Post Midterm I: Feb 26-March 13 Flashcards

Question

prescriptive norms for men

Answer 1

leadership competence agency (being proactive, autonomous, self-directed, "in charge")

Answer 2

stereotypes legitimize men's greater status and power relative to women masculine TRAITS and PURSUITS are more HIGHLY VALUED looking at college majors with the highest/lowest earnings: positive correlation between number of men in a trade and its average salary

Answer 3

Leslie, Cimpian, Meyer & Freeland (2015) studied association between GENDER DISPARITIES in PhD students and the degree to which the SUCCESS IN THAT FIELD was supposed to rely on innate "BRILLIANCE"

Answer 4

negative correlation between "brilliance" fields and women as fields become increasingly associated with "innate brilliance", there are more dominated by men

Answer 5

social and economic penalties for acting counter-stereotypically

Answer 6

women must disconfirm female stereotypes in order to be perceived as COMPETENT LEADERS but...people have negative reactions towards ambitious and capable women a) women who enact agentic behaviours = often seen as socially deficient b) these deficiencies lead to punishment and discrimination

Answer 7

x axis goes from VERY COLD to VERY WARM y axis goes from VERY INCOMPETENT to VERY COMPETENT Hillary Clinton: very competent and very cold Housewife: very incompetent and very warm

Answer 8

a DOUBLE-BIND in hiring and promotion 1. warm women are seen as less capable, competent and committed 2. competent women are seen as less likeable, more hostile and less of a team player

Answer 9

an organism's biological status, typically characterized as male, female or intersex biological indicators: - sex chromosomes, gonads, internal reproductive organs, external genitalia

Answer 10

thoughts, feelings, behaviours that a culture associates with masculinity and femininity

Answer 11

person's sense of their own gender cisgender: gender identity that correspond with one's birth sex transgender: gender identity that differs from one's birth sex

Answer 12

gender identities that aren't exclusively masculine or feminine multiple genders, no gender, fluctuating gender, other genders

Answer 13

first lab that actively studies gender development in transgender children tracking socially-transitioned children longitudinally starting from 3-12 years old compared against siblings and unrelated children on a bunch of outcomes (sibling comparison can rule out effect of parenting environment)

Answer 14

Do 5-12 year olds who identify with a gender that is opposite of their birth sex express preferences consistent with their gender, their birth sex, or something in the middle?

Answer 15

1. gender-attitude IAT 2. gendered object preferences 3. gendered friendship preferences

Answer 16

transgender preferences for: a) friendships and gendered objects b) IAT scores were VERY SIMILAR to siblings and age-matched cisgender kids (note: higher scores = preferences consistent with gender)

Answer 17

transgender children express preferences consistent with their gender identity

Answer 18

reached a similar conclusion there were no differences within transgender children based on how long they had been living as their current gender no differences between transgender kids and cisgender controls - very genuine experience of gender identity for trans kids

Answer 19

neither sex assignment at birth nor direct or indirect sex-specific socialization and expectations (e.g., rewarding masculine things and punishing feminine ones for assigned males) in alignment with early assignment necessarily define how a child later identifies or expresses their gender these findings illustrate that children develop a sense of identity at an early age, that this identity is not necessarily determined by sex assignment at birth, and that children may hold on to this identity even when it conflicts with others' expectations

Answer 20

compared... 1. laws that pointed to how welcoming/discriminatory certain US states are towards transgender people and... 2. IAT scores from these same states RESULTS: implicit and explicit anti-transgender attitudes were higher in states with more discriminatory laws

Answer 21

idea that people use laws and policies to help inform the acceptability of their beliefs and norms

Answer 22

Tankard & Paluck, 2017 June 2015 Supreme Court case on same-sex marriage study 1: experiment a) being told that a favourable ruling was likely (in favour of pro same sex marriage) study 2: longitudinal study

Answer 23

a) increased perception of norms supporting same-sex marriage b) increased support for same-sex marriage

Answer 24

longitudinal study tracked perceptions of norms & attitudes over time before and after the landmark supreme court decision huge jump in PERCEPTION OF NORMS SUPPORTING SAME-SEX MARRIAGE occurred the day after the ruling but OVERT POLICY SUPPORT didn't change

Answer 25

5 to 4 vote allowed this case to go through only 9 people - not representative of the whole US population yet people use these decisions to INFER what society supports more broadly

Answer 26

perception of norms supporting same-sex marriage CHANGED support for same-sex marriage DIDN'T CHANGE

Answer 27

prejudice outcomes did change after legislation change before 2015, each state had opportunity to allow or not allow same-sex marriage states that passed same-sex marriage legislation experienced GREATER DECREASE IN BIAS following legalization

Answer 28

changing pretty quick! they're still pro-straight though should hit neutral by 2048 not the same change for age or disability attitudes

Answer 29

child must live in a family where all other family members use pronouns for the child that don't align with sex assigned at birth might not result in the most representative sample

Answer 30

rules we generally use to understand prejudice may not apply to age 1. EVERYONE experiences ageing: this in itself makes ageing different than other types of prejudice 2. age is very SUBJECTIVE - people can have a huge discrepancy between how old they are and how old they feel

Answer 31

34% experience a match between their objective and subjective age 28% feel OLDER 38% feel YOUNGER

Answer 32

age 27 is when objective and subjective age are most often the SAME as you get older, your subjective age starts to be younger than your objective age

Answer 33

1. age is differentiated by BIOLOGY and EXPERIENCE 2. SOCIAL ROLES are strongly differentiated by age 3. age is complicated by FAMILIAL RELATIONS (cross-age contact) 4. age is MALLEABLE (young people will be old, and old people were once young) 5. age is CONTINUOUS, but can be perceived CATEGORICALLY 6. older people tend to be MORE POWERFUL (to a point) 7. there's a difference between "AGE IDENTITY" and "GENERATIONAL IDENTITY" (may not identify with a 21 year old, but identify with a gen z)

Answer 34

SUBJECTIVELY POSITIVE attitudes and beliefs about people on basis of age that JUSTIFY PATERNALISTIC CARE and the status quo

Answer 35

a) older people are PHYSICALLY WEAK b) older people are MENTALLY IMPAIRED c) older people are LONELY d) older people are SOCIABLE/WARM lead to protective attitudes (like in benevolent sexism)

Answer 36

a) young people are OUTGOING/FUN b) young people succumb to PEER PRESSURE c) young people LACK MENTAL FACULTIES/KNOWLEDGES d) young people are EMOTIONALLY UNDERDEVELOPED

Answer 37

field experiment setup, researchers sent out FICTITIOUS RESUMES to companies that were hiring in either restaurant or sales industries across resumes, applicants were listed as being either 31 or 46 years old 15 year gap in work experience: controlled for by saying they'd been in the military - this is a confounding factor

Answer 38

sales assistant job: younger applicant was 4 TIMES AS LIKELY to receive an interview restaurant job: younger applicant was 3 TIMES AS LIKELY to receive an interview

Answer 39

1. the job was full-time versus part-time 2. the job was permanent versus temporary

Answer 40

than the overarching pattern for religion/race

Answer 41

rule: younger is better most positive associations = for kids, then young adults, then middle-aged adults, then old adults small ingroup effect for people in 40s (get a bit more negative towards young adults and more positive towards their age group - "parenting effect")

Answer 42

hold the highest status

Answer 43

headline: "OK BOOMER marks the end of friendly generational relations" ^term is an antagonist way of discounting attitudes of older people

Answer 44

tweet "I started working by bussing tables at the Star Family Restaurant for $1/hour & slowly moved up to cook - the big leagues for a kid like me - to earn $6/hour. Businesses in small towns survive on narrow margins. Mandating a $15 minimum wage would put many of them out of business." he is ignoring inflation here LOL older people dismissing younger people

Answer 45

1. "millennial generation could kill the NFL" 2. "Is Gen Y's Live-At-Home Lifestyle Killing the Housing Market?" 3. "PROMISCUOUS Millenials are Killing McDonald's" 4. Milennials are killing a $1 billion diet staple"

Answer 46

millennials and boomers don't like one another very much 1. chart of ATTITUDES towards each generation as a function of a participant's generation not linear - boomers especially dislike millennials, and millennials especially dislike boomers 2. chart of PERCEIVED THREAT from outgroup generations as a function of a participant's generation same pattern, boomers especially see millennials as a threat, and vice versa

Answer 47

1. boomers see millennials as more threatening and like them less than other outgroup generations and same thing holds for millennials, just in the opposite direction

Answer 48

1. boomers see millennials through the lens of a SYMBOLIC THREAT 2. millennials see boomers through the lens of a REALISTIC THREAT

Answer 49

more likely to agree with items concerning whether millennials have a: "different moral code" "do not uphold the country's values" see millennials as threats to cultural values

Answer 50

more likely to agree with items concerning whether boomers: "get more from this country than they give" "take up more than their fair share of jobs and houses"

Answer 51

1. egalitarianism advocacy 2. anti-social dominance orientation 3. hostile racism 4. hostile sexism 5. hostile ageism

Answer 52

a measure from the egalitarianism and ageism study "my motivation for almost every activity I engage in is my desire for an egalitarian world" "I owe it to all people to work for greater opportunity and equality for all"

Answer 53

a measure from the egalitarianism and ageism study "some groups are inferior to other groups" (reversed)

Answer 54

a measure from the egalitarianism and ageism study "women are seeking to gain power by getting control over men"

Answer 55

a measure from the egalitarianism and ageism study "black people are seeking to gain power by getting control over White people"

Answer 56

a measure from the egalitarianism and ageism study "most older workers don't know when it's time to make way for the younger generation"

Answer 57

r = 0.2 no relationship between egalitarianism advocacy and ageism suggests there are people committed to egalitarianism who are ageist

Answer 58

r = -0.3 again, seems like even those high in anti-SDO can be ageist

Answer 59

older people are seen as "opportunity blockers" that work to prevent other under-represented groups from getting ahead easier to rationalize prejudice based o age, because you construe older people as "opportunity blockers" frustration seem justified

Answer 60

1. VISIBILITY: can you see it? 2. CONTROLLABILITY: was it "your fault"? 3. DISRUPTIVENESS: does it disrupt normal social living? 4. AESTHETIC QUALITIES: does it impact perceptions of attractiveness? 5. PERIL: are you seen as dangerous because of it? the dimensions mediate how prejudice operates

Answer 61

positive general attitudes but other measures show strong prejudice

Answer 62

1. people are less willing to DATE/MARRY PWDs 2. strong IMPLICIT PREFERENCES for 'abled' over 'disabled' people 3. PWDs commonly REPORT DISCRIMINATION

Answer 63

controllable

Answer 64

feelings of peril fear-based associations with mental illness ie. horror movie villains often have mental illnesses

Answer 65

stigma reduces the likelihood that people will seek treatment for their mental illness <40% of people with mental illness have sought treatment seeking mental illness treatment is stigmatizing in itself

Answer 66

attractive people are thought to have more POSITIVE QUALITIES sociable, extraverted, popular, happy, assertive self-fulfilling prophecy

Answer 67

the beautiful receive more social attention, which helps them develop good social skills highly attractive people: a) do develop good social interaction skills b) report having more satisfying interactions with others

Answer 68

job applications in Europe often include a photo of the applicant only manipulated the degree of attractiveness of the applicant

Answer 69

1. more attractive men: 35% receive a callback less attractive men: 29% receive a callback 2. more attractive women: 40% receive a callback less attractive women: 32% receive a callback same results across gender - physically attractive man gets better treatment from both men and women

Answer 70

1. perceived to be MORE COMPETENT/SOCIABLE 2. less likely to be stereotyped 3. have higher income, SES and occupational outcomes

Answer 71

historically, darker skin tone was linked to working in sun all day as farmer/labourer light skin tone meant you had a privileged position EXCEPTION: "Western" White people today want to have darker skin tones on average status reversal: being tanned means you have the privilege of going to the beach, vacationing etc.

Answer 72

King & Johnson (2016) coded the skin tone of Black and White features for 1110 felony defendants from Minneapolis area also coded defendants by Afro-centric features based on prior literature (fuller lips, wider noses)

Answer 73

some overlap between skin tones of Black and White people some overlap of Afro-centric features between Black and White people so what if you're White but have more Afro-centric features? a) your sentences will be MORE SEVERE than those given to average White person

Answer 74

criminal history, trial conviction, private attorney, crime type, county, age

Answer 75

not as simple as "I'm treating this person as White or Black"

Answer 76

"in 2017, the global skin-lightening industry was worth $4.8 billion and it is predicted to grow to $8.9 billion by 2027, fuelled by a growing middle class in the Asia-Pacific region" instagram might be removing plastic surgery filters, but what about the skin lightening ones?

Answer 77

1. overweight people are assumed to be PERSONALLY RESPONSIBLE for their weight 2. weight discrimination is common and not seen as personally problematic as discrimination in other domains (religion, race, etc)

Answer 78

lazy, lacking willpower, unintelligent, sloppy, dishonest

Answer 79

women 1. greater pay discrimination 2. greater connection to female roles 3. judged to be "overweight" at lower weight levels

Answer 80

low self-esteem depression suicide

Answer 81

showed scales of internal motivation to control prejudice for race, disability and weight most people are VERY motivated to control prejudice based on RACE and DISABILITY but there are WAY MORE MIDDLING RESPONSES for weight people aren't as strongly motivated to be unprejudiced about weight

Answer 82

participants higher in PERCEIVED weight later: a) consumed more calories b) had weaker beliefs in dietary control following exposure to the weight stigma information

Answer 83

female participants read a fake newspaper article highlighting weight or smoking stigma [lose weight/quit smoking] or lose your job: doctors have established that being [overweight/a smoker] is bad for your health. people who [are overweight/smoke] are at an increased risk of contracting [diabetes/lung cancer] and heart disease. [being overweight/smoking] also affects a person's joints, breathing, sleep, mood and energy levels. but there is now another risk of being [fat/a smoker]: it could cost you a job. an increasing number of US companies are considering [weight/smoking] as a factor in employment. people who [are overweight/smoke] are being denied jobs, or in some cases, fired.

Answer 84

1. participants completed a "get to know you" questionnaire for the person they believed they would soon be interacting with 2. had a brief interaction with the person (actually a study confederate) 3. looked at psychological and physiological consequences

Answer 85

1. weight-bias condition: the person indicated agreement with some anti-fat attitudes (like "some people are fat because they have no willpower" or "fat people make me somewhat uncomfortable) 2. control condition: person disagreed with these items (at level that reflected the average of other students at the uni) so going into the interaction, experimental group knew they were about to interact with someone who held prejudice against them

Answer 86

women exposed to the anti-fat peer showed both PHYSIOLOGICAL and PSYCHOLOGICAL changes: 1. greater feelings of ANTICIPATED REJECTION from interaction partner, particularly for women higher in BMI 2. greater feelings of ANGER 3. greater HEART-RATE REACTIVITY (a measure previously connected to feelings of threat) 4. worse COGNITIVE PERFORMANCE (finding words in game of Boggle)

Answer 87

these biases aren't changing all that much (unlike race and sexual orientation) weight may even be going up overall stable

Answer 88

1. androgyny 2. singlehood 3. consensual non-monogamy 4. "voluntary childlessness"

Answer 89

novel IAT showed strong implicit biases in favour of gender-conforming over gender-nonconforming people

Answer 90

single people reported greater discrimination both towards themselves and towards single people more generally compared to people in a relationship

Answer 91

participants reported monogamous relationships as more respectful, romantic, comforting and morally superior than consensual non-monogamous relationships

Answer 92

couple described as choosing not to have children was viewed as less caring than couple with children or who wanted to but couldn't have children

Answer 93

leading expert on prejudice, particularly in regards to weight-based stigma recipient of outstanding dissertation award for field of research on body image lead author on 2018 paper looking at psychological and physiological consequences of interacting with an "anti-fat" peer

Answer 94

sent out resumes to companies, only manipulated the top of the resume WHITE names: Emily Walsh, Greg Baker BLACK names: Lakisha Washington, Jamal Jones RESULTS: Black names were 50% less likely to get a callback

Answer 95

1. GLOBAL ATTITUDE "How much do you like Mexicans?" 2. ATTITUDE TOWARDS SPECIFIC TARGET "How much do you like undocumented Mexican immigrants?" 3. ATTITUDE TOWARD BEHAVIOUR IN A GIVEN TIME, TARGET and CONTEXT "For the upcoming election, how much do you support giving undocumented Mexican immigrants a path to legal status?" the last one is the most relevant to behaviour - has a better fit because of it's specificity

Answer 96

the more specific the measure, the better fit it will have with the relevant behaviour but this is a tradeoff because it becomes harder to generalize to other behaviours

Answer 97

2016: 6,121 hate crimes 2017: 7,175 hate crimes recent years have seen even larger growth

Answer 98

social norms people infer through incidence of hate crimes general feelings of people towards certain groups

Answer 99

social norms

Answer 100

almost tripled the day after Trump's election total of 3,489 race-based hate crimes in 2016 - up 5% from previous year (archival analysis)

Answer 101

as people feel norms changing, they adjust their behaviour accordingly Trump was vocal about his prejudice this signalled to people that these prejudices were acceptable

Answer 102

huge increase in all sorts of discrimination

Answer 103

participants took measures of PREJUDICE and PERCEIVED NORMS about prejudice at 2 times: a) 9-12 days before Trump's election (Oct 28-31) b) 3 days after Trump's election (Nov 11) ^only 2 weeks apart

Answer 104

9 groups targeted in Trump's campaign: i) Asian Americans, disabled people, fat people, immigrants, Muslims, Mexicans, socialists, women considering an abortion 9 groups not targeted in Trump's campaign: i) alcoholics, atheists, Canadians, care salesmen, drug dealers, lazy people, NRA members, people who cheat on their taxes, politicians, porn stars, rich people

Answer 105

it DECREASED (when about targeted groups) because people were COMPARING themselves to Trump and the SOCIAL NORMS he was breeding saw themselves as less prejudiced than he was self-reported prejudice towards non-targeted groups stayed the same

Answer 106

prejudice was perceived to be MORE NORMATIVELY ACCEPTABLE towards targeted groups

Answer 107

lower the bar on when people feel they can express their prejudice changing norms can make it more/less acceptable to act on prejudice

Answer 108

perceived social norms surrounding the expression of prejudice matters modulates whether or not people will act on their prejudice

Answer 109

Tankard & Paluck, 2017 longitudinal study tracked perceptions of norms & attitudes over time - before and after the Supreme Court decision to legalize same-sex marriage

Answer 110

1. PERCEPTION of norms supporting same sex marriage INCREASED the day after the ruling 2. SUPPORT for same sex marriage stayed the same individual beliefs aren't affected, but your perceptions of societal norms do change in this case, higher threshold people have to jump over in order to be prejudiced towards same sex couples

Answer 111

an inclusive environment video was presented to students, of fellow students and teachers attesting that they value diversity and try to make minorities feel accepted

Answer 112

perception of an inclusive climate results in higher beliefs that you live in a place that values diversity

Answer 113

that their "advantaged student" peers: a) treated them with more RESPECTand INCLUSIVITY

Answer 114

participants who were "advantaged students" didn't self-report actually behaving in a more respectful/inclusive manner after watching the social norms video yet minority students reported they felt they were being treated better why? maybe because their new beliefs were acting as a filter? maybe because they were particularly looking for/construing interactions as inclusive to achieve cognitive consistency?

Answer 115

randomly assigned different sections of the syllabus within the same course to see the video versus a short statement in the syllabus for privileged students (White, Christian), GPAs were not really affected for MARGINALIZED students, better GPAs resulted from watching the video TRANSLATION INTO REAL WORLD CONSEQUENCES and BEHAVIOUR

Answer 116

motivation to be unprejudiced for its own sake

Answer 117

"I attempt to act in non-prejudiced ways towards Black people because it is personally important to me" "I am personally motivated by me beliefs to be non-prejudiced toward Black people" "Being non-prejudiced toward Black people is important to my self-concept"

Answer 118

motivations to appear unprejudiced to others

Answer 119

"I try to act non-prejudiced toward Black people because of pressure from others" "Because of today's PC standards I try to appear non-prejudiced toward Black people" "If I acted prejudiced toward Black people, I would be concerned that other would be angry with me"

Answer 120

weakly to moderately negatively related

Answer 121

weakly positively related

Answer 122

not really correlated r = 0.03

Answer 123

reliable but relatively small proportion of people "my beliefs motivate me to express negative feelings about Black people" "minimizing my contact with Black people is personally important to me"

Answer 124

RACE: 7% SEXUAL ORIENTATION: 6.5% POLITICAL ORIENTATION: 14.3% so most disagree, but there are definite chunks of population who are motivated to express prejudice in the above areas

Answer 125

people are often regulating their prejudicial tendencies when the ability to do so is impaired, people are more likely to discriminate

Answer 126

1. time of day 2. age reduces ability to inhibit automatic impulses 3. alcohol reduces inhibition 4. cognitive resources

Answer 127

put shooter task on website and track racial bias that occurs throughout the day those accessing the website have more racial bias at 1 like am (late in the day/early in morning) BUT this is correlational - maybe due to a third variable

Answer 128

shooter task again this time, randomly assign COGNITIVE LOAD while you're completing task, feed numbers at you report whether the number you're currently hearing is higher or lower than the previous one all while doing shooter task controls don't have to do the task those in the cognitive load condition SHOW MORE PREJUDICED BEHAVIOUR BUT lacks consequential validity - pretty weak manipulation of cognitive resources

Answer 129

another shooter task randomly assigned participants either a FULL NIGHT'S REST or to STAY UP ALL NIGHT bias increased for participants who lacked rest less ability to inhibit automatic, prejudiced reactions

Answer 130

situations like Nazi Germany was there something special about the Germans, or would most people behave that way in that kind of situation?

Answer 131

passage that most inspired Milgram essentially, judges of Eichmann (a massive Nazi who committed countless horrifying crimes) couldn't "admit that an average, "normal" person...could be perfectly incapable of telling right from wrong." "must have been aware of the criminal nature of his acts, and Eichmann was indeed normal insofar as he was "no exception within the Nazi regime." "under...the Third Reich only "exceptions" could be expected to act normally." HOW CAN WE RECONCILE A NORMAL PSYCHOLOGICAL PROFILE WITH THESE INSANE BEHAVIOURS?

Answer 132

experiment described as a "study of learning" participants instructed to shock other participants for any WRONG ANSWERS the other participant is a confederate who never receives any real shocks shock levels increased for each wrong answer during experiment, confederate begins to scream in pain and demand the experiment end later, confederate stops making any sounds (indicating possible injury/death)

Answer 133

15 volts (slight shock) to 450 volts (danger: severe shock)

Answer 134

experimenter in white lab coat instructs participant to continue "please continue. the experiment requires that you continue"

Answer 135

1. everyone went up to at least 300 volts (when confederate began to POUND ON WALL) 2. 65% went ALL THE WAY to the end 3. everyone who reached 375 volts continued to the end

Answer 136

pound on wall

Answer 137

1. PROXIMITY 2. SOCIAL POWER 3. SOCIAL STATUS

Answer 138

if you're PHYSICALLY/SOCIALLY closer to victim, you're less likely to comply

Answer 139

if experimenter is perceived as LESS POWERFUL, you're less likely to comply experimenters that gave order over TELEPHONE or who were CONTRADICTED by another experimenter = less powerful

Answer 140

if setting conveys AUTHORITY, you're more likely to comply

Answer 141

high percentages of Americans showed obedience to authority to the extent that they could have HARMED the other person many people find it hard to believe that they'd ever personally be capable of this but there are many historic examples of ordinary people acting in ways they'd never expect

Answer 142

1. no exit 2. participants were motivated to "follow the rules" 3. feeling of responsibility is transferred to experimenter 4. victim blaming 5. escalating commitment

Answer 143

a reason why people obeyed attempts to leave situation = BLOCKED by AUTHORITY participants called attention to the learner, said they didn't want to continue... but most did anyway

Answer 144

prejudicial norms against Jews and other minorities were universal across Nazi Germany no way to escape without emigrating

Answer 145

reason why people obeyed experimenter ignored reasons offered by the participant confused participant conformed to OBJECTIVE rules established by the experimenter note: once the rules were up for debate or if two authority figures were in disagreement, obedience dropped

Answer 146

reason people obeyed experimenter stated he was responsible for everything that happened experimenter provided a cover for their actions ie. "it was his fault, I was following orders"

Answer 147

reason people obeyed "well, he volunteered for this"

Answer 148

step-by-step situation slippery slope each increment was only 15 volts, so each one seems like a small step but step-by-step, reaches an extreme point

Answer 149

mass slaughter of Tutsi by Hutu majority from April-June 1994 500,000- 1,000,000 Tutsi killed (70% of Tutsi population)

Answer 150

radio stations

Answer 151

communities randomly assigned to: a) reconciliation-focused soap opera b) control soap opera about health radio is commonly listened to in both communities

Answer 152

1. featured typical Rwandans as protagonists 2. roots of prejudice & violence were located in frustration of basic psychological needs (as opposed to abnormal/rare phenomena) 3. trauma is normal and can be healed

Answer 153

1. didn't change PERSONAL BELIEFS about prejudice & violence (aligns with previous studies we've seen) 2. changed PERCEIVED NORMS about how people do and should behave in situations related to prejudice, conflict & trauma 3. increased EMPATHY for genocide survivors 4. more likely to SHARE radio batteries at the end of the study

Answer 154

changed behaviours more than attitudes

Answer 155

assistant prof at Uni of Illinois expert on intergroup contact and prejudice diversity appreciation norm video study prior work investigated effects of para-social contact on intergroup attitudes lead author on 2020 paper using classroom norms to combat discrimination

Answer 156

possessing (or being believed to posses) a characteristic that conveys a DEVALUED SOCIAL IDENTITY

Answer 157

"when a stranger is present before us, evidence can arise of his possessing an attribute that makes him different from others...in the extreme, a person who is bad, or dangerous, or weak. He is thus reduced in our minds from a whole and usual person to a tainted, discounted one...Stigma constitutes a special discrepancy between virtual and actual social identity"

Answer 158

1. physical 2. mental 3. tribal (group-based)

Answer 159

1. visibility 2. controllability 3. disruptiveness 4. aesthetic qualities 5. peril

Answer 160

a dimension of stigma visible stigmas are easy to be judged by (skin tone, gender) people with visible stigmas know that others are judging them based on that stigma

Answer 161

may hide their stigmas ie. sexual orientation, political affiliations

Answer 162

stigmas are controllable when either: a) the individual is responsible for their condition b) the stigma could be eliminated by the behaviour of the stigmatized individual note: stigmas aren't actually controllable, but people see certain ones as controllable ie. weight, sexual orientation

Answer 163

are more likely to be discriminated against

Answer 164

change their behaviour ie. fat people will exercise more/change their diet

Answer 165

1. focus on SELF-ACCEPTANCE 2. CONFRONT those who express prejudice

Answer 166

participants read about a hiring manager evaluating a qualified applicant who had a stigma that was portrayed as CONTROLLABLE or UNCONTROLLABLE controllable: foul language use, poor grooming uncontrollable: stutters, facial birthmark manager decides to reject applicant based on this stigma "doesn't like being around people whose appearance he doesn't like" or "doesn't like being around people who have difficulty speaking"

Answer 167

subjects felt LESS NEGATIVITY towards the hiring manager when discrimination was based on features that were deemed more controllable

Answer 168

if a stigma is seen as more controllable, we're more accepting of discrimination rooted in that aspect of identity

Answer 169

how much a condition makes social interaction LESS PREDICTABLE or MORE UNCERTAIN familiarity decreases disruptiveness over time ie. if you have a family member with a disability, you find it less disruptive

Answer 170

how much a characteristic makes an individual "upsetting" to others more attractive = less stigma less attractive = more stigma

Answer 171

decreases the impact so having a stigma like being less attractive becomes less "upsetting" to others over time

Answer 172

degree of danger that the stigmatizing condition poses to others danger reminds people of their vulnerability stigmatized identities that are perceived to be dangerous are discriminated against more

Answer 173

HIV positive people movie villains are often schizophrenic - identity is associated with threat

Answer 174

associating with a stigmatized individual can lead to one's own stigmatization ie. family members with mental illness

Answer 175

two women in forefront one man in the back assume the woman on the left is more attractive than the one on the right then split the photo: a) in one it's only the woman on the left and the man b) in the other it's only the woman on the right and the man man was rated as LESS ATTRACTIVE when presented next to woman on the right

Answer 176

you're rated as less attractive if placed next to a person who is less physically attractive perceptions of one person are carrying over to the other contagion effect

Answer 177

two applicants sitting next to one another White applicant was rated as less qualified when viewed sitting next to a Black versus a White employee stigma associated with one target gets passed on to the other target

Answer 178

no this is a problem for perceiving discrimination it's ambiguous have to decide if you think the behaviour was based in prejudice or not

Answer 179

difficulty that stereotyped groups have in interpreting treatment/feedback "was their response to me about who I am as an individual or about my group membership?"

Answer 180

1. women who were evaluated unfavourably by a blatantly prejudiced evaluator experienced less negative affect than women who were rated unfavourably by an unbiased evaluator easy to discount their opinion, say it's because of their prejudice and not because of you

Answer 181

attractive participants were less likely to believe positive interpersonal feedback than were unattractive participants not sure if their behaviour merits their treatment or if it is because of their looks

Answer 182

participants were assigned an ethnicity (independent of their real one) - either White or Latinx then completed job interview and got positive/negative feedback

Answer 183

participants (regardless of actual ethnic identity) were more likely to attribute feedback to discrimination when their avatar was made to look Latinx versus White

Answer 184

similar pattern emerged in follow-up study that gave POSITIVE feedback means that attributional ambiguity buffered against negative feedback but ALSO REDUCED BENEFITS of positive feedback

Answer 185

1. if it's coming from an OUTGROUP member 2. in a CONTEXT linked to NEGATIVE STEREOTYPES 3. when you IDENTIFY strongly with your INGROUP 4. having STIGMA CONSCIOUSNESS 5. when it's BLATANT

Answer 186

ie. Black people will be more likely to perceive discrimination in a math setting

Answer 187

belief that your group is being judged based on stereotypes higher stigma consciousness = more perceptions of discrimination

Answer 188

1. when interacting with men, I feel like they interpret all my behaviours in terms of the fact that I'm a woman 2. most men have a lot more sexist thoughts than they actually express 3. most men have a problem viewing women as equals

Answer 189

feelings of LOW CONTROL and increased feelings of EXCLUSION that are associated with pervasive discrimination are likely to UNDERMINE physical health MINOR FORMS of discrimination may PRODUCE MORE STRESS because of their AMBIGUOUS NATURE

Answer 190

because of their ambiguous nature may be unclear as to what underlies subtle mistreatment so appropriate coping responses may be hard to implement

Answer 191

perceived discrimination leads to: a) heightened stress response b) risky health behaviours (drinking, smoking) results in: worse physical and mental health

Answer 192

lower physical health 1. self-reported health 2. blood pressure 3. smoking 4. alcohol use

Answer 193

lower mental health 1. worse self-esteem 2. worse wellbeing 3. control over life 4. depression 5. anxiety

Answer 194

racial discrimination is definitely associated with worse mental health but also some evidence for the REVERSE DIRECTION as well having worse mental health can result in more perceptions of discrimination example: a depressed person may be more likely to attribute ambiguous negative events to discrimination

Answer 195

why is it OK for online daters to block whole ethnic groups? should we give people the ability to exclude whole swaths of people who they see online? does this reinforce prejudice?

Answer 196

1. heterosexual participants engaged in a mock Tinder task 200 faces they had to swipe on 2. completed DEMOGRAPHIC measures related to personality characteristics (attachment, anxiety, extraversion, conscientiousness, self-esteem)

Answer 197

the ONLY consistent predictors of a "swipe" decision were: 1. physical ATTRACTIVENESS (rated by outside people) 2. whether the target belonged to the SAME RACE as the participant all the other demographic personality characteristics didn't predict anything

Answer 198

tendency for stigmatized group members to report higher levels of discrimination AGAINST THEIR GROUP IN GENERAL than against THEMSELVES PERSONALLY as members of their group most people think they're subject to less than average discrimination when compared with other members of their group

Answer 199

1. cognitive mechanisms 2. motivational mechanisms

Answer 200

1. comparison standard 2. identification 3. accessibility CIA

Answer 201

1. denial 2. affiliation 3. distancing DAD

Answer 202

easier to identify general patterns across many people than to identify discrimination within any specific case hard to abstract from less info

Answer 203

group-level examples of discrimination are more accessible in mind than individual-level examples of discrimination news = particularly focused on blatant and massive acts of discrimination taint your concept, cause you to discount more subtle forms

Answer 204

who you're comparing yourself against 1. our group: "is our group discriminated against compared to other groups?" 2. ourselves: "am I discriminated against compared to other group members?"

Answer 205

we're motivated to deny or minimize our own experiences with discrimination maybe to avoid negative health consequences self-protection tie to systems justification theory

Answer 206

"individuals have a need to believe that they live in a world where people generally get what they deserve and deserve what they get" if you're being discriminated against personally, that violates your belief in a just world it's easier to believe abstractly in discrimination in general

Answer 207

motivated to distance ourselves from negative attributes associated with our ingroup people who claim discrimination are disliked distance themselves from people who play the "victim card"

Answer 208

claiming discrimination may harm relationships with others ie. hurt friendships, job opportunities

Answer 209

using a text-messaging service to sample participants repeatedly throughout days, weeks etc. allows for participants to respond "in the moment" used in studies on effect of stigma on health outcomes

Answer 210

having participants write down aspects of their day at the end of each day allows for more longitudinal data collection but prone to biases in participants' own memories used in studies on effect of stigma on health outcomes

Answer 211

associate prof at Duke University expert on stigma and consequences of discrimination on health outcomes prior work has investigated association between experienced discrimination (stress) and long-term health lead author on 2018 paper outlining model between interpersonal discrimination and health

Post Midterm I: Feb 26-March 13 Flashcards

(239 cards)