Adams 3. Tories were blighted for being complacent over Rwanda and Bosnia - Labour successful with Kosovo, not so much Iraq Afghan 4. ‘liberty, democracy, tolerance and justice’. 5. Hard edges to FP desires: Russia and post-commies 6. Africa - efforts to help Zimbabwe, Somalia, DR Congo, HIV/AIDs, environment, union etc. 7. Dwarfed by IRAQ
52
O'Leary on higher education
1. Fees were anathematic to education education education 2. Had to be done to reverse 'efficiency gains' which saw funding drop per capita by 36% between 1989 and 1997 3. Dearing Report identified £9 billion deficit 4. Overall though, students felt betrayed by the imposition of tuition fees, while staff felt undervalued and expected more investment, particularly in the early years of Blair’s premiership.
53
Stewart on Equality and Social Justice
1. Poverty doubles during 17 yrs 2. the four values ‘essential to a just society’ to be ‘equal worth, opportunity for all, responsibility and community’ 3. Labour commitments - welfare-to-work, investment in childcare, education and health funding 4. : the level of pen- sioner poverty has fallen steadily and substantially, from 29% in 1996/7 down to 17% in 2005/6, measured after housing costs, representing a fall of more than 40% 5. Under John Major the lower income groups did best in relative terms, but growth was very low for everyone
54
What happened to the top 10% under Labour?
the share of wealth owned by the richest 10% of the population rose from 57% to 63% in the two decades to 1996, and then from 63% to 71% in the following seven years under Labour; the share belonging to the top 1% also increased sharply.
55
What did micro-simulation by Sefton demonstrate?
the gini-coefficient in 2004/5 was lower than it would have been if the 1997 tax-benefit system had been left in place and only adjusted for inflation: the reduction in the Gini compared to that scenario is about one-third of the size of the rise of the previous twenty years
56
Smithers on schools
1. What conflict hampered development? Brown, his wanted to devote the available money to his own pet, but costly, scheme of tax credits. There was also a dire shortage of teachers and it was feared that school staffing was near to collapse. 2. Brown interested in skills and employment /Blair - targets and diversity 3. In 2006, 59.0% of pupils obtained five good GCSEs or equivalent against 45.1% when Labour came to power
57
Failed guarantees to teachers?
a minimum of 10% of the school week free of classroom duties, but unfortunately it did not fund schools to appoint the necessary extra teachers, so raising the prospect of assistants doing the actual teach- ing. This was fiercely opposed by the National Union of Teachers who
58
Spencer on Immigration
Labour, like Tories, believed that tough immigration controls were essential for good race relations. Issues with Immigration: - backlog of 52,000 asylum seekers (went up to 84,000 in 2002) - Blair's commitments to rapid and severe cuts (Feb, 2003 Newsnight - half no.) - 40% of the UK public in 2006 rated immigration the most important area of concern - Difference between asylum and economic migration - ID cards supposed to be benign for employers to est. immigration status - Equality more of hot topic due to Stephen Lawrence
59
Crafts - Industrial policy
- ‘industrial policy’ reached its apogee in the 1970s. - Labour productivity growth has been underpinned by the adoption of the new technology of the ICT age - Market services rather than manufacturing have been central to productivity outcomes and this has meant that, in contrast to conventional wisdom in the late 1980s, the United States has seemed a more relevant model than Japan.
60
Selsdon - Economic policy
Labour devalued sterling in 1949 and 1967, and saw it depreciate sharply in 1974–6. Labour extended public ownership marginally in 1964–70 and 1974–9, and massively in 1945–51. Labour increased income tax rates in all three periods, reducing the post-tax income of top earners most. It was here that the contrast with Blair’s administrations was starkest. Sterling appreciated by some 14 % in his decade
61
Why was Labour more aligned to Tories initially
get the bad news out first’. Blair and Brown obeyed this tenet to the letter. When the lid came off, in 1999, it was not long before health spending came to be raised sharply. But a hasty John Reid, the then Health Secretary, was cleverly outmanoeuvred and succumbed to the wiles of the British Medical Association.
62
Kuhn - Media Management
- the Blair era was characterised by the twenty-four-hour news cycle, an explosion of media outlets, notably rolling news channels and internet websites, a phalanx of journalists hungry for insider infor- mation and a broad range of political actors, - three key features: centralisation, professionalisation and politicisation. - Blair centred attention on himself - Jo Moore scandal - good day to bury bad news
63
What did Campbell often do?
Certain correspondents, for example, were given advance notice of material that the government wished to bring into the public sphere in the expectation that in return the government would receive positive coverage.
64
How did Campbell politicise management
ordering civil servants, flooding SPADS
65
Areas where Murdoch did not bow to Labour
Sun - Europe - described in 1998 as "most dangerous man in Europe" and in 2003 as "Surrenders Britain to Europe"
66
How much money went to Exchequer over Labour's time?
95% - high centralisation
67
Blair- 1997 electoral system
Blair inherited a party that was already heading for victory thanks to the Conservatives’ misfortunes on ‘Black Wednesday’ in 1992. He benefited crucially from a biased electoral system that ensured that the heaviest loss of electoral support ever suffered by a Labour government did not stand between him and his third electoral victory.
68
Kavanagh on Blair
Not everything started with Blair. He inherited most of his constitutional programme from the previous Labour leader John Smith. Indeed, Andrew Gamble has argued that the programme was less a new agenda than the completion of an agenda dating back a hundred years - Stronger political direction to No.10 - New units focused on innovation and implementation - Larger media apparatus - Listening to voters rather than Party
69
Riddell
an economist from Mars ‘would conclude that the same government had been in charge throughout the second half of the 1990s’
70
Was Blair presidential?
No -increasingly opposed by Brown
71
Hattersley
New Labour far cry from Croslandite conception of ends justifying means
72
What happened after 2001?
with the first-term pledge to match the Conservatives on public finances gone, Brown could start spending. The NHS, schools and other public services saw large infusions of cash.
73
Labour education information
per pupil funding up 48% (55% by 2008) 35,000 more teachers 172,000 more teaching assistants 18% rise in teachers' pay 1,106 new schools; others refurbished five good GCSEs with English and maths up from 36% to 45% truancy unchanged despite fines and prison for parents a quarter of 16 to 18-year-olds still not in education or training employees receiving job-related training unchanged on 15% university tuition fees introduced then raised to £3,000 p.a. first-time higher education students up 44,000 to 283,000
74
Fallacy of labour on education
Looked at another way, that means that more than one in five children have spent six or seven years in primary school without learning to read and write properly.
75
How much spent on education every week according to Coughlan?
£1.2bn on education every week.
76
Quiet revolution in education
huge increase in support workers, such as teaching assistants - up by 172,000. To put it into context, that's like recruiting an additional workforce that is bigger than the army, navy and air force put together.
77
Education capital funding
Capital investment has increased eightfold since 1997.
78
Gini coefficient details
from .26 in 1979 to 40 in 2009 - raised from 37 in 97. From IFS, UK; with housing costs accounted for
79
Thatcher's greatest achievement?
“New Labour”, and the dubbed “sons of Thatcher”
80
How were new NHS buildings financed?
NHS new hospitals being built are to be funded out of the Private Finance Initiative
81
National Minimum Wage
April 1999 the rate really was minimal--leaving many workers working for poverty pay
82
Evidence of the return to Old Labour post 2001
- Promises in 2001 to spend unprecedented amounts on health, education and transport prompted the belief of death of New Labour - Michael Jacobs - 1997-2001 - caution to show the electorate Labour could be trusted. 2001 onwards, resumption of social democratic means - free to advance.
83
NHS 2002 investment - Daily Mail response
NHS investment in 2002 saw criticism - return of old labour - the Daily Mail - 18 April, and ‘wringing of the middle class’
84
What was the SEU
Social Exclusion Unit - focus on the ‘underclass’ - 10% of pop. responsible for crime, drugs and single parenthood
85
What was Blunkett's philosophy?
David Blunkett - ‘passing cash from one section of the community to another’ merely confirmed the poor in their poverty.
86
What was Mandelson's philosophy?
Mandelson - ‘intensely relaxed about people getting filthy rich'
87
What did Brown do stealthily? Like a ninja? ?
- abolished dividend tax credits and advance corporation tax - £7 billion in 2000 - phased out mortgage interest tax relief on married couple’s allowance
88
2000 tax....
Tax contentious- petrol tax protests endorsed in 2000 made difficult to consider income tax rises
89
What was the 2000 agenda
March 2000 Agenda - ‘better public services for the many, not tax cuts for the few"
90
Who resigned over the pursuit of the middle class voter?
Resignation of Kilfoyle over the pursuit of middle class southern voters at the expense of core vote shows how the shift in focus occurred.
91
Miliband
Ralph Miliband - Parliamentary Socialism, 1961 - Labour’s history - never been committed to radical transformation of the economy because it was a party of ‘modest social reform’ ‘irrevocably rooted’ in capitalism (Miliband, 1972)
92
Pelling
Henry Pelling- at point of origin, Labour was a ‘curious mixture’ of political idealists and hard-headed trade unionists.
93
Heffernan
- High tide - the advance of the left halted, 1981-4 - Interregnum - Kinnock’s quest for control, 1984-5 - Realignment - the right consolidates its authority, 1985-7 - Transformation - the Policy Review and after, 1987-94 - Consolidation - the Blair reformation, post-1994
94
Kinnock - major redirection
Policy Review of 1987
95
Bogdanor IS stats
80% earn income through knowledge-based occupations - creative, technical or service occupations.
96
Bogdanor Labour reversal
New Labour reversed the traditional outlook insisting on strong economy as a precondition of effective social policy, rather than the other way around
97
Labour market compared to EU
2007 - 75% of labour force in work - above EU average of 64%
98
Oppressive/ liberating policies
- Terrorism - global and networked, distinction between domestic and FP disappeared - HRA, FOIA, Gay Relationships legalisation
99
What did Thatcher believe in, if not ideas?
Nevertheless, everything she did was animated by a social 'philosophy'
100
McKibbin
Ross McKibbin - Mr Blair more closely resembles the party of Ramsay MacDonald and Philip Snowden - orthodox, treasury-dominated economic policy
101
What started the change in the Labour party?
1978 with the establishment of the Labour Coordinating Committee (LCC) and accelerated by the conference ‘After the Landslide’.
102
What did Blair stop attending due to concern with appearance?
Durham Miners' Gala
103
Fielding's perspective on clause IV
- Pragmatically applied in a case-by-case basis (Mandelson) - Never fully implemented - Nationalisation in 1945 did not reference CIV (self-referential perhaps?)
104
Marquand
Failings of the Labour Party was not becoming the progressive alliance of pre-WWI liberalism
105
Gould on Blair and Gaitskell
Remarkably similar
106
Fielding on social equality
Remains traceable to European counterparts and to predecessors
107
Slanderous terms for Blair's New Labour
Thatcherism Mark II
108
Potential personal thesis?
Major as Thatcherism Mark II, Blair as Thatcherism Mark III - Is entirely possible to forge links that do not exist i.e. remarkable parity between Joseph and Blair
109
What arguments could be brought in to assess Blair?
Webb- Aristocratic embrace
110
Issues with core values
What distinguishes a value? Could suggest Hardie's Pacifism = doctrine Attlee's beliefs = nationalisation However, if the core value is social justice - then becomes an abuse of words BLOODY WHIGGISH TENDENCIES M9
111
Gould - first voices of modernising descent
Douglas Jay (implacable extremists of the Gaitskell coterie) Wrote a radical book - The Socialist Case However... Firm believer in physical controls
112
Tactical/ presentational
Predated Blair - mainly Kinnock
113
What has remained de facto stable?
Acceptance of mixed markets has been de facto Labour policy
114
Straw limitations to private ownership (what should remain state governed?)
gas, water, electricity, railways, healthcare, scientific research
115
Areas further privatised
National Air Traffic System, Commonwealth Development Corporation
116
Characteristic of Labour administrations
times of economic woe
117
**Alan Ryan - New Labour and Higher Education**
What, according to Ryan, was the mantra of New Labour?
'something for something'
To balance the books, and to be seen balancing the books
118
**Alan Ryan - New Labour and Higher Education**
What astonished outgoing chancellor Kenneth Clark?
Astonished that the Labour party committed to two years of spending targets that Kenneth himself did not intend to keep to
119
**Alan Ryan - New Labour and Higher Education**
What had Kenneth Clark achieved?
Robust economy, growing for four years, with much steam left in it
* Rising tax receipts
* Falling unemployment
120
How had the rates of tax changed as a result of Thatcher?
starting rates of tax have gone down from 33% to 22%, and top rates from 83% to 40%
121
What was the Dearing Report?
Enquiry, ordered by John Major in 1996, on funding the next 20yrs of HE.
It estimated additional funding of almost £2 billion would be needed for the period, including £350 million in 1998-9 and £565 million in 1999-2000, in order to expand student enrolment, provide more support for part-time students and ensure an adequate infrastructure.
122
How was the gap in HE changed across the period 2006 to 2015?
In 2016, The Guardian noted that the number of disadvantaged students applying to university had increased by 72% from 2006 to 2015, a bigger rise than in Scotland, Wales or Northern Ireland
123
Describe the Gini index
1977 - 0.24
peaked in 2007 - 0.36
Rose progressively from 0.34-0.36 under Blair
124
How did Wilson describe the prospect of removing Clause IV?
Being asked to remove Genesis from the Bible
125
What did Clause IV achieve?
Recognition that the monolithic state was untenable - instead, what was needed was ‘a competitive market economy with a strong individual and wealth generating base"
Suggested that the motion 'nudged' rather than 'pushed' the party in a new direction
126
Where did Crosland stand on equality of opportunity?
In Britain, equality of opportunity and social mobility... are not enough. They need to be combined with measures... to equalise the distribution of rewards and privileges so as to diminish the degree of class stratification, the injustices of large inequalities and the collective discontents.
127
What did Crosland suggest about the nature of capitalism?
Had evolved beyond the precepts outlined by Marx - instead, a far more egalitarian system could be forged within the state, through its mechanisms - rather than through bloody revolution:
*"The most characteristic features of capitalism have disappeared - the absolute rule of private property, the subjection of all life to market influences, the domination of the profit motive, the neutrality of government, typical laissez-faire division of income and the ideology of individual rights."*
128
How many votes did the Labour Party win in 1987?
31%, which was not far off the Liberal 22%
129
What was the response to the failure of the 1987 election?
Engage in a programme of policy review - beginning with Labour Listens. "An attempt to garner the views of the ordinary people"
130
What were the internal divisions in the Labour Party in 1987 over the subsequent Policy review?
Kinnock and the reformists - in fear that the party had moved too far left, Kinnockites wanted a revival of Crosland's reformism, updated to meet new circumstances. BENNITES - opposition suggesting that the policy review was a betrayal of Labour values, and that ultimately, the Party should be leading opinion, not following it.
131
How could both sides of the rift turn to history to gain legitimacy for their arguments?
The right - pointed to the 1974 and 1983 manifestos as evidence of historical moderation. The left looked to 1950s tradition, to claim that the 1960s saw the betrayal of labour.
132
What did the following reoprt, Meet the Challenge, Make the Change conclude in 1989?
Clear renouncing of public ownership. New policies would subsequently emerge with Looking to the Future and Opportunity Britain in 1990 and 1991 respectively.
133
What reform did the policy review bring to the economic policy of the Labour Party ?
Debate between neo-Keynesians such as Brian Gould and the Supply Side approach, driven by Kinnock and Smith. NKs: benefits of the market economy were recognised, but also seen as limited by the general push toward short term investment. Proposed a medium term industrial strategy as a remedy. SS: Main limitation of the market was its limited ability to provide for collective supply side goods, including education, training and research. SS became the predominant view, especially after the replacement of Brian Gould by Gordon Brown as Industry Spokesman.
134
What, critically, did even Gould and the Neo-Keynesians concede?
Even Gould had little faith in the sublimity of the state to manage aggregate demand without causing unacceptable levels of inflation. Although Gourd was hesitant towards the ERM, Brown would firmly commit the party to Europe thereafter.
135
How did a our respond to the general fear of taxation at the root of anti-Labour thought vis a vis the welfare state?
The alert promised to control public spending, and to only expand social programmes when the money to do so existed. It also argued that only the top 10% would experience tax rises. Economic growth, rather than taxation, was to fund improvements in welfare.
136
How did the position on unilateral disarmament change?
Completely rejected - was seen as extremely damaging to Party prospects. Although arguably kinnock was an early advocate of disarmament, he had argued in the late 1980s that the changing direction of the Cold War made the decision inappropriate.
137
What was the impact of introducing direct balloting in 1990? (In terms of the selection of parliamentary candidates, previously a 60:40 system involving trade union reps.)
Prominent left wingers lost their position : - Ken Livingstone- Dennis Skinner- Tony BennReplaced by modernisers, such as Kaufman, Kinnock, brown and Blair.
138
What was included in the 1992 Manifesto? (Time to get Britain Working Again)
Economy - removal of public ownership, acceptance of privatisation (incl. railway)EMPLOYMENT - Rejection of full employment, focus on keeping inflation low. - Minimum wage just £3.40WELFARE STATE- Maintenance of current income tax rates of 25%FOREIGN POLICY - Rejection of unilateral disarmament.
139
What had Gaitskell attempted to remove in 1959?
Clause IV - Genesis out of the Bible.
140
What was New Labour's economic policy?
A fusion of supply side initiatives with an overwhelming emphasis on monetary stability as the key to low inflation. Focus on the knowledge economy, hence focusing on education, society and welfare to promote competitiveness.
141
How many seats did the Labour Party win in 1997?
LAB:**318**
CON:**165**
LIB: **46**
142
How many thought Labour was extreme in 1985 vs 1997?
50 vs 15
143
What was the approval rating of Iraq in 2003?
* 54% in support (YouGov - 21 polls)
* 2015 - recall - 37% in support - distortion
* Public opinion only swung to wrong in 2004, and reached above 50% in 2005.
144
What were the low points of Blair's satisfaction rating?
* Fuel crisis - 2001 - falls to 35%
* Hutton Inquiry - 2003 - judicial review into Dr. Kelly's death - falls to 30%
* Cash for Honours row - 30%
* Satisfaction actually increased after 1997 and after Iraq invasion
145
What was in the Labour Pledge Card?
1. Cut class sizes to 30
2. Fast track punishment for persistent young offenders
3. Cut NHS waiting list, releasing £100,000,000
4. Get 250,000 under-25s off benefits
5. No rise in income taxes, cut VAT on heating, keep inflation as low as possible.
146
What is Jessop's core underlying argument concerning the nature of the Blair project?
Spoken to the benefits of Thatcherism, but far more a trans-national conversation with New Democrats and Clinton - spread of distinctive American ideas into British notions of welfare and workfare.
"Thatcherism with a Christian Socialist Face"
147
What is the Keynesian welfare state, when was it replaced by the Schumpeterian Workfare State?
KWS - provisionof security, income tax and contribution from national insurance
SWS - Arose in the crisis of the 1970s when the role of the state in the market was rejected. Lead to a situation where the market was put ahead of the social and welfare needs of the country.
148
Why did the Keynesian/ Beveridge model of welfare fail?
* Only ever intended as a short-term stop gap between the labourer losing work and finding new employment - was never supposed to accommodate for the rise of structural unemployment.
* Created imagery of welfare dependency - highly damaging for state
149
What are the six pillars of Thatcherite Neo-Liberalism?
1. Liberalisation - promotion of FM
2. Deregulation - Freeing the FM
3. Privatisation - Reduction of the public sector
4. re-commodification of the residual public sector - to promote market forces
5. internationalisation - mobility of labour and capital
6. Reduced direct taxes - Market forces expanded scope.
150
What is the primary driving factor of Labour's economic agenda?
Cultivating a strong knowledge-driven economy. See *Our Competitive Edge: Building the Knowledge-Driven Economy.*
151
What was Labour seen to displace the Conservatives as?
The party of big transnational corporations - at the cost of the CBI and other unions.
152
Name some important steps towards the Schumpeterian Workfare State?
1986 - Restart Programme - invited the unemployed to seatch for work for benefits- modelled on US experience
1989 - Social Security Act - forced individuals to not only look for employment but to accept private sector jobs - tougher than the US
1994 - Jobseekers Allowance/ 1995 - Jobseekers Act - payments only made to those actively looking for employment.
Blair continues with welfare-to-work.
