Post-partum period Flashcards
How long does it generally take for uterine involution
3-6 weeks
what is locia and when is it normal
red brwon- white discharge , lack odour
normal for -23 days
define retained fetal membranes
The non-expulsion of foetal membranes beyond 24 hours post calving
normal placental expulsion= withing 6 hours of calving
List risk factors for retained fetal membranes
induced parturition
shortened gestation
infectious disease
C-section
dystocia
foetotomy
twinning
nutritional deficiency
abortion
immuno-suppression
flunixin meglumine
Describe how to treat retained fetal mambranes
manual removal - 5-7 days after - shouldn’t require much pressure
systemic antibiotics - if systemically unwell
benign neglect- leave will come away on own
Impact of retained fetal membranes on production
production losses
reproductive losses
increase culling risk
increased likelihood to develop secondary health problems
when is it considered retain fetal membranes in sheep
if there >18 hours
List 5 risk factors for retained fetal membranes in sheep
c-section or dystocia
selenium or vit A deficiency
infectious abortion
obesity of dam
hypocalcaemia
What is puerperal metritis
usually occurs <10 days post-partum
fever >39. 5
systemic signs of illness
fetid watery red-brown discharge
what is clincal metritis
not systemically ill
purulent uterine discharge
within 21 days post-partum
List 3 risk factors of metritis in sheep
dead fetuses
Assisted delivery of multiple lambs without proper hygiene
Uterine prolapse
List 7 risk factors of metritis in cattle
abnormal stage 1 or 2 or labour
Uterine inertia
Premature calving and abortion
Induced calving
Twins
RFM
Dairy > beef
Describe what is seen with grade 1 metritis
Abnormally enlarged uterus
purulent uterine discharge
without any systemic signs of ill health
describe a grade 2 metritis
Abnormally enlarged uterus
purulent uterine discharge
with additional signs of systemic illness such as decreased milk yield, dullness, and fever
Describe a grade 3 metritis
Sometimes called puerperal metritis, or toxic metritis
abnormally enlarged uterus
purulent uterine discharge, with signs of toxaemia such as inappetence, cold extremities, depression, and/or collapse.
Describe how to treat grase 1 metritis
do not treat should clear themselves
Describe how to treat grade 2-3 metritis
systemic antibiotics - penicillin 3-5 days
supportive therapy- NSAIDs, TLC, fluids, calcium borogluconate
Uterine lavage ??- saline only
Describe clinical endometritis
Purulent uterine discharge (>50% pus) ≥21 days after parturition
OR
Mucopurulent uterine discharge (~50% pus. 50% mucus) >26 days after parturition
“Whites”
Describe subclinical endometritis
> 18% neutrophils in uterine cytology sample collected 21-33 days after parturition
OR
> 10% neutrophils in uterine cytology sample collected 34-47 days after parturition
Uterine discharge not yet seen
Rarely diagnosed
what is endometritis
infection of endometrium only
List 4 risk factors of endometritis
trauma
hygiene
metabolism
larger hers size
Describe how to diagnose clinical endometritis
transrectal palpation +/- US
vaginal exam- manual, metricheck
describe how to diagnose subclinical endometritis
cytology on cervical swabs or lumen flush
uterine biopsy
What is seen with endometritis on US
thick uterine wall
flocculant fluid in lumen
what is a metricheck
Rubber diaphragm on steel rod
Inserted into vagina
Diaphragm collects fluid from vaginal floor
what is a cytobrush
Brush inserted through the cervix into uterus
used to diagnose subclinical endometritis diagnosis
what is grade 0 vaginal mucus score
clear or translucent mucus
Describe grade 1 vaginal mucus score
mucus containing flecks of white or off-white pus
describe grade 2 vaginal mucus score
Discharge containing≤50% white or off-white mucopurulent material
describe grade 3 vaginal mucus score
Discharge containing≥50% purulent material, usually white or yellow, but occasionally sanguineous
what pathogens are most identified in endometritis
E. coli
T. pyogenes
F. necrophorum
Describe how to treat endometritis
33-50% may self cure
PGF2a
Intrauterine antibiotics - cefaprin
Define pyometra in ruminants
Purulent or mucopurulent material within uterine lumen, causing uterine distension, in the presence of a closed cervix and functional corpus luteum
Describe how to treat pyometras in cattle
PGF2a
