Lectures Flashcards

Question

social capital

Answer 1

value obtained from interpersonal relationships and social networks nepotism ranking of school correlates with ranking of job placements

Answer 2

prejudice and stereotype relationship tendency to selectively seek info that reinforces one's attitudes, while selectively avoiding info that contradicts one's attitudes ie. what news sources you tune in to

Answer 3

justify discrimination pictures of tough looking men with face tattoos and dark skin leads to increased support for more restrictive immigration policies

Answer 4

self-prejudice/stereotyping, in a way self-fulfilling prophecy

Answer 5

1. people have expectation about what a person/group is like 2. this influences how they act toward the person/group 3. this causes the person/group to behave consistently with the expectation 4. this makes the expectation come true 5. this provides "proof" that the og expectation was correct

Answer 6

phone call study men and women had casual phone convo men = randomly assigned to retrieve an attractive or unattractive photo of the woman beforehand coders independently rated the woman's recording (without seeing their appearance) women who were thought to be attractive were perceived to be... - more sociable, warm, funny, independent, outgoing, interesting

Answer 7

3 processes that are the largest focus of intergroup relations research: 1. prejudice 2. stereotyping 3. discrimination these processes can operate at level of: 1. individual minds 2. interpersonal interactions 3. group/organization 4. institution these levels are "mutually constitutive" in that they influence each other, but psych mostly focuses on the first two

Answer 8

1875: William James starts first psyc lab ever 1945: Kurt Lewin becomes Director of 'Center for Group Dynamics at MIT

Answer 9

first psyc lab ever located at Harvard studies sensation, perception, emotion

Answer 10

The Principles of Psychology published in 1890

Answer 11

recognized as first social psychologist to use experimental approach to study: 1. group dynamics on impact of one's social environment 2. group dynamics on impact of one's individual behaviour

Answer 12

phrenology

Answer 13

people observed that some groups were on average more successful attributed this to intrinsic differences between races entire emphasis on internal racial characteristics

Answer 14

popular scientific fad in early 19th century believed that skull shape = reliable predictor of psychological traits ie. two heads with diff shape, one labelled 'a genuine husband' and the other labelled 'an unreliable husband'

Answer 15

McDougall wrote one of the first textbooks on social psychology lectured on his purported identification of a number of psychological qualities associated with "superior" groups argued "Nordic" races were more likely to possess: curiosity, introversion, self-assertion argued Black people were inherently submissive - which made it appropriate for them to subjected to lower status in society

Answer 16

prof at Duke University department chair at Harvard

Answer 17

curiosity, introversion, self-assertion said Black people were "inherently submissive"

Answer 18

1. imposed cap of 165 000 immigrants from countries outside of the Western Hemisphere (~80% reduction) 2. barred all immigrants from Asia disproportionately favoured immigrants from Northern and Western Europe

Answer 19

research on eugenics and other forms of scientific racism

Answer 20

Herbert Spencer: creator of the term "survival of the fittest" existing disparities were then justified as reflecting INNATE DIFFERENCES between more and less worthy groups

Answer 21

1. wrong from an evolutionary perspective - evolution selects at the INDIVIDUAL LEVEL, not the group level 2. it's a naturalistic fallacy

Answer 22

when people believe that simply because something is the way it is means that it should be the way it is

Answer 23

German sterilization law passed between WWI and WWII NYT article forcibly sterilized people with mental handicaps reasoning came from prevailing social science of the times justification: "should be working to create more productive and intelligent society in the future"

Answer 24

people with mental disabilities were forcibly sterilized reasoning: "we owe it to society to ensure that future generations don't carry on 'innate defects'" reviewed and widely upheld by the Supreme Court at the time these were not fringe ideas

Answer 25

many researchers were beginning to realize that any supposed biological differences between groups couldn't be solely responsible for intergroup disparities seen across society STRUCTURAL forces and PREJUDICE must also be contributors

Answer 26

Floyd Allport 1924, he said: 'The discrepancy in mental ability is not great enough to account for the problem which centres around the American Negro or to explain fully the ostracism to which he is subjected.'

Answer 27

some consider him the founding father of social psychology prof at Yale 1872-1909 first professor of sociology in NA

Answer 28

Folkways: a sociological study of how moral systems develop across different cultures - spent time in diff cultures, tried to come up with general laws that groups followed in order to get along with one another

Answer 29

in Folkways, Sumner most influenced study of intergroup relations by coining the terms: - ingroup - outgroup - ehtnocentrism

Answer 30

a differentiation arises between ourselves, the we-group or in-group, and everybody else, the others-groups or out-groups. the insiders in a we-group are in a relation of peace, order, law, government and industry to each other. their relation to all outsiders is one of war and plunder.

Answer 31

if one is trying to carry on the struggle for existence with nature, the fact that others are doing the same in the same environment is an essential condition for him...we cannot describe mankind at all without categories. your self identity is tied up with your group identity

Answer 32

journalist, won 2 Pulitzer prizes founding member of The New Republic newspaper

Answer 33

Public Opinion - a book book with rather negative assessment of individuals' ability to act rationally and self-govern specifically looked at how people live and interact in big cities

Answer 34

stereotype he adapted the term from the printing industry to describe the process through which someone hakes impressions towards one group member and applies them to all group members

Answer 35

modern world is too chaotic and disorderly, so people must (over) simplify it: "we aren't equipped to deal with so much subtlety, so much variety, so many permutations and combinations. and although we have to act in that environment, we have to reconstruct it on a simpler model before we can manage with it."

Answer 36

"inevitably our opinions cover a bigger space, a longer reach of time, a greater number of things, than we can directly observe. They therefore have to be pieced together out of what others have reported and what we can imagine."

Answer 37

"for the most part we don't first see and then define: we DEFINE FIRST AND THEN SEE. In the great blooming, buzzing confusion of the outer world, we pick out what our culture has already defined for us, and we tend to perceive that which we have picked out in the form stereotyped by our culture." we accumulate suggestions about how groups act through other people/media results in over-exaggeration, misperception, skewed experience confirmation bias

Answer 38

Princeton trilogy studies (1933) asked people to list the stereotypes they hold about different people purely descriptive then made a checklist with lots of groups and some stereotypical traits asked people t say YES or NO if they agreed the trait applied to the group every 10-15 years someone replicates this study to see if the results change

Answer 39

yet we find 78% of 100 students agreeing that one of the most typical characteristics of Germans is their SCIENTIFIC-MINDEDNESS of course individual experience may enter into the student's judgment but probably ONLY TO CONFIRM THE ORIGINAL STEREOTYPE which has been learned ie. people have heard of Germany's scientific progress and devotion to applied science. so when meeting a German will expect the scientific trait to appear, and things that confirm this view will stick out confirmation bias

Answer 40

discrimination

Answer 41

the state of scientific research at the time it relied on SELF-REPORT scales or HYPOTHETICAL behaviours LaPiere wanted to prove that people often say one thing and do another

Answer 42

1934 - Attitudes vs Actions for 2 years, LaPiere traveled around America with a Chinese immigrant couple in total, the three of them visited 66 hotels and 184 restaurants only refused service once 6 months after these visits, LaPiere contacted each establishment and asked whether they'd provide service to a Chinese couple secured responses from 128 hotels or restaurants

Answer 43

92% possible reasons for the discrepancy: - the couple was accompanied by the Stanford prof (old white guy) - maybe diff person was providing the answer than who had served them

Answer 44

Harvard prof from 1930 to 1967 published The Nature of Prejudice in 1956

Answer 45

1956, published by Gordon Allport arguably the first psychological analysis of issues related to prejudice and discrimination laid foundations for many influential research topics in intergroup relations

Answer 46

1. taking a "social cognitive" perspective of prejudice 2. arguing for the importance of studying intergroup contact

Answer 47

"because the two essential ingredients that we have discussed - erroneous generalization and hostility - are natural and common capacities of the human mind" "once formed, categories are the basis of normal prejudgment. we cannot possible avoid this process. orderly living depends on it."

Answer 48

recognize human tendency for erroneous generalization and hostility very different from attributing differences to innate traits in different races suggests instead that "natural ways" in which the mind works leads to BIASED perceptions of the world around us

Answer 49

intergroup contact = effective means of reducing intergroup hostility and prejudice

Answer 50

1. quantity (frequency, duration) 2. status (equal status groups? status differences?) 3. goals (is the contact facilitating cooperative OR competitive behaviour?) 4. social (is the contact formal or casual, voluntary or involuntary?) 5. physical (is contact happening in employment, religious, residential context?)

Answer 51

1. based on 'acquaintanceship' 2. integrated 3. communal

Answer 52

knowledge about and acquaintanceship with members of minority groups make for tolerant and friendly attitudes....contacts that bring knowledge and acquaintance are likely to engender sounder beliefs concerning minority groups, and for this reason contribute to reduction of prejudice

Answer 53

zonal residential contact makes for increased tension, whereas integrated housing policies, through encouraging knowledge and acquaintanceship, removes barriers to effective communication

Answer 54

contact must reach below the surface in order to be effective in altering prejudice. only the type of contact that leads people to DO THINGS TOGETHER is likely to result in changed attitudes

Answer 55

1. Singer (1948) 2. Stouffer (1949) 3. Deutsch & Collins (1951)

Answer 56

1948 sample of White military officers and enlisted men 77% reported their attitudes had become more favourable towards Black people after having SERVED IN THE SAME UNIT 0% said their attitudes became less favourable here, status was manipulated and goals were aligned

Answer 57

1949 compared attitudes of men who did versus didn't fight alongside Black soldiers in WWII only White soldiers who fought alongside Black soldiers showed more favourable attitudes towards Black people close proximity was required

Answer 58

1951 compared residents assigned to live in more versus less integrated public housing residents in more integrated housing developed more positive attitudes towards Black people

Answer 59

led many states t reverse policies about segregated housing

Answer 60

Turkish social psycholgist and former student of Gordon Allport Left position in Turkey in 1944 due to political persecution - never able to return eventually settled at Uni of Oklahoma

Answer 61

Robbers Cave Experiment

Answer 62

Realistic Conflict Theory

Answer 63

argues that intergroup conflict is a reflection of social structural forces specifically, conflict arises due to competition for desired resources

Answer 64

3 week experiment at summer camp 22 eleven year olds who had no prior contact randomly assigned to one of two teams, kept separate from other team at first series of activities increased identification with one's team then competition stage: teams competed for prizes and bragging rights finally, engaged in mutually cooperative events - to show how intergroup conflict could be reduced

Answer 65

"intergroup attitudes and behaviours are determined PRIMARILY by the nature of functional relations between groups in question...not by the deviate or neurotic behaviour of particular individual members"

Answer 66

Stage 1: experimental ingroup formation Stage 2: friction between groups Stage 3: integration between groups

Answer 67

boys were placed in one of two groups (with no knowledge of other group's existence) then were presented with series of hard but solvable challenges - to increase identification with one's group activities = selected to not promote competition within one's group (like sports)

Answer 68

going on a hike building a tent carrying canoes to river

Answer 69

once the groups had: 1. formed a strong bond 2. developed norms

Answer 70

"they can't. we'll challenge them first! they've got some nerve."

Answer 71

boys now know about existence of other group engaged in series of direct competitions, where there would be a CLEAR winner (baseball, tug of war, treasure hunt etc) successful, as they soon began antagonizing each other

Answer 72

"an Eagles member noticed the Rattlers' flag on the baseball field. He yelled they could take it down...tried to tear it up...found matches and set the flag on fire...decided to hang the scorched remnant back up"

Answer 73

processes like PERCEPTION Eagles beat Rattlers in a 48 minute long tug-of-war later the boys were asked how long the match had lasted most Eagles felt like the time had flown by the Rattlers felt the event lasted "a helluva long time" 1. Eagles gave their time estimates in minutes 2. Rattlers gave their time estimates in hours (even though the same question was asked of both groups AND all boys were questioned individually)

Answer 74

boys were then lead to series of situations that would allow for POSITIVE CONTACT and COOPERATION between groups

Answer 75

superordinate goals (shared by both groups)

Answer 76

1. truck was stuck and needed to be pulled free 2. water tank for camp was broken and they had to work together to "fix" it very effective: "when the water came through, the boys rejoiced in common. the Rattlers didn't object to having the Eagles get ahead of them when they all got a drink, since the Eagles didn't have their canteens with them and were thirstier. no protests or "ladies first"-type remarks were made"

Answer 77

1. nature of intergroup relations - for good or evil - doesn't stem from existence of tools and techniques: the same tools and techniques can serve harmony/integration as well as competition/conflict 2. theories of intergroup relations that posit single factors (leadership, national character, individual frustrations) as sovereign determinants of intergroup conflict/harmony have only explained selective cases (there has to be something more structural at work - isn't simply traits)

Answer 78

Polish social psychologist who was a POW during WWII while serving in French army

Answer 79

1. founder of Social Identity Theory 2. helped advance notion that stereotypes and prejudice rely on "normal" cognitive processes (like Lippman) 3. advanced research on Minimal Groups Paradigm

Answer 80

argued that individuals' sense of identity and self-esteem = primarily determined by group memberships

Answer 81

take abstract processes and study them in lab context now we can take people and randomly assign them to groups - don't need to track down real life, pre-existing groups can isolate characteristics - less confounding factors background: mere classification into ingroups and outgroups = enough to create intergroup bias

Answer 82

bit of a fluke Tajfel = initially trying to find a "baseline condition" where group effects weren't important (where ingroups and outgroups wouldn't form) to do so, divided school class arbitrarily into "over-estimators" and "under-estimators" for a dot-counting task despite his intentions, even these arbitrary group levels = sufficient to create intergroup bias between under-estimators and over-estimators

Answer 83

Human Groups and Social Categories

Answer 84

1. intergroup processes can be studied in a controlled, lab setting "a systematic study of social behaviour is an essential task...there is no evidence that other approaches present as much solidity as the experimental straw appears to have" 2. on the interplay between group membership and individual identity "an intensified affiliation with a group is only possible when the group is capable of supplying some satisfactory aspect of an individual's social identity"

Answer 85

psychiatrist and philosopher from Martinique

Answer 86

how societal structures force marginalized groups to INTERNALIZE a sense of inferiority "[The Black man] lives in a society that makes his inferiority complex possible, in a society that draws its strength by maintaining this complex, in a society that proclaims the superiority of one race over another"

Answer 87

John Jost and Mahzarin Banaji Systems Justification Theory

Answer 88

maintaining existing social structures is prioritized by people even at the expense of personal or group interests ie. Black people supporting Trump

Answer 89

1940's - psychologists Mamie and Kenneth Clark conducted series of 'doll tests' - asked Black children to choose between a White or Black doll most children preferred the White doll

Answer 90

Supreme Court trial that cited doll study - against segregated schools majority opinion was broader conclusion that cultural messages create inferiority "to separate African American children from others of similar age/qualifications solely because of their race generates a feeling of inferiority as to their status...affects their hearts and minds in a way unlikely ever to be undone. we conclude that in the field of public education the doctrine "separate but equal" has no place. separate educational facilities are inherently unequal."

Answer 91

study of how mental processes like PERCEPTION, MEMORY and THOUGHT shape our understanding of the world

Answer 92

argues that in order to better understand processes related to bias, discrimination and prejudice, we must improve our understanding of how the human mind functions (ie. how it categorizes stimuli, how it groups objects)

Answer 93

investigates role of automatic (and often unconscious) processes in social psychological processes

Answer 94

evaluative priming black or white face paired with negative or positive word if black face is flashed quickly before negative word, will speed up verification if flashed before positive word, verification is slower

Answer 95

degree to which a researcher can determine the environment in which a research question is explored generally, a "lab study" has high experimental control surveys have low experimental control - can be taken in all sorts of diff contexts

Answer 96

degree to which a study simulates phenomena as experienced in everyday life more immersive studies have higher psychological realism

Answer 97

degree to which a study can rule out ALTERNATIVE HYPOTHESES if a study has many alternative hypotheses that could explain the results (other than that proposed by the researcher), the study has low internal validity

Answer 98

degree to which the results of a study generalize to other contexts, samples and time periods

Answer 99

assessing attitudes, thoughts or beliefs by presenting a question, several possible responses and having participants select the response they believe to be most representative of their own attitudes, thoughts or beliefs

Answer 100

there are tons and they overlap a bunch - lots of redundancies

Answer 101

explicit: - 70% say they have no preference for Black or White people - 20% say they prefer White people to some degree - 10% say they prefer Black people to some degree implicit: - 15% of people have little/no negative associations with Black people - 30% have some negative associations - 55% have strong negative associations self report doesn't tell the whole story

Answer 102

inferring attitudes, thoughts or beliefs from some type of behaviour rather than from self-report

Answer 103

evaluative priming (EP) procedure (physiological measures) measuring heart rate while interacting with a White or Black person

Answer 104

uses the reaction times of identifying positive versus negative words to infer 'implicit' racial attitudes if certain stimuli facilitate the identification of negative words, then those stimuli are believed to hold a negative association if certain stimuli facilitate the identification of positive words, those stimuli are believed to hold a positive association

Answer 105

people are untruthful response bias/social desirability attitudes can be unconscious ideas we have regarding our attitudes don't always translate to our behaviours

Answer 106

consequential validity - why do we care about these results? these associations may not really carry out to real world consequences hard for them to explain systematic issues or biases - really are just pressing buttons on a keyboard

Answer 107

ie. heart rate many factors affect heart rate jury is still out on what exactly an elevated heart rate means

Answer 108

participants told to imagine that the student government had to make some severe budget cuts for the next year, and that the student government wanted wanted other students' opinions on how to make budget cuts participants would then be shown a list of several organizations and asked to propose some budget cuts (club sports, music groups etc) one student organization would be specifically about Black people (ie. Black Students Association) degree to which students cut funding to the Black Students Association could be used as a measure of how much they disliked Black people

Answer 109

(ones like the budget cut experiment) no direct link it's a hypothetical task - people may not be taking it seriously maybe cutting funds is due to a third variable (ie. you're a band geek and don't want funding to go anywhere else)

Answer 110

Kachanoff uses a multi-hour long study where participants join a group, complete computer missions together, develop entire culture by selecting a flag and identifying group snacks then, Kachanoff uses these 'maximal group paradigms' to look at questions related to how experiencing lower/higher status impacts group identity/behaviour

Answer 111

experimental control

Answer 112

still only a psychological study may not reflect real world behaviours

Answer 113

one condition: non-Black participants = asked to imagine seeing a White person use a racial slur towards a Black person were then asked who they would choose to work with in a follow-up task

Answer 114

20% of participants said they would choose the White person to work with in a follow-up task

Answer 115

in another condition, non-Black participants actually SAW the interaction take place between a Black and White person (both were pretending to be participants) now when choosing a partner for upcoming task, over 60% chose the White person

Answer 116

20% in hypothetical 60% in actual

Answer 117

more impactful behaviour that are also hard for participants to regulate in the moment shows pictures of White or Black men, very quickly all of them are holding various objects task is to shoot if the object they're holding is a gun

Answer 118

error rates for shooting an UNARMED person - higher for photos of Black people - lower for photos of White people error rates for NOT shooting an ARMED person - higher for photos of White people - lower for photos of Black people

Answer 119

real behavioural measure

Answer 120

although more rich and nuanced (realistic) than the ELP, still in the world of the hypothetical how generalizable is it? also, first person shooter task only includes men

Answer 121

waiting room study

Answer 122

participants entered the psychology building and found a note asking them to take a seat in a waiting area other participants (actually confederates) were strategically placed around the room at one end of a string of empty seats was a Black confederate, at the other end was a White confederate researchers analyzed where the participant chose to sit

Answer 123

on average, the White participants sat closer to the White than the Black confederate

Answer 124

when thinking about waiting room study... similarity/familiarity effect? maybe there are systematic differences (say, in the approachability) of the confederates psychology building and students - may be too obvious/they may catch on what if they go two seats from the White person and three from the Black person? how do we draw meaning from that difference?

Answer 125

uses existing datasets to understand how social forces might influence real-world behaviour

Answer 126

Voigt et al 2017 coded how police officers spoke to Black versus White drivers following a traffic stop found that officers = much more polite and reassuring to White drivers, more disrespectful to Black drivers

Answer 127

2011 minimum amount of cocaine needed for a felony offense changed from 50g to 280g Tuttle investigated how this change in policy impact racial discrimination in police reports and court sentencing post-2011 - the amounts of cocaine people were reported to carry were much more likely to be exactly/right around 280 grams police rounded up the amounts to the minimum 280 grams - so that they could sentence more people

Answer 128

Pierson et al analyzed over 100 million traffic stops and found that the percentage of stops that were of Black drivers decreased after dusk after dusk, it is harder to identify the race of the driver suggests that officers are using race in deciding whether or not to stop a person

Answer 129

strongly constrained to who has access to these records - lots of things we want to study but that isn't publicly available but also, the data may not give the whole story hard to explain WHY it's really happening - studying something that isn't randomly assigned - maybe different groups of cops patrol Black versus White areas - if it's something at an individual level (prejudiced cops) then you would want to train each officer on anti-prejudice topics, whereas if it's a broader organization issue, would want to change the structure on a higher level

Answer 130

audit studies: attempt to combine the experimental control AND internal validity of a lab study while also measuring real-world behaviour ie. find a real world behaviour, give people versions of it - change only the relevant social dimension of interest ie. randomly assign Black and White people to interact with the same cop (to isolate for race) - or a woman versus man (to isolate for gender)

Answer 131

judgment or behaviour that may be influenced by social information (such as race, gender, ethnicity) fake ads or resumes may be created, trained actors may be hired, in an attempt to keep everything constant between conditions EXCEPT for social information

Answer 132

whether anti-discrimination laws are being respected (ie. for equal access to housing)

Answer 133

tested whether elected officials discriminate against their constituents based on race state legislators in the US were randomly assigned to receive the same email but the email was either from 'Jake Mueller' or DeShawn Jackson' though not a large effect, the same mail was more likely to receive a response if from 'Jake Mueller' (61%) than from 'Deshawn Jackson' (55%)

Answer 134

only true when the email didn't signal a political party affiliation

Answer 135

investigated phenomena of 'Whitening' resumes, where minority applicants remove racial cues from resumes to avoid anticipated discrimination they found real jobs and randomly sent each one a resume that was either low vs high in "Whitening" cues

Answer 136

despite having the same qualifications, the "UnWhitened" applicant only received a callback to 10% of jobs, compared to 25% of jobs for the "Whitened" applicant

Answer 137

"UnWhitened": - Name: Lamar Smith - Activities: Peer Counsellor, Black Students Association "Whitened": - Name: L. James Smith - Activities: Peer Counsellor, Students Association

Answer 138

used traffic cameras in NYC to look at interpersonal forms of "racial avoidance" confederates (either two White or two Black men) stood in the same spot on sidewalk and were trained to have a similar conversation for 15 minutes

Answer 139

on average, pedestrians showed a greater deviation in their walking paths towards the Black versus White confederates this difference translated into roughly four more inches of space given to Black Confederates

Answer 140

among women than men

Answer 141

can't control for every factor because it's naturalistic observation extremely expensive and resource intensive would be hard to trial how best to reduce these things - because it's so expensive - to do the amount of trials needed to find solutions, would cost too much

Answer 142

no partly because prejudice and discrimination has many different causes and explanations (individual, interpersonal, structural etc)

Answer 143

1. scientific racism 2. psychodynamic theories 3. sociocultural theories 4. cognitive theories 5. evolutionary theories 6. 'intergroup relations theories'

Answer 144

postulates that 'inherently inferior' groups exist attaches differences between racial groups to scientific 'evidence' commits naturalistic fallacy

Answer 145

before the 1920's

Answer 146

use of scientific research to justify White cultural domination

Answer 147

identifying exotic and negative differences in non-White people

Answer 148

justified by "data"

Answer 149

in the US during the 1830s and 1840s at a time when many Americans were looking for scientific justification to continue practicing slavery

Answer 150

part of scientific racism belief that brain has multiple "organs" that correspond to different abilities/traits

Answer 151

Samuel Morton thought that skull size (which he believed correlated with race) reflected group differences in intelligence

Answer 152

AI facial reading start-ups 1. "job interviews...conducted by facial reading technology...to identify the best candidates" ^ but these algorithms are being trained to look for certain traits ie. whiteness 2. "gaydar" diagnosing people's sexuality based on their facial features worry here is that we're picking up on on some other difference between groups ie. if it's being trained by dating profiles, then maybe it's picking up on a certain hairstyle that is popular in gay men - only correlated with sexuality, not the root of sexuality

Answer 153

1920s-1950s

Answer 154

prevalence of explicit racism aftermath of Holocaust how can we explain things like the Holocaust?

Answer 155

identifying WHY individuals are prejudiced bad apples explanation: certain people have mal-adjusted personalities that cause them to err in their thinking these errors = prejudice

Answer 156

prejudice is irrational and unjustifiable prejudice is rooted in individual differences - personality - unconscious defence mechanisms - projection of frustration onto minorities

Answer 157

1. people get frustrated when their goal is blocked 2. following frustration, people feel aggression, which creates an intention to harm 3. however, aggression is usually displaced - because the source of the frustration is too powerful 4. as a result, aggression i displaced onto a weaker target (even the self) - the weaker the target, the more satisfying the release of aggression

Answer 158

Adorno's research is tied to the psychodynamic approach set of personality traits associated with belief in obedience to authority and oppression of subordinate groups psychodynamic explanation: the "id" produces negative impulses, which can't be properly controlled by one's "ego" this psychic conflict then projects those negative impulses onto minority groups and creates greater respect for authority

Answer 159

personality trait so some are more likely to be prejudiced than others

Answer 160

'young people sometimes get rebellious ideas, but as they grow up they ought to get over them and settle down' 'an insult to our country's honour should always be punished' 'most people don't realize how much our lives are controlled by plots hatched in secret places' 'nobody ever learned anything really important except through suffering' 'most of our social problems would be solved if we could somehow get rid of the immoral, crooked, and feeble-minded people'

Answer 161

similar personality traits, but no "psychodynamic" explanations - personality psych today has ditched the 'id' versus 'ego' dynamic - but people still think about individual differences across people that are associated with prejudice - ie. extent to which you think your values/current society is threatened (may affect your opinion on things like immigration laws) new: authoritarians have increased sensitivity to societal threats - ie. authoritarians are more likely to support Trump

Answer 162

1960s-1970s

Answer 163

Civil Rights Movement

Answer 164

social and cultural influences on prejudice more systematic/organization-based/institutional view of how prejudice arises prejudice as manifestations of social norms that we see around us

Answer 165

prejudice is a manifestation of cultural norms

Answer 166

sociocultural theory doll study - asked kids which doll they would prefer to play with even kids of colour prefer to play with the white doll assign negative traits to the black doll and positive ones to the white doll

Answer 167

'algorithms of oppression' look up 'why are black women so' on Google see the most frequent options that pop up words like: angry, loud, mean, attractive, lazy, annoying, confident exposure effect: we know that even seeing something (like an association between black women and these negative traits) makes you very subtly believe it should tech companies step in and get rid of these autocompletes? imo yes

Answer 168

like all of the results are white/light-skinned women

Answer 169

global gender inequality index: uses many forms of data (educational attainment, income etc) for discrepancies between men and women regarding "life status" different countries have varying degrees of inequality basically use a VPN and access different country's internets - search "person" coded percentage of images that were men versus women IN MORE UNEQUAL SOCIETIES, THERE ARE MORE MEN IMAGES IN RESPONSE TO SIMPLY SEARCHING THE WORD 'PERSON'

Answer 170

1980's-present

Answer 171

prejudice appears to be a universal phenomenon that emerges from low-level mental processes Allport's lasting contribution rejection of psychodynamic 'bad apple' perspective (says that ALL MINDS interpret info in a way that leads to development of prejudice)

Answer 172

how prejudice arises from 'ordinary' aspects of cognition

Answer 173

prejudice is a feature of the mind, not an unintended 'bug' everyone should actively work against these processes

Answer 174

schema theory argues that people organize information in their minds by unconsciously creating categories and scripts through experience or exposure

Answer 175

as "schemas gone wrong" argue that we naturally categorize people into groups and make generalizations about those groups

Answer 176

1990's - present

Answer 177

prejudice appears to be a universal phenomenon that emerged from challenges in evolutionary history

Answer 178

how prejudice may have been evolutionarily adaptive to understand prejudice/discrimination, what was the environment like when our minds were first developing? what constraints existed and how are they reflected by our mind's structure?

Answer 179

prejudice helped address social problems in our evolutionary past (and may or may not in the present)

Answer 180

across cultures, prejudice is stronger against social group members that are men than women due to increased probability of men committing intergroup violence because in the past, men fought and killed - was advantageous to be more prejudiced/wary of men

Answer 181

no today, we don't always see evidence of greater prejudice towards outgroup men as opposed to outgroup women ie. wage disparities are higher for women than men so it isn't an airtight explanation

Answer 182

What 'adaptations' would have led our ancestors to reproduce?

Answer 183

approach: friends, family, group affiliations avoid: threats, foreign groups

Answer 184

positive or negative words pop up on screen told to either approach or avoid (press one key or the other) for negative words - faster avoidance response - slower approach response for positive words - faster approach response - slower avoidance response

Answer 185

for white participants... participants had faster avoidance than approach RTs for Black faces participants were faster to avoid Black compared to White faces

Answer 186

done with Italian participants - ingroup = Italian - outgroup = Slavic for Slavic names: avoidance movements were faster than approach movements for Italian names: approach movements were faster than avoidance movements

Answer 187

1. alternative explanations for these results? - maybe it's just your experience/the socio-cultural world that is informing the behaviour - might be socio-cultural and not genetic result of evolution 2. how do we know this is related to an evolutionary-based threat? - we don't - prof thinks it's true on some level (evolution does reflect how the mind functions in terms of intergroup relations, but we can't travel back thousands of years to validate ideas)

Answer 188

persistence of group conflicts in the US and around the world we think we live in a modern, civilized world - yet so many group conflicts still exist

Answer 189

how social structure reinforces prejudice

Answer 190

prejudice is a manifestation of relationships between groups ie. Robber's Cave Study - about how social structure determines how groups feel about one another

Answer 191

prejudice is weaker when groups are integrated and have the opportunity for friendship (compared to being segregated)

Answer 192

intergroup relations theories

Answer 193

randomly assigned Iraqi Christian soccer players to teams: 1. with no Muslims 2. made up of 25% Muslims followed for 4-5 months, surveyed them afterwards to see if/how their attitudes changed explored whether intergroup relations can be changed following new forms of contact context: Christians in Iraq are a minority - not a lot of opportunity there for Muslim-Christian interaction

Answer 194

1. cooperative (training together) 2. equal (no status differences on team) 3. endorsed by community authorities (one's church) 4. has a shared goal (win the soccer league)

Answer 195

measured a bunch of things differentiated between 'on the field' and 'off the field' outcomes those on mixed groups saw lots of change regarding 'on the field outcomes': - more likely than controls to train with Muslims again, to vote for a Muslim to win an award, to sign up for a mixed team again less differences between mixed and control groups for 'off the field outcomes': - similar levels of likelihood to visit mosque, to attend a mixed event, to donate to a mixed NGO

Answer 196

theories we went over today focus on a range of levels: from individual to organization to group to systemic etc can't tease these apart neatly: society is made up of individuals, and individuals are influenced by society and its systems MUTUALLY CONSTITUTIVE - must appreciate all of these levels each intergroup relations theory applies vest on a different level

Answer 197

aspect of our self-concept that is derived from our GROUP MEMBERSHIPS

Answer 198

1. achieve and maintain a positive social identity 2. distinguish our own social groups from other social groups

Answer 199

individuals have a repository of personal and social identities available to them, with each identity informing the individual of who they are this perspective suggests that a person defines the self along a continuum that ranges from, at one extreme, the self as a distinct individual with personal motives, goals, and achievements, to the self as an embodiment of a social collective or group at the other extreme a key premise of social identity theory is that people's context-specific attention to their personal and social identities is DRIVEN BY THEIR MOTIVATION TO FEEL POSITIVELY ABOUT THEMSELVES. one way to achieve this end is to join social groups that elicit a positive identity; another is to increase the perceived worthiness of the social groups to which one already belongs to the extent that people are motivated to regard themselves positively, THEY WILL ALSO BE MOTIVATED TO DIFFERENTIATE THEMSELVES FROM OUTSIDERS; that is, to see as much difference as possible between their in-groups and those groups to which they don't belong

Answer 200

1. PERSONAL and SOCIAL identities inform the individuals people perceive themselves to be 2. definition of the self is a CONTINUUM: one extreme is the self as distinct individual, other extreme is the social collective/group 3. people's attention to their identity composition = driven by motivation to feel good about themselves - join groups feel positive about - inflate worthiness of current groups 4. motivated to differentiate self from outsiders

Answer 201

yes, and this is what Tajfel discovered tried to come up with a control group: group defined using characteristics that wouldn't create in-/out-group divides discovered that this isn't possible led to the MINIMAL GROUP PARADIGM

Answer 202

creating artificial and arbitrary in-groups and out-groups discovered by Tajfel, by mistake

Answer 203

artists Paul Klee and Wassily Kandinsky brought people into lab, asked them about their preferences then told them based on their answers that their personalities = associated with either Klee or Kandinsky in reality, were totally randomly assigned then said there was leftover money after the study to distribute as bonuses asked each participant who they should give the money to (only presented with ID numbers and Klee/Kandinsky status) PEOPLE FAVOURED THEIR OWN GROUP

Answer 204

that people exhibit in-group favouritism even for meaningless differences

Answer 205

bolster our feelings of self worth which group memberships we highlight in the moment are context-dependent help you achieve positive self-regard

Answer 206

voting focus: being a Canadian citizen class lecture focus: being a student

Answer 207

self-categorization is situational when in Montreal, prof differentiates himself by bolstering his American identity when in Denver, prof differentiates himself by bolstering his Canadian home - he is "polite, kind, less crazy politically"

Answer 208

that identity salient ie. 9/11 was followed by an increase in the importance of American identity huge upsurge in people saying they were proud to be American post-9/11 once it was threatened, people really held on to their American identity

Answer 209

Brewer, 1993 people wan to strike BALANCE between their group identities and their personal identities sweet spot: don't want to be a lone wold with no group memberships, but don't want to be just like everyone else in their group

Answer 210

1. four goths - they're unique in that their dress is atypical - but they're part of a larger group 2. man in suit with bright yellow socks - has to wear a boring suit everyday - but expresses individualism through his fun socks

Answer 211

example of optimal distinctiveness in practice essentially says "express your individualism by joining this group!" goes through a bunch of unique people with all sorts of appearances and interests and occupations who are united in their love for Dr Pepper

Answer 212

1. apple - says people who use these extremely common products are their own unique individuals 2. burger king - "have it your way"

Answer 213

not distinct enough: - lack individuality - too constraining optimal distinctiveness: - distinct, but not too distinct too distinct: - stigma - not included - undesirable deviant

Answer 214

I am a vegan but a CHILL vegan

Answer 215

Hogg and Abrams, 1990 self-esteem is intrinsically linked to group identity implies that when you belong to a stigmatized group, this will negatively impact your self-esteem t-shirts that say things like "Black Excellence" - deliberately working to draw value from these identities

Answer 216

basking in reflected glory (BIRGing) celebrating in-group's success as your own, but derogating it following failure

Answer 217

students = more likely to wear college apparel after a football win than loss after a tough loss: "THEY blew OUR chance to win a championship!" versus "WE won!"

Answer 218

derogating out-groups can increase self esteem 1. derogate out-group 2. increased relative standing for in-group 3. more positive social identity 4. increased self-esteem

Answer 219

tendency to discriminate against out-groups - threats to self-esteem increase out-group derogation - people with chronically low self-esteem are more likely to derogate out-groups

Answer 220

belief that one is getting less than they deserve RELATIVE to: 1. other people/groups 2. some other standard (the past, expectations)

Answer 221

option 1: - make $40 000 while your co-worker makes $60 000 OR option 2: - make $39 000 while your co-worker makes $20 000

Answer 222

fairness study done using capuchin monkeys 1. put two monkeys side by side 2. give them a simple task (throw rock) 3. if both get a cucumber, both are equally willing to do the task 4. if you give one a grape instead, creates inequality between the two capuchins 5. the one who gets the cucumber will get angry, shake the cage, slam the wall capuchin receiving the less appealing reward was willing to do the task at first, but once aware that in relation to the other monkey they were getting a worse deal, refused/got upset

Answer 223

1. similar 2. relevant 3. proximal

Answer 224

1. perceived discrepancy between desired outcome and actual outcome 2. belief that discrepancy is undeserved

Answer 225

1. distributive justice 2. procedural justice

Answer 226

rewards and costs are justly allocated ie. equal work = equal pay

Answer 227

fairness of procedures for distributing rewards and costs ie. meritocracy

Answer 228

from 1980's to 2010's, incomes were steadily increasing for the top 1% not following distributive justice increasing discrepancy, not justified by difference in quality/quantity of work

Answer 229

the rich avoid paying taxes the rich use their money to purchase political influence preserves inequality

Answer 230

1. EMOTIONS of discontent, frustration, resentment 2. HOSTILITY towards perceived source of deprivation

Answer 231

7000+ European survey respondents, over 15 years measure personal and group relative deprivation

Answer 232

"how has immigration impacted you versus other British people like you?" how have you been impacted

Answer 233

"how has immigration impacted British people like you versus West Indians living in Britain?" how has your group been impacted

Answer 234

group measure group identity was driving prejudice

Answer 235

group deprivation is relevant for prejudice personal deprivation is not line of thought is this: "maybe I haven't been personally affected, but I'm sure someone from my group has" this thinking justifies prejudice

Answer 236

1. most people don't think that undocumented immigrants have personally taken one of their jobs (personal deprivation) 2. however, common concern is that undocumented immigrants are steadily taking jobs away from Americans like them as a group (group deprivation) aside: empirical evidence suggests undocumented immigrants don't take away jobs from Americans as a group

Answer 237

example of relative deprivation and prejudice White people thought that anti-Black bias = going down strongly White people thought that anti-White prejudice was simultaneously increasing the way that you think about other groups = tied to the way you think about your group

Answer 238

1. equality-enhancing condition - several banks propose increasing total amount of mortgage loans to Latinx homebuyers by $7.3 billion and not changing the total amount of mortgage loans to White people 2. status quo condition - several banks propose not changing mortgage loan funding over the next year

Answer 239

equality-enhancing policies were rated as MORE HARMFUL among White participants even though funding for White people was the same across both groups

Answer 240

random assignment to on of two teams (eagles or rattlers) but everyone was actually a rattler rattlers received more bonuses (126) than eagles (79) in previous weeks

Answer 241

1. win-win policy condition - 50 more bonuses to eagles - 5 more bonuses to rattlers 2. lose-lose policy condition - 50 fewer bonuses to eagles - 5 fewer bonuses to rattlers

Answer 242

among rattlers, win-win policy was seen as more harmful than lose-lose policy people preferred increasing intergroup inequality (but getting fewer rewards for their own group) than decreasing intergroup inequality (but getting more rewards for their own group)

Answer 243

1. explicit racial preferences 2. social dominance orientation 3. political orientation

Answer 244

intergroup prejudice and discrimination arises from conflicting goals and competition over limited resources key here: prejudice/discrimination depend on COMPETITION

Answer 245

1. experimental in-group formation 2. friction between groups 3. integration between groups

Answer 246

1. the relationship between groups is perceived as "zero-sum" 2. there is objective resource scarcity 3. there is perceived resource scarcity

Answer 247

activities where one individual/group's win means the other's loss

Answer 248

gave people a continuum of faces, with black ones on one end and white on the other the faces are more ambiguous in the middle ask people which face marks the divide between white and black in economic recessions (objective scarcity), the face that is seen as black is lighter in skin tone if white people are feeling threatened, they see less white people

Answer 249

subjective feeling that every job given to an out-group member takes one from a member of their own group those who feel there is a fixed amount of jobs will have more restrictive immigration policy opinions

Answer 250

mere in-group/out-group distinction

Answer 251

victimized in-group (feeling you're being done wrong)

Answer 252

competition

Answer 253

his paper: "If you rise, I fall: Equality is prevented by the misperception that it harms advantaged groups" assistant prof at Columbia Business School research focus: how inequality is created and maintained between groups and within organizations lead author on article looking at how people would rather sacrifice some personal gain if it meant maintaining relative disadvantages between groups

Answer 254

explicit: Indian caste system - priests, academics - warriors, kings - merchants, landowners - commoners, peasants, servants implicit: racial composition of the Congress

Answer 255

rank White people with highest status then Asians, Latinx, Black people

Answer 256

the same as White people do Whites, Asians, Latinx, Black (from highest status to lowest)

Answer 257

recognizable

Answer 258

1. social identity theory can't be the only contributor to discrimination 2. group-based social hierarchies are universal (unavoidable) 3. most intergroup conflict stems from the existence of these hierarchies 4. both people and institutions exist along a continuum among those that are "hierarchy enforcing" or "hierarchy attenuating" 5. hierarchies are a two-way street, requiring at least some coordination among both high-status and low status people

Answer 259

yes SDO is mostly concentrated in the upper class, but pervades downwards as well

Answer 260

1. it's not a problem if some groups have more of a chance in life than others 2. some people are just inferior to others 3. inferior groups should stay in their place 4. sometimes other groups should be kept in their place

Answer 261

doesn't follow normal distribution - it's right skewed most responses STRONGLY DISAGREE with the items some people kinda-sorta agree and very few totally agree

Answer 262

1. political ideology (conservatism) 2. explicit racial preferences (degree to which White people are preferred over Black people) 3. gender

Answer 263

r = 0.43 strong correlation, but not enough to make the two measures redundant (they're still distinct)

Answer 264

men are higher in SDO than women r = 0.19

Answer 265

actual uses of force while on patrol

Answer 266

hierarchy-enforcing AND working in a hierarchy-enforcing job was associated with long-term increase in SDO

Answer 267

do people who find themselves in hierarchies develop SDO to support their current situation? Kteily and Sidanius

Answer 268

wanted to see if SDO causes support for hierarchies, or if people who find themselves in hierarchies develop SDO to support their current situation tracked same individuals using "cross-lagged" longitudinal design repeatedly measured SDO and forms of intergroup prejudice did this in White college students during freshman orientation (1996) and each Spring semester (through 2000)

Answer 269

negativity towards racial/ethnic groups

Answer 270

before expressed negativity towards racial outgroups

Answer 271

SDO measured in 1996 was a stronger predictor of OUTGROUP PREJUDICE in 2000 than outgroup prejudice measured in 1996 was a predictor of SDO in 2000 so SDO seems to modulate prejudice first there's an abstract belief about how different groups should be treated in society and then this translates into specific prejudices

Answer 272

one route is through the experience (or lack thereof) of INTERGROUP EMPATHY

Answer 273

feeling positive after seeing someone else experience positivity

Answer 274

feeling positive after seeing someone else experience negativity

Answer 275

White participants completed the SDO SCALE and and INTERGROUP EMPATHY TASK empathy task: participants saw a White, Asian or Black person experience something mildly positive or negative (ie. eating a good sandwich or stubbing one's toe) after each story (one for each race, one for positive vs negative), participants reported both how GOOD and how BAD they felt upon reading the story

Answer 276

1. as SDO increased, participants generally felt less positive empathy, and this was PARTICULARLY TRUE towards racial outgroup members 2. as SDO increased, participants generally felt more schadenfreude, and this was PARTICULARLY TRUE towards racial outgroup members

Answer 277

SDO may help maintain intergroup social hierarchies by blunting/muting empathy towards outgroup members thereby making it easier to keep them in positions of lower social status

Answer 278

having lower power and status it isn't only a resource problem it also impacts our psychology "scarcity is more than just the displeasure of having very little. it changes how we think. it imposes itself on our minds"

Answer 279

is like being under consistent "cognitive load" reduces bandwidth available to pay attention to other concerns in one's life "scarcity in one walk of life means we have less attention in the rest of life"

Answer 280

1. poorer people spend significantly higher portion of their income on lottery tickets 2. households that bring in less than $10K annually put 3% of total income to lotteries ^ways we can see effects of scarcity in real world - scarcity leads people to make less rational choices (having less clouds our decision making process)

Answer 281

from 1964-2003, average expected value of a lottery ticket is -0.47 per dollar spent

Answer 282

in 2008 the US national credit card debt was 951.7 billion overdue penalties as high as an additional 5% low income individuals take HIGH INTEREST SHORT TERM LOANS with rates of 800% so, if you're low on money, you will take more risks to get it

Answer 283

1. put off paying next month's phone bill TO BUY FOOD FOR THE FAMILY TODAY 2. Neglect routine maintenance on house/car TO TRY TO KEEP UP WITH MORTGAGE/RENT 3. Take out 800% short-term loan TO PAY OFF PRESSING DEBTS essentially, there's an enhanced focus on immediate issues, and an attentional neglect of long-term costs

Answer 284

1. resource scarcity creates a "different mindset" 2. people lower in resources must make sporadic decisions and trade-offs 3. increases focus on immediate short-term problems 4. reduces focus on long-term global picture 5. dilemmas related to poverty are distracting, and use cognitive resources

Answer 285

participants play Wheel of Fortune manipulation of resource scarcity: number of letter guesses participants are given per round POOR: 6 guesses per round RICH: 20 guesses per round unspent guesses could be accumulated for the next round then assessed effect of scarcity mindset using a COGNITIVE CONTROL DOT-PROBE TASK

Answer 286

the cognitive task used in the "scarcity in the lab" experiment have a screen with a fixation point (cross) in the middle have to identify as quickly as possible which side of the screen a picture appears on, by using keyboard commands CONGRUENT TRIAL: see image on the same side of the screen as the keyboard button for that side is on (ie. on left side of screen and must press A key) INCONGRUENT TRIAL: see image on the side of the screen opposite to the button you are meant to press (ie. on right side of screen and must press L key) measure of your attentional ability: faster responses means better attention

Answer 287

even though 'poor' participants made FEWER guesses in Wheel of Fortune, they performed WORSE in the Dot-Probe task (on both congruent and incongruent trials) the simple stress/distraction of having less made them struggle more with the task stressors in the back of their minds steal cognitive energy

Answer 288

Indian sugarcane farmers are paid once annually, meaning there are times when they are comparatively rich (post-harvest) and comparatively poor (pre-harvest) the SAME sugarcane farmers performed 10 points higher on an IQ test when taken right AFTER the harvest than right before the harvest this is about 75% as effective as taking an IQ test well-rested versus after an all-nighter

Answer 289

guest lecturer- SDO expert Grad of Williams College, received PhD from Harvard in 2000 now a professor at University of California-Berkely Haas School of Business but was a post-doctoral researcher at Yale when interviewed

Answer 290

used natural variation across the years in earned income tax credit different policies for how much you get based on how many kids you have (some years you'll get 3K, other years 4K) $1000 INCREASE in income raises combined MATH/READING test scores by 6% of a standard deviation in the short run test gains = largest for kids from disadvantaged families

Answer 291

47% say equally representative 17% say unaltered 18% say darkened 18% say lightened doesn't really seem like there's an effect here BUT this ignores individual differences

Answer 292

divide the data into those who AGREED with the candidate and those who DISAGREED AGREED: Equally representative: 50% Unaltered: 15% DARKENED: 10% LIGHTENED: 25% DISAGREED: Aqually representative: 44% Unaltered: 19% DARKENED: 26% LIGHTENED: 11%

Answer 293

colourism working in both directions - dislike politician: see the darkened version as most representative - like politician: see the lightened version as most representative points to importance of looking at individual differences within groups (in this case, whether or not they liked the politician's platform)

Answer 294

when we don't look at individual differences (liberals vs conservatives) then there isn't much difference on average between ratings of the unaltered, darkened or lightened photos but when we separate into liberals and conservatives... LIBERALS: 7% say darkened 33% say lightened CONSERVATIVES: 42% say darkened 21% say lightened

Answer 295

arguably one of the most influential people for the conduct of psychological research Likert scale - technique for measuring attitudes - proposed that you can give people a self-report item - assign numerical values to each response option - from STRONGLY APPROVE (1) to STRONGLY DISAPPROVE (2)

Answer 296

Modern Racism Scale Symbolic Racism Scale

Answer 297

1. theory developed by political scientists in the 1970's and 1970's 2. people were no longer willing to accept/report more blatant forms of prejudice 3. people high in modern/symbolic racism no longer feel that discrimination is a significant problem 4. other racial groups aren't INHERENTLY inferior, but intergroup disparities can be attributed to GROUP DIFFERENCES IN ATTITUDES/MOTIVATIONS associated with success in life ie. belief that certain racial groups don't value hard work as much as White people do

Answer 298

"Black people are getting too demanding in their push for equal rights" "discrimination against Black people is no longer a problem" items allow people to report a prejudiced response, but JUSTIFIED on non-prejudiced grounds

Answer 299

"Black people are getting too demanding in their push for equal rights" - agree: 5% - neutral: 6% - disagree: 89% "Discrimination against Black people is no longer a problem" - agree: 9% - neutral: 14% - disagree: 77% right-skewed distribution, like SDO

Answer 300

"it's really a matter of some people not trying hard enough; if Black people would only try harder they could be just as well off as White people" "over the past few years, Black people have gotten more economically than they deserve"

Answer 301

"it's really a matter of some people not trying hard enough; if Black people would only try harder they could be just as well off as White people" - agree: 18% - neutral: 14% - disagree: 68% "over the past few years, Black people have gotten more economically than they deserve" - agree: 8% - neutral: 21% - disagree: 71% right skewed

Answer 302

1. Prejudice Index 2. Racial Stereotypes Measure 3. Subtle and Blatant Prejudice

Answer 303

"Black people come from a less able race and this explains why they're not as well off as most White people" "to what extent do you prefer White to Black people?"

Answer 304

"Black people come from a less able race and this explains why they're not as well off as most White people" - agree: 9% - neutral: 7% - disagree: 84% "to what extent do you prefer White to Black people?" - prefer White: 28% - neutral: 62% - prefer Black: 10%

Answer 305

self-presentation and irrelevant factors WEAKEN THE CORRELATION between self-report and IAT measures but people's explicit self-report and implicit associations are both related to their overall construct regarding race attitudes since both are related, we can test which measures are best at MAXIMIZING THE CORRELATION BETWEEN THE SELF-REPORTS AND IAT can also assess which is the bigger detriment to getting correct correlations: self presentation or irrelevant factors?

Answer 306

0: the "old-fashioned ways and values" still show the best way to live - most indirect 1: how much discrimination is there that hurts the chances of Black people to get good paying jobs? 2: I would be unwilling to have a Black person as a friend - most direct

Answer 307

direct explicit, blunt measures seem to be the best

Answer 308

Canadian psychologist Robert Altemeyer 1981

Answer 309

measure developed to identify people who: 1. are particularly willing to submit to (perceived legitimate) authorities 2. strongly adhere to societal norms

Answer 310

intergroup prejudice

Answer 311

mental inflexibility and attitudes towards groups that violate current conventions these people struggle with uncertainty, they like to place everyone in a box

Answer 312

"the established authorities generally turn out to be right about things, while the radicals and protestors are usually just "loud mouths" showing off their ignorance" "the only way our country can get through the crisis ahead is to get back to our traditional values, put some tough leaders in power, and silence the troublemakers spreading bad ideas" ^nothing in here is directly related to prejudice it is tapping into something more global, like valuing pre-existing social structures

Answer 313

Black people: r = 0.50 Gay people: r = 0.52 Feminists: r = 0.74 People with mental disability: r = 0.31

Answer 314

degree to which a person self-identifies as liberal or conservative can be viewed as a psychological individual difference

Answer 315

psychological processes outside of just political attitudes and beliefs one reason for these findings = relationship between political orientation and need for cognitive closure

Answer 316

refers to an individual's desire to arrive at a firm answer or to avoid feelings of ambiguity

Answer 317

as conservative r ~ 0.20

Answer 318

I find that a well ordered life with regular hours suits my temperament I don't like to go into a situation without knowing what I can expect from it When I have made a decision, I feel relieved

Answer 319

they allow for a more simplified view of the world greater reliance on stereotypes in judgment and perceptions means a lower need or ability to use "individualizing" information

Answer 320

participants viewed targets varying in androgyny and had to categorize them as male or female as fast as possible afterwards, participants reported how positive they felt towards each face and finally, they reported their political ideology

Answer 321

for conservative participants, categorization time MEDIATED the relationship between target androgyny and the liking of each target conservative participants evaluated androgynous targets more negatively partly because IT TOOK THEM LONGER TO CATEGORIZE more androgynous face (they created more ambiguity) THE SAME PATTERN DIDN'T EMERGE FOR LIBERAL PARTICIPANTS

Answer 322

participants reported how confident they were in inferring social group membership from physical appearance - "it's possible to know a person's [race/religion/sexual orientation] once you take a look at them" participants also completed a measure of Need for Structure - "I enjoy having a clear and structured life"

Answer 323

in every category, conservatives were more confident that social group membership could be inferred from physical appearance

Answer 324

the relationship between political ideology (conservatism) and belief that social group membership can be inferred from physical appearance conservatives viewed group memberships as more visible than did liberals, partly because they desire structure more strongly in daily life can (partly) help inform ideological debates around political issues like racial profiling or "stop and frisk"

Answer 325

associate prof at Uni of Illinois 2019 Early Career Award winner for the International Social Cognition Network leading expert on political psychology, particularly the social-cognitive differences between liberals and conservatives

Answer 326

old fashioned prejudice: more blatant theories of contemporary prejudice: more subtle a) symbolic prejudice b) aversive prejudice c) ambivalent prejudice d) implicit prejudice

Answer 327

aka old fashioned racism the prejudice of the era after Reconstruction until the 1960's 1. White's absolute belief in their (biological) superiority over other races 2. firm belief in racial separation (and subjugation) 3. use of the government to establish a system of segregation and other forms of discrimination (curtailing voting rights)

Answer 328

subtle forms either in attitudes or behaviour

Answer 329

anti-Black prejudice on the part of White people these theories have since extended to over fields

Answer 330

most White people in some fashion

Answer 331

social norms towards belief in the principle of equality for all people however, not all people have accepted the norm of equality to the same degree

Answer 332

1. those with politically liberal values 2. younger generations

Answer 333

PERCEIVED as non-prejudiced consequence: people may express prejudices in ways that can be justified on seemingly unprejudiced grounds prejudice couched in abstract principles

Answer 334

part of Ronald Reagan's campaign he created super influential ads, railing against people "taking advantage" of the welfare system - argued why should they raise taxes to increase welfare cheques if the money won't be used deservingly? used a Black woman - Linda Taylor - as the face of this campaign says a lot that this was the face thought to be most resonant among voters

Answer 335

attitudes and beliefs old fashioned, symbolic, aversive and ambivalent prejudice theories invest in this conceptualization as opposed to implicit prejudice theories

Answer 336

aka "modern prejudice" set of beliefs about Black people as an ABSTRACT GROUP rather than as INDIVIDUALS ie. "if only they would work harder"

Answer 337

they violate traditional values like HARD WORK and SELF-RELIANCE the beliefs expressed through specific acts that could (mostly) be justified on a non-racial basis, but that MAINTAIN THE RACIAL STATUS QUO ie. opposition to welfare and affirmative action, pro-school choice "I oppose affirmative action because everyone should have an equal chance of getting into school, not because I hold negative attitudes about Black people"

Answer 338

a) justify policies that promote inequality, while b) generally endorsing equality as an abstract principle

Answer 339

1. racial prejudice/discrimination no longer exist (or aren't barriers to success) 2. differences in economic status result from lack of motivation 3. anger over inequality and unfair treatment is unjustified 4. rather than working to get ahead, Black people seek special favours from the government 5. Black people are now getting more than they deserve economically

Answer 340

is right skewed

Answer 341

people with symbolic prejudice endorse racial equality IN PRINCIPLE, but OPPOSE POLICIES that could bring it about

Answer 342

1. equality of OPPORTUNITY: everyone deserves the same chance to succeed - higher modern racism predicts agreement with this type of equality 2. equality of OUTCOME: everyone should have an equal share of successes - higher modern racism predicts lower agreement with this type of equality

Answer 343

principled ideological views

Answer 344

1. symbolic racists endorse the idea that members of marginalized groups violate traditional values like hard work and independence 2. symbolic racists express prejudices in ways that could be justified on "unprejudiced" grounds

Answer 345

example of symbolic prejudice he is saying he is against AA not because he doesn't like Malays but because they don't work as hard and that they would be sure to waste the opportunities they were given

Answer 346

1. move away from biological superiority 2. focus on out-group violation of shared cultural values 3. justification of inequality and unfair treatment due to negative internal characteristics of an out-group

Answer 347

having POSITIVE EXPLICIT attitudes toward Black people while holding NEGATIVE IMPLICIT attitudes characterized by feelings of UNEASE/DISCOMFORT rather than hostility

Answer 348

aversive racism study non-Black male participants 1. did a word-find task with a partner (either White or Black) 2. then interacted with a White or Black confederate they measured their BLOOD PRESSURE to index level of discomfort

Answer 349

higher blood pressure after interacting with Black over White confederate takeaway: people with aversive prejudice are uncomfortable and anxious around minorities

Answer 350

appear unprejudiced

Answer 351

aversive racism = discrimination under certain conditions 1. clear "correct" behaviour: FAIR responses 2. unclear "correct" behaviour: DISCRIMINATORY responses in ambiguous situations, are more likely to be influenced by their prejudice if they don't know what the unprejudiced response is, they may rely on more IMPLICIT/GUT responses

Answer 352

ambiguous situations reason: less threat of appearing prejudiced - when it's ambiguous, decision is less likely to be seen as based on prejudice

Answer 353

1. with clearly qualified or unqualified candidates, both White and Black candidates were recommended/not recommended equally 2. with ambiguous candidates, the White candidate is way more likely to be hired

Answer 354

"ambi" means BOTH "valence" means GOOD/BAD

Answer 355

negative and positive feelings about a group

Answer 356

1. DISADVANTAGED: which elicits a POSITIVE sympathy response 2. CULTURALLY DEVIANT: which elicits a negative aversion response being made aware of this mental conflict causes psychological discomfort, which people are motivated to reduce (cognitive dissonance)

Answer 357

cognitive dissonance

Answer 358

1. increase positivity 2. increase negativity RESPONSE AMPLIFICATION

Answer 359

ambivalent prejudice more EXTREME behaviour towards a stigmatized group a) more positive when receiving "good" information b) more negative when receiving "bad" information

Answer 360

ambivalent prejudice 1. measured ambivalence towards indigenous people 2. gave participants persuasive info - PRO indigenous land grants - ANTI indigenous land grants 3. measured attitudes again

Answer 361

those who were non-ambivalent towards indigenous people in the first place WERE NOT AFFECTED by the persuasive info in either direction those who were AMBIVALENT were much more affected by the PRO-LAND GRANT persuasive info takeaway: to reduce conflict, ambivalent people swing more extremely to one side or the other

Answer 362

1. participants interacted with a "control" confederate or a confederate who was facially stigmatized (port wine stain birthmark) the interaction lasted for ~3 minutes and included some basic "get to know you" questions 2. afterwards, participants' physiological responses were tracked to assess the degree of a "threat response"

Answer 363

1. participants LOW in cardiovascular threat showed no differences in positive treatment to confederates with versus without a birthmark 2. however, participants HIGH in cardiovascular threat showed GREATER behavioural positivity towards the confederate with a birthmark - suggests some sort of response amplification

Answer 364

ambivalent

Answer 365

old-fashioned: "I hate minorities; they are biologically inferior; discrimination is justifiable" modern-symbolic: "I don't like minorities; they are morally inferior; discrimination no longer exists" aversive: "I don't like discrimination, but don't like minorities either; they make me anxious" ambivalent: "I don't like discrimination; I have positive and negative beliefs about minorities"

Answer 366

explicit prejudice: a) deliberate b) slow c) controllable implicit prejudice: a) automatic b) fast c) hard to control

Answer 367

pairing task: participants must sort images from two categories (most commonly Black and White faces) and then must sort negative or positive words incongruent block: - White people key on same side as Good key - Black on side side as Bad congruent block: - Black people key on same side as Bad key - White on same side as Good

Answer 368

uses reaction time data to infer participant's implicit biases the speed with which people respond maps onto the strength of their associations if the pair is easier to form, this indicates a strong association

Answer 369

3.08 million one every ten seconds

Answer 370

among White participants: a) pro Black: 11% b) neutral: 16% c) pro White: 73% among Black participants: a) pro Black: 41% b) neutral: 25% c) pro White: 34% other racial backgrounds: a) pro Black: 16% b) pro White: 64%

Answer 371

White participants are pro White Black participants are more neutral: 41% pro Black and 34% pro White other races are pro White: 64%

Answer 372

no IATs are a NOISY measure of mental content, that fluctuates over time can't predict an individual's future behaviour

Answer 373

male participants: a) 70% have better association with men and science b) 11% for women and science female participants: a) 71% have better association with men and science b) 10% for women and science results are the same across gender

Answer 374

range of majors from visual arts to engineering (from most artsy to most science-y) women: the more science-related their major, the more their male-science association diminishes men: the more science-related their major, the more their male-science association increases

Answer 375

1. our understanding of SOCIAL HIERARCHY - what groups in society are higher status - learned component 2. our PERSONAL IDENTITY - who we are, what our experiences have been - ie. in-group biases

Answer 376

White, Asian, Black and Hispanic people 1. ALWAYS have the most positive associations with the in-group (in-group favouritism) 2. evaluations of other groups are in accordance with the status hierarchy perception of group status ie. Black people have the most positive associations with Black people, followed by White, then Asian, then Hispanic people

Answer 377

looked at Christian, Jewish, Hindu, Muslim and Atheist participants 1. always have most positive association with the in-group 2. then it follows the societal perception of the groups' statuses (Christian -> Jewish -> Hindu -> Muslim)

Answer 378

meta-analyses show that IAT scores show a SMALL BUT CONSISTENT ability to predict wide variety of real-world behaviours ie. White participants with higher implicit racial bias tended to have more awkward and stilted conversations with Black experimenter

Answer 379

sample = 192 hiring managers in 12 occupation categories who handled job postings in Sweden 1. responded to 1552 job ads from the Swedish Employment Agency 2. manipulated name to be a typical Swedish or typical Arab Muslim title - kept applications otherwise the same 3. measured the manager's implicit and explicit stereotypes

Answer 380

weak correlation between explicit stereotypes and callbacks stronger negative correlation between implicit stereotypes (IAT) and callback rate for Arab/Muslim participants

Answer 381

looked at many different countries 1. gender gap in 8th grade science class 2. IAT scores for male=science and female=arts bigger gender disparities in grade 8 science performance correlates with higher IAT scores so IAT picks up on cultural values present in society

Answer 382

1. plotted variation across the USA in race IAT scores 2. plotted racial disparities in high school suspensions magnitude of pro-White bias (highest IAT scores) maps on to areas where more Black kids are suspended

Answer 383

1. motivation and ability 2. discretion 3. organizations and institutions

Answer 384

when you don't think things through when you're: a) stressed b) tired c) drunk d) lazy e) on a deadline

Answer 385

shooter bias in the IAT example of when you rely on implicit prejudices because you're low on motivation and ability

Answer 386

1. when criteria for making a decision are unclear 2. when information is ambiguous or incomplete

Answer 387

example of how we rely on implicit biases when information is incomplete Michelle and Michael are candidates for next police chief manipulation 1: Michelle is "formally educated" and Michael is "streetwise" - people choose Michael, and when asked to explain why they say because being streetwise is more important manipulation 1: Michael is "formally educated" and Michelle is "streetwise" - people choose Michael AGAIN, and insist that it is because formal education is more important

Answer 388

had people write out the values that are important for being a police chief in advance in this case, people pick the police chief consistent with those values regardless of gender

Answer 389

when policies and systems allow for it

Answer 390

Julliard and other professional music admissions used to be largely men until they introduced blind auditions - used a curtain but could still tell it was a female if they heard the click clack of high heels so now have footwear regulations for auditions ever since the introduction of blind auditions, there has been major increases in the amount of females in orchestras

Answer 391

1. participants went through SAME RACE or CROSS RACE interaction for 15 mins 2. after, completed measure of executive control (STROOP TASK) 3. finally, completed an IAT

Answer 392

participants who reported MORE IMPLICIT BIAS on IAT had the MOST DIFFICULTY on the Stroop Task following a CROSS-RACE INTERACTION

Answer 393

motivation to control prejudiced responses this idea is divided into: a) INTERNAL MOTIVATION b) EXTERNAL MOTIVATION has now been used in more than 1500 papers, particularly in intergroup interactions literature

Answer 394

'I am personally motivated by my beliefs to be nonprejudiced toward Black people' 'because of my personal values, I believe that using stereotypes about Black people is wrong' 'being nonprejudiced toward Black people is important to my self concept' - left skewed distribution: most people are very high in internal motivation to control prejudice

Answer 395

'because of today's politically correct standards, I try to appear non-prejudiced towards Black people' 'I try to act non-prejudiced toward Black people because of pressure from others' 'I try to hide any negative thoughts about Black people in order to avoid negative reactions from others' - normal distribution: most people are right in the middle

Answer 396

external has a pretty normal distribution whereas internal has a left skewed distribution

Answer 397

nope r = 0.03

Answer 398

showing RESPECT towards Black interaction partners

Answer 399

more SELF-FOCUSED concerned about NOT APPEARING PREJUDICED in the yes of the Black interaction partner

Answer 400

1. White participants first completed INTERNAL and EXTERNAL MOTIVATION TO CONTROL PREJUDICE SCALES - a few weeks before coming into lab 2. they were led to believe they would soon interact with another student. saw a "get to know you" video made by the other student (who was ALWAYS BLACK) 3. participants made their OWN 'get to know you' video

Answer 401

external motivation to control prejudice was associated with: a) concerns about APPEARING PREJUDICED b) SELF-FOCUSED behavioural intentions internal motivation to control prejudice was associated with: a) concerns about being RESPECTFUL b) PARTNER-FOCUSED behavioural intentions c) ACTUAL RESPECTIVE behaviour in the video (evaluated by independent coders)

Answer 402

interpersonal contact between groups will improve intergroup relations

Answer 403

higher levels of intergroup contact have been previously associated with... 1. increased KNOWLEDGE about out-group 2. increased EMPATHY toward out-group 3. reduced intergroup ANXIETY 4. reduced IMPLICIT and EXPLICIT PREJUDICE 5. reduced intergroup THREAT

Answer 404

1. support of authorities 2. equal status 3. common goals 4. cooperation 5. contact as individuals

Answer 405

a condition of optimal intergroup contact authorities support friendly and egalitarian contact/interactions between groups

Answer 406

a condition of optimal intergroup contact members of groups have similar social status within a situation

Answer 407

1. White participants do a cooperative task with a Black actor 2. partner was then made to be equal or lower in status (in terms of their level of competence with the task) 3. partners then succeeded or failed

Answer 408

measured LIKING OF PARTNER if EQUAL STATUS: - similar liking regardless of success or failure - like partner either way if PARTNER IS LOWER STATUS: - if you FAIL, you blame your partner for the failure - like them less as a result - scape-goating

Answer 409

one condition for optimal group contact groups share a common goal don't have to be actively cooperating just have to be working toward the same goal ie. all writing the same test, all practicing the same skill (tennis serve)

Answer 410

groups work TOGETHER to attain common goals

Answer 411

Brown et al 2003 White college athletes "contact" is the PERCENTAGE of non-White players in each sport individual versus team sports measured prejudice towards African Americans

Answer 412

main point: least prejudice with contact and cooperation (team and high contact) highest positivity in high contact team group

Answer 413

opportunities to know out-group members as individuals in informal settings ie. "Meet a Jew"

Answer 414

contact as Public Policy program introduced by Cenrtal Council of Jews in Germany introduces Jews to non-Jewish people at events throughout Germany aim to HUMANIZE Jews among rising antisemitism

Answer 415

1. worry they won't know how to act 2. anticipate anxiety 3. worry about rejection

Answer 416

White people: worry Black people will think they're prejudiced - fear of rejection Black people: worry White people hold negative stereotypes about their group - lack of interest BOTH ASSUME THE OTHER ISN'T INTERESTED

Answer 417

MORE people experience more positivity than they expect they will as a result of intergroup contact

Answer 418

1. extended contact 2. imagined contact 3. 'parasocial' contact

Answer 419

having a friend with an out-group friend associated with lower prejudice

Answer 420

1. reduces inter-group anxiety "if Dave is friends with Muslims, maybe it's not that big of a deal" 2. changes perceptions of norms "It's not weird to be friends with Muslims" 3. cognitive consistency "the friend of my friend must also be my friend"

Answer 421

simply imagining meeting an out-group member reduces prejudice "imagine that the interaction is relaxed, positive, comfortable... visualize it as specifically and vividly as possible"

Answer 422

experiences with outgroup members via mass communication also reduces prejudice movies, TV, social media

Answer 423

negative experiences with out-group members that result in INCREASED PREJUDICE less common than positive contact, but MORE INFLUENTIAL ON PREJUDICE when it does happen

Answer 424

negative intergroup contact is more influential on prejudice than positive contact is explanation: if you have a negative encounter with an out-group member, you're more likely to GENERALIZE to their entire out-group negative experience is more SALIENT

Answer 425

for members of ADVANTAGED GROUPS, greater intergroup contact is associated with HIGHER support for SOCIAL CHANGE for members of DISADVANTAGED GROUPS, greater intergroup contact is associated with LOWER SUPPORT for social change for members of disadvantaged groups, intergroup contact may have a PACIFYING EFFECT on working for social change

Answer 426

examined 12 000 participants in nearly 70 countries 1. support for social change = operationalized in many ways (willingness to sign online petition, attend demonstration, policies that address inequality etc) 2. also looked at effects in 2 domains a) among members of ethnic majorities vs minorities b) among cis-heterosexuals and LGBTIQ+ individuals

Answer 427

1. for ethnic majorities and cis-heterosexuals: positive relationship between intergroup contact and more support for social change for ethnic minorities 2. for ethnic minorities and LGBTIQ+ people here it's more of a mixed bag - sometimes a negative relationship (more contact results in less support for change)

Answer 428

willingness to work in solidarity

Answer 429

the only measured which was positively associated with higher intergroup contact for BOTH groups assessed degree to which group members would form intergroup connections TO BRING ABOUT JUSTICE "among advantaged groups, willingness to work in solidarity might reflect a recognition that social change is the responsibility of many in the larger society as a whole, rather than a burden carried solely by members of disadvantaged groups"

Answer 430

long term effects of contact looked at how TROOP PLACEMENT in WWII in England is associated with RACIAL ATTITUDES

Answer 431

individuals in areas of UK where more Black troops were posted = more tolerant towards minorities 60 years after the last troops left

Answer 432

effects must be at least PARTLY DUE to: 1. "intergenerational transmission" 2. power of cultural norms

Answer 433

IAT scores self-reported attitudes popularity of far-right political parties

Answer 434

associate prof of economics at Tilburg Uni in Netherlands works in experimental economics, economic history mostly uses archival data lead author on "Shocking Racial Attitudes" paper (concerning effect of Black American troop placement in WWII on British racial attitudes)

Answer 435

associate prof at Uni of Florida expert on implicit biases and intergroup prejudice former executive director of Project Implicit

Answer 436

associate prof at Uni of Illinois 2019 Early Career Award winner for international Social Cognition Network leading expert on political psychology, particularly the social-cognitive differences between liberals and conservatives

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