Post-partum period

Question 1

How long does it generally take for uterine involution

Answer 1

3-6 weeks

Question 2

what is locia and when is it normal

Answer 2

red brwon- white discharge , lack odour
normal for -23 days

Question 3

define retained fetal membranes

Answer 3

The non-expulsion of foetal membranes beyond 24 hours post calving
normal placental expulsion= withing 6 hours of calving

Question 4

List risk factors for retained fetal membranes

Answer 4

induced parturition
shortened gestation
infectious disease
C-section
dystocia
foetotomy
twinning
nutritional deficiency
abortion
immuno-suppression
flunixin meglumine

Question 5

Describe how to treat retained fetal mambranes

Answer 5

manual removal - 5-7 days after - shouldn’t require much pressure
systemic antibiotics - if systemically unwell
benign neglect- leave will come away on own

Question 6

Impact of retained fetal membranes on production

Answer 6

production losses
reproductive losses
increase culling risk
increased likelihood to develop secondary health problems

Question 7

when is it considered retain fetal membranes in sheep

Answer 7

if there >18 hours

Question 8

List 5 risk factors for retained fetal membranes in sheep

Answer 8

c-section or dystocia
selenium or vit A deficiency
infectious abortion
obesity of dam
hypocalcaemia

Question 9

What is puerperal metritis

Answer 9

usually occurs <10 days post-partum
fever >39. 5
systemic signs of illness
fetid watery red-brown discharge

Question 10

what is clincal metritis

Answer 10

not systemically ill
purulent uterine discharge
within 21 days post-partum

Question 11

List 3 risk factors of metritis in sheep

Answer 11

dead fetuses
Assisted delivery of multiple lambs without proper hygiene
Uterine prolapse

Question 12

List 7 risk factors of metritis in cattle

Answer 12

abnormal stage 1 or 2 or labour
Uterine inertia
Premature calving and abortion
Induced calving
Twins
RFM
Dairy > beef

Question 13

Describe what is seen with grade 1 metritis

Answer 13

Abnormally enlarged uterus
purulent uterine discharge
without any systemic signs of ill health

Question 14

describe a grade 2 metritis

Answer 14

Abnormally enlarged uterus
purulent uterine discharge
with additional signs of systemic illness such as decreased milk yield, dullness, and fever

Question 15

Describe a grade 3 metritis

Answer 15

Sometimes called puerperal metritis, or toxic metritis
abnormally enlarged uterus
purulent uterine discharge, with signs of toxaemia such as inappetence, cold extremities, depression, and/or collapse.

Question 16

Describe how to treat grase 1 metritis

Answer 16

do not treat should clear themselves

Question 17

Describe how to treat grade 2-3 metritis

Answer 17

systemic antibiotics - penicillin 3-5 days
supportive therapy- NSAIDs, TLC, fluids, calcium borogluconate
Uterine lavage ??- saline only

Question 18

Describe clinical endometritis

Answer 18

Purulent uterine discharge (>50% pus) ≥21 days after parturition

OR

Mucopurulent uterine discharge (~50% pus. 50% mucus) >26 days after parturition
“Whites”

Question 19

Describe subclinical endometritis

Answer 19

> 18% neutrophils in uterine cytology sample collected 21-33 days after parturition

OR

> 10% neutrophils in uterine cytology sample collected 34-47 days after parturition
Uterine discharge not yet seen

Rarely diagnosed

Question 20

what is endometritis

Answer 20

infection of endometrium only

Question 21

List 4 risk factors of endometritis

Answer 21

trauma
hygiene
metabolism
larger hers size

Question 22

Describe how to diagnose clinical endometritis

Answer 22

transrectal palpation +/- US
vaginal exam- manual, metricheck

Question 23

describe how to diagnose subclinical endometritis

Answer 23

cytology on cervical swabs or lumen flush
uterine biopsy

Question 24

What is seen with endometritis on US

Answer 24

thick uterine wall
flocculant fluid in lumen

Question 25

what is a metricheck

Answer 25

Rubber diaphragm on steel rod Inserted into vagina Diaphragm collects fluid from vaginal floor

Question 26

what is a cytobrush

Answer 26

Brush inserted through the cervix into uterus used to diagnose subclinical endometritis diagnosis

Question 27

what is grade 0 vaginal mucus score

Answer 27

clear or translucent mucus

Question 28

Describe grade 1 vaginal mucus score

Answer 28

mucus containing flecks of white or off-white pus

Question 29

describe grade 2 vaginal mucus score

Answer 29

Discharge containing ≤ 50% white or off-white mucopurulent material

Question 30

describe grade 3 vaginal mucus score

Answer 30

Discharge containing ≥ 50% purulent material, usually white or yellow, but occasionally sanguineous

Question 31

what pathogens are most identified in endometritis

Answer 31

E. coli T. pyogenes F. necrophorum

Question 32

Describe how to treat endometritis

Answer 32

33-50% may self cure PGF2a Intrauterine antibiotics - cefaprin

Question 33

Define pyometra in ruminants

Answer 33

Purulent or mucopurulent material within uterine lumen, causing uterine distension, in the presence of a closed cervix and functional corpus luteum

Question 34

Describe how to treat pyometras in cattle

Answer 34

PGF2a