post-natal development Flashcards
What are the 4 parts seen in dorsal view of embryo as the brain develops at about week 4? (from top to bottom)
From top to bottom: prosencephalon (future forebrain), mesencephalon (future midbrain), rhomencephalon (future hindbrain), future spinal cord
By about 4 weeks what flexures are seen in the developing brain?
From front to back: cephalic flexure, pontine flexure, cervical flexure
At about week 5 what is the structure of the developing brain?
From top to bottom: telencephalon (fore), diencephalon (mid), pons, medulla (hind)
What happens to the developing brain at about 8 weeks?
Developing hemisphere (fore), developing aqueduct (mid), developing cerebellum (hind)
By term what is the structure of the brain?
fully developed cortex, ventricular system, cerebellum, pons & medulla
What area of the brain goes wrong in ADHD?
Prefrontal cortex
What is the grey matter anteriorly responsible for?
Alpha motor neurones
What are the functions of the extrapyramidal tracts?
Coordinate automated movements of locomotion & posture (eg to painful stimuli), regulate posture to maintain balance, facilitates mainly a-motor neurones of postural, anti-gravity (extensor) muscles
What are the components of a reflex arc? What happens?
- Sensory receptor responds to stimulus by producing generator or receptor potential.
- Sensory neurone activated and goes to dorsal part of spine, connecting to interneurone & conducting impulse from receptor to integrating centre
- motor neurone activated and goes to effector muscles or glands to produce response to stimulus.
What is the moro reflex? When is it developed/when should it disappear? What if it persists?
- Babies neck suddenly extended & arms abduct & then adduct.
- Reflex develops at 28-30wks gestation & should disappear at 3-6 months.
- Persistence of primitive reflexes can be sign of impaired development
What is development?
- Global impression of child including growth, increase in understanding, acquiring new skills & more sophisticated responses & behaviour.
- Child gets increasingly complex skills to function in society
What is the standing reflex? When is it present?
- New born & at 3 months.
- With extension of lower extremities, hips somewhat flexed, head free to turn
What is the grasp reflex? What is it replaced with and when?
- When object is placed in palm of newborns hand, grasp it tightly.
- Reflex replaced at 6 months with voluntary movement of hand
What is the parachute reflex?
Develops at 6-9 months. Baby put in flying position and protects themselves with outstretched arms
Who knows best about children’s development?
Parents, all doctors, nursery nurses, teachers
When can development assessment happen?
Opportunistically or planned as part of programme of reviews
What are the 4 domains of developmental assessment?
- Speech & language skills (understanding, words, vocalisation, imaginative play),
- social skills (social interaction, stranger reaction, eating, dressing),
- gross motor skills (position, head lag, sitting, walking, running),
- fine motor skills (use of hands, grasp, puzzles, bricks, crayon)
What kind of position would a newborn have and what would happen if you lift them up to sit?
Limited flexed, symmetrical posture. When pull up, marked head lag (immature neck muscles)
When pulled to sit what does a 3month old have?
Good head control compared to newborn when pulled to sitting position
What is position of a baby at 6-8 weeks?
Raises head to 45 degrees when prone
What is position of baby at 6-8 months?
Sits without support. At 6 months with round back, at 8 months with straight back
When does rolling begin?
3-5 months, can roll independently
When does crawling begin?
8-9 months
When does a baby start cruising around furniture? What should be done at this stage?
10 months. Talk to parents about furniture in home
By 12 months, what is the babys walking like?
Walks unsteadily, broad gait, hands apart
At what age does baby walk steadily?
15 months
What are variations of normal from immobile infant to walking?
Before walking can start commando crawl, crawling on all fours, or bottom shuffling
By 6 weeks, what vision/fine motor skill does baby have?
Follows moving object or face by turning head
At 4 months, what fine motor skill does baby have?
Reaches out for toys
When is palmar grasp seen?
4-6 months, thumb and fingers grasping together - crude
When would a baby start transferring a toy from one hand to another?
7 months
When would a mature pincer grip (index and thumb fingers) happen?
10 months
At what age would baby start making marks with a crayon?
16-18 months
How does progression of making building blocks happen?
From 14 months - 4 years.
Tower of 3 (18 months), tower of 6 (2 years), tower of 8 or train with 4 bricks (2.5), bridge from model (3 years), steps (after demonstration - 4 years)
How does progression of drawing shapes go?
1-5 years: Line (2 years), circle (3 years), cross (3.5), square (4), triangle (5). Ability to draw without seeing how it is done, can copy (draw after seeing it done) 6 months earlier
What language skills does a newborn have?
Starts to make loud noises
At 3-4 months, what language skills does a newborn have?
Vocalises alone or when spoken to, coos and laughs