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14- FA- Reproduction > Porcine clinical reproduction disease > Flashcards

Porcine clinical reproduction disease Flashcards

(103 cards)

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1
Q

What is the farrowing index in pigs and what generally is the target for this

A

number of farrows per year average
2.35

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2
Q

What is farrowing rate

A

% of sows served that go on to successfully farrow

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3
Q

what is the target farrowing rate

A

89%

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4
Q

what are most reproductive failure in the pig due to

A

management shortcomings

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5
Q

Describe post weaning mangament of the sow

A

From point of weaning they need boar contact - should be intensive for a short time
must stop boar contact day before service

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6
Q

describe heat detection in pigs

A

back-pressure test

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7
Q

during postweaning phase what are sows fed

A

on ad-lib lactator diet

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8
Q

During the post-weaning period how much light do pigs need

A

16hrs - hard to do outdoors

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9
Q

what weaning-service interval are we aiming for in pigs

A

5 days

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10
Q

when should sows be served

A

Sows should be served 24 hours after onset of standing heat.- 2 inseminations

Gilts 8-12hrs

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11
Q

after service describe when pigs can be moved

A

Sows will usually need to be moved either <5 days after insemination, OR not until 35 days after insemination (otherwise will interfere with implantation)

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12
Q

when does preparing sows to be re-served start

A

from the end of the previous dry period

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13
Q

What effects does excessive weight loss during lactation result in

A

longer W-S interval and lower numbers born in subsequent farrowing

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14
Q

how much BCS is aimed to be lost during lactation in sows

A

0.5
should be 2.5-3 at weaning

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15
Q

when are piglet birth weights determined

A

wean to service interval and in the last 3 weeks of gestation

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16
Q

why is sow feed reduced on entry to farrowing accommodation

A

to stop her from becoming anorexic- which will affect the quality of the next litter is already being determined

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17
Q

describe lactation feeding in sows

A

Feed increased for last 3 weeks of gestation
Feed reduced on entry to farrowing accommodation
Sows carefully increased over first 7-10 days of lactation up to maximum feed intake

Some animals will still struggle to maintain BCS

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18
Q

what is second litter drop

A

When a sow is in poor condition at weaning/serving leading to a smaller next litter

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19
Q

when do want to successfully re-breed Gilts

A

within 6 days of weaning- due to them leaving more BCS

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20
Q

what pigs are generally affected by autumn infertility

A

gilts and young sows

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21
Q

what is autumn infertility

A

because they originally a season spring breeder- so in aumtumn can get pigs not cycling, increased returns and abortions

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22
Q

List 3 ways to reduce autumn infertility

A

increase feed level
increase boar contact
avoid chilling of the pig

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23
Q

what causes autumn infertility

A

short days
variation in day night temperature
natural in the pig

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24
Q

what is summer infertility in pigs

A

can occur indoor as buildings meant for colder weather
heat stress and sunburn

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25
How to prevent sunburn in pigs
dig wallows with water source for the pigs to bathe in
26
How can we tell if poor fertility due to infectious disease in sows
Sows or boars off-feed Sows or boars pyrexic Abortions/mummified foetuses Irregular returns to heat Weak and premature pigs High incidence of mummies and/or stillbirths Often just one of the above signs and can be subtle Rarely this easy with endemic disease
27
What are the most common viruses that cause pig reproductive failure
PRRSv Swine Influenza SMEDI
28
what is PRRSv
Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus
29
How is PRRSv spread
by movement of carrier pigs (airborne spread) invades andkills macrophages
30
How does PRRSv cause disease
It invades and kills macrophages- is an immunosuppresive virus
31
If PRRSv is restabled on a farm what do we see
Always see disease in piglets Don't always see disease reproductively in the sows
32
what are the 3 disease statuses of PRRSv
negative positive stable- achieved primarily with vaccination- can become unstable through genetic mutation of virus positive unstable- restabilistion can be difficult
33
List 4 risks to PRRSv negative herds
Stock people vehicles airborne
34
Describe a replacement strategy for a PRRSv negative herd
Buy –ve replacements Quarantine min 8wks and check with own sentinels after 5wks- mix own old pigs in with them at a point Strict biosecurity Home breed
35
Describe how to monitor a postivie pig herd for PRRSv
PCR- oral fluids, bloods, tissue
36
How can swine influenza be introduced to a herd
infected people carrier pigs birds
37
What does swine influenza cause
mostly resp disease but will cause sows to return by causing pyrexia Can also cause inappetence in farrowing house and disease in pre-weaned piglets
38
describe how to diagnose swine influenza
clinical signs nasal swabs serology
39
describe how to control swine influenza
biosecurity staff flu jabs
40
what is SMEDI
Stillbirth Mummification Embryonic Death Infertility Is a syndrome with various (usually ubiquitous viral) causes: e.g. Parvovirus (PPV) and others
41
what is the mechanism behind SMEDI
Transplacental infection of fetuses occurs resulting in sequential fetal death. abortion is rare fetuses usually go to term as no PGF2a trigger
42
when do clinical signs of porcine parvovirus show
no clinical signs unless pregnant when exposed then depends where in gestation they are
43
what would be see if pig infected with PPV <35 days gestation
Return to service
44
Describe how to control PPV
vaccination
45
what is important ot remeber about Aujezsky's disease
notifiable
46
what are the clinical signs of Aujezsky's disease
Usually no clinical signs in the sow Abortions seen, with neurological signs in newborn piglets Signs become milder as age increases.
47
How is classical swine fever spread
Spread by pigs eating infectious meat or meat products, contact with infected pigs or their faeces or body fluids, contact from infected sows to their piglets
48
what are the signs of classical swine fever
Important cause of Congenital Tremor (CT) Clinical signs vary and abortion may occur at any stage and will be a first sign in an incursion
49
what are the main clinical signs of african swine fever
Pyrexia, anorexia, lethargy, sudden death Also causes abortions, stillbirths and weak litters
50
what are the most important bacterial causes of reproductive failure in pigs
Leptospirosis Erysipelas Brucella suis
51
List the clinical signs of leptospirosis in pigs
abortions/stillbirths vaginal discharge
52
Describe how to diagnose leptospirosis in pigs
Difficult (chronic) Serology in returning sows Foetal tissues (FAT).
53
Describe how to treat leptospirosis in pigs
tetracyclines
54
Describe how to control leptospirosis in pigs
use of AI hygiene in service areas vaccination rodent control
55
How is Erysipelas spread
via saliva, faeces or urine
56
Describe the signs seen with Erysipelas
abortions, mummified fetuses, returns to service diamond lesions on skin Can get heart valve abscesses
57
describe how to treat Erysipelas
penicillin
58
describe how to control Erysipelas
vaccination- is very cheap vaccine
59
What does Brucella suis cause
Causes infertility, abortion and weak piglets, can also cause abscesses
60
Describe Endometritis & vulval discharge syndrome
occurs After serving Discharge at 14-21d post-service caused by dirty AIing may cause reduced fertility
61
List 4 Notifiable diseases causing porcine reproductive failure
Brucella suis Aujezsky’s disease Classical Swine Fever African Swine Fever
62
List 2 commonly used figures to monitor reproduction on pig units
Pigs per sow per year and weaned per sow
63
Why is continuous contact of a sow with a boar not desirable
can see habituation
64
What is the average lacatation length for a sow
26 days
65
When are pigs generally culled
after 5th or 6th litter
66
When does puberty occur in gilts
180-210 days boar contact from 180 days of age to stimulate this
67
what age are gilts mated
235-55 days at 135-150kg live weight second or third recorded heat
68
What is commonly used to synchronise sows
Altrenogest (progesterone)
69
Oestrus signs in gilts
enlargement and pinking of vulva
70
How can sunburn in the pig lead to reproductive problems
Can lead to production of PGF2a
71
Why is genetic mutation of PRRSv frequent
It is a single strand RNA virus
72
What causes PRRSv destabilisation in a pig unit
Genetic mutation frequent Leads to new strains emerging on farm regularly Leads to destabilisation
73
What are the 3 PRRSv disease statuses
Negative (highly risky, will see extreme acute disease if naive animals exposed) Positive, stable (Most herds sit here, no viraemic circulation) Positive, unstable (Pigs have viraemia and virus is circulating)
74
Can a farm be PRRSv negative and vaccinated
No, as the vaccine is live attenuated
75
Describe how herds reamin PRRSv negative
Biosecurity is key Check status maintained with serology
76
What are the key points of being PRRSv positive but stable
Sows serologically positive but not shedding virus Piglets weaned virus -ve Acheived primarily with vaccination (every 12 weeks)
77
What are the key points of being PRRSv positive but unstable
sows serologically positive and shedding virus Piglets weaned virus +ve, problems in feeding herd restabilisation can be difficult
78
Describe a replacement strategy for a PRRSv positive herd
Isolate and vaccinate replacements Vaccination Do not serve gilts until >6 weeks since infection / vaccination
79
Where is porcine parvovirus found
ubiquitous, survives well outside the pig
80
Do animals develop immunity to porcine parvovirus
sows develop lifeling immunity so clinical disease usually seen in gilts
81
Likely signs if animal affected by porcine parvovirus 35-70 days into gestation?
Sequential death of piglets and mummification Variable sized mummies
82
Likely signs if animal affected by porcine parvovirus 70+ days into gestation?
Some weak piglets/ stillbirths
83
Describe how to diagnose porcine parvovirus
fetal serology and PCR
84
Is Aujezsky's disease in the UK
not currently in the UK
85
What is classical swine fever
Pestivirus similar to BVD, Can cause persistent infections
86
Is classical swine fever in the UK
not currently
87
what type of virus is african swine fever
Deoxivirus
88
Is african swine fever in the UK
No
89
Is Brucella suis in the UK
No
90
How do we control endometritis and vulval discharge syndrome in sows
cull affected animals service management
91
List 5 examples of individual level data on a pig unit
Sow parity, dates of mating/farrowing/service, Number and types of services at each mating, Semen/boars used, Number of piglets born/litter, Weaning to service interval
92
List 6 examples of herd level data on a pig unit
Litter size variation, Service intervals, Abortions, Females not in-pig, Discharges, Parity distribution
93
List 6 areas of reproductive cycle in pigs where a problem can occur
anoestrus ovulation and oocyte production fertilisation implantation foetal death and abortion stillbirths
94
Describe anoestrus in pigs
rarely true anoestrus, usually increased wean to service interval usually sub-optimal nutrition during lactation in young animals
95
List 6 ways to ensure good ovulation in pigs
nutrition hybrid vigour good general health ensure good feed intake during lactation manage sows so they come into oestrus during early fertile period disease causing early embryonic death or fetal damage managed
96
List 6 ways to ensure fertilisation is good on a pig unit
accurate oestrus detection served at correct time nutrition care with group changes after service boar management if natural service disease managed
97
when does implantation occur in the pig
days 14-17 after ovulation
98
List 5 areas of management affecting implantation in pigs
nutriton boar contact for >28 days post-service 16hr light stress 2-25 days post service general sow health
99
If pig embryos die <35 days post service
resorption and return to service -63 days
100
how can we estimate age at death of a aborted fetus
crown rump length will indicate age at death
101
Still births are usually sow related factors such as...
Fat sows = prolonged farrowing/dystocia, Large litters, large piglets, Fresh born dead is usually poor supervision around farrowing
102
Which samples for infectious disease to take if sows are systemically ill
serum nasal swabs Foetuses and foetal tissue often unrewarding
103
Which samples for infectious disease to take if sows are clinically well
Foetuses/foetal tissue/placenta, Serology from sow,

14- FA- Reproduction (12 decks)

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