post midterm purple terms Flashcards
hyper-consumption
buying more than one can afford
hyper debt
owing more than one will be able to repay
sovereign wealth funds
funds controlled by nation-states that often invest in other countries
race to the bottom
countries involved in a downward spiral of competitiveness
supply chains
value-adding activities in the prod’n process beginning with raw materials and ending with a finished product
international production networks
networks of producers involved in producing a finished product
global commodity chains
value-adding chains, global industries, and the sellers of global products
global value chains
various phases of prod’n, delivery to the final consumers, final disposal
industrial upgrading
nation-states, firms, and even workers move from low-value to relatively high-value prod’n
outsourcing
transfer of activities once performed by an entity to a business(es) in exchange for money
offshore outsourcing
transfer of activities to entities in other countries
FDI - foreign direct investment
investment by a firm in one nation-state in a firm in another nation-state with the intention of controlling it
portfolio investment
purchase of equities in companies in other countries for financial gain, not control
Greenfield investment
building of totally new corporate facilities in another country
structural adjustment
conditions of economic ‘restructuring’ imposed by organizations such as the World Bank and the IMF on borrowing nation-states
MNCs
corporation that operates in more than 2 countries
trade related investment measures (TRIMs)
WTO agreement on trade measures gov’ts can impose on foreign firms
autarky
turn inward of a nation-state in order to become as economically self-sufficient as possible
trade related aspects of int’l property rights (TRIPs)
WTO agreement to protect the interests of those that create ideas
cultural differentialism
cultures tend to remain stubbornly different from one another
cultural hybridization
mixing of cultures leading to unique combinations
glocalization
interpretations of the global and the local resulting in unique outcomes in different geographic ares
hybridization
external flows interact with internal flows producing a unique cultural hybrid that combines their elements
creolization
combination of languages and cultures previously unintelligible to one another
cultural convergence
cultures are subject to many of the same global flows and tend to grow more alike
world culture
spread of global models leading to global convergence
isomorphism
a series of global models has led to a great uniformity throughout the world
mcdonalidization
process by which the principles of the fast-food restaurant are coming to dominate more of the world
grobalization
imperialistic ambitions of nation-states, corporations, and organizations, and their imposition throughout the world
nothing
social forms largely devoid of distinctive content
something
largely full social forms, those rich in distinctive content
non-places
setting largely devoid of distinctive content
non-things
objects largely devoid of distinctive content
non-people
those who occupy positions that lead them to be devoid of distinctive content at lest in those positions
non-services
services largely devoid of distinctive content
ethnoscapes
actual movement, as well as fantasies about moving, of mobile groups and individuals
technoscapes
fluid, global configurations of technology and the wide range of material that moves freely and quickly around the globe
finances capes
processes by which huge sums of money move through nation-states and around the world at great speed
mediascapes
electronic capability to produce and transmit information and images globally
ideas capes
flows of images primarily political in nature
trade protectionism
policy of systematic gov’t intervention in foreign trade with the objective of encouraging domestic prod’n
information war
information and information technology increasingly permeating warfare perpetrated by developed countries
social class
social rankings made on the basis of economic factors such as occupation, wealth and income
natural resources trap
limiting economic development bc of excessive dependence on abundant natural resources
conflict trap
nation-state confronted with either continuing civil wars or frequent violent coups d’état
global cities
key cities in the global, especially capitalist, economy
megacities
cities with a population greater than 10 million people
megalopolis
a long chain of interconnected cities with the potentiality of becoming one huge city
intersectionality
members of minority groups are affected by their position in other arrangements of social inequality
minority group
a group of people in a subordinate position in wealth, power, and/or prestige (status)
majority group
a group of people in a superordinate position in wealth, power, and/or prestige (status)
orientalism
ideas, texts produced in the West the basis of the domination, control, exploitation of the East
race
defined based on meanings attached to physical or biological characteristics
racism
belief in the inherent superiority of one racial group and the inferiority of others
xenophobia
beliefs, attitudes and prejudices that reject, exclude and vilify groups made up of outsiders or foreigners
genocide
acts committed with intend to destroy a national, ethic, racial or religious group
ethnic cleansing
forcible removing people of another ethnic group
sex
physical differences between males and females
gender
differences between males and females based on social definition and distinction
feminization of labour
increasing participation of women in the global formal and informal paid-labour force
global care chains
series of personal relationships between people across the globe based on the paid or unpaid work of caring
time-space compression
the shrinking of space, and the reduction of the time required by a wide range of processes, brought about by changes in transportation and communication technologies advanced mainly by capitalist corporations
time-space distanciation
the stretching of social relations across space and time brought about by technological change
prosumers
those who engage in the interrelated process of production and consumption
temporary labour migrants
guest workers and overseas contract workers that move to a country for a limited amount of time
irregular migrants
migrants that enter, or stay in, a country without proper documentation
highly skilled migrants
workers with special qualifications (e.g., managers, executives, professionals, technicians) who migrate for better economic opportunities
forced migrants
refugees and asylum seekers who are forced to leave their home country
refugees
those forced to leave their homeland, or who leave involuntarily, bc they fear for their safety
asylum seekers
refugees who seek to remain in the country to which they flee
family reunification migrants
individuals whose family ties motivated them to migrate internationally
return migrants
people who, after spending time in their destination country, go back to their home country
international migrants
people who live in a country where they were not born and have important social ties to that country
human trafficking
the recruitment and movement of people through force or coercion, for purposes of sexual exploitation or forced labour
brain drain
systematic loss by a nation-state of people highly prized elsewhere in the world
brain gain
nation-states, especially those that are developed, acquire more people with a strong knowledge base than they lose
ecotourism
tourists experience natural environments while doing little or no harm to them
ethnotourism
tourists experiencing the way other people live, often people very different from themselves
modernization
the belief of an evolutionary process that moved humankind from agricultural and pre-modern societies into the modern era, brought about by the reality of wide-scale rational planning
ecological economics
economic theory that considers the ecological carrying capacity of the earth thus integrating economic theory with environmental knowledge
anthropocene
a potential new geological era characterized by several accelerating human-made ecological changes, including mass extinctions, global warming, and oceanic changes, that are far-reaching and in many cases, permanent
climate refugees
people displaced by environmental changes brought about by climate change, such as rising sea levels, drought, and increased exposure to hurricanes and floods
sustainable development
economic and environmental changes that meet the needs of the present without jeopardizing the future
carbon tax
a tax applied to fossil fuels (oil, coal and natural gas) used to curb carbon emissions
cap-and-trade
a system that limits the total carbon emissions allowed, where companies buy permits in order to allow them to produce additional emissions with prices set by the market
carbon neutrality
a scenario where carbon emissions are equal to (or less than) the amount of those emissions that are absorbed by the natural environment
protectionism
government intervention in order to encourage domestic production
fair trade
concern for the social, economic, and environmental well-being of marginalized small producers
