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Ren R 105 > Post Midterm #2 > Flashcards

Post Midterm #2 Flashcards

1
Q

Define Biodiversity

A

A measure of variety of organisms within a local area le region including genetic variation, taxonomic uniqueness, and endemism

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2
Q

Number of taxa in a local area or region

A

Species richness

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3
Q

Measure of the variety of taxa in a community that takes into account the relative abundance of each one

A

Dominance Index

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4
Q

3 Measures of Local Biodiversity and Descriptions

A
  1. Alpha Diversity: number of species in habitat and combined with info in evenness of abundance
  2. Gamma Diversity: number of species over larger region
  3. Beta Diversity: the turnover in number of species in habitat v region estimated
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5
Q

Define Species

A

Groups of interbreeding natural populations that are reproductively isolated from other groups

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6
Q

Morphological Species

A

Differing species in characters/traits

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7
Q

Phylogenetic Species

A

Differing species from lineages that maintain integrity

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8
Q

Genetic Species

A

Differing species from DNA

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9
Q

Ecological Species

A

Species defined from niche space

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10
Q

Due to geographic barrier of populations where there are dissimilar selective pressures or genetic drift

A

Allopatric speciation

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11
Q

Due to the isolated niche from isolation of a small population with unique traits

A

Peripatric speciation

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12
Q

From niche specialization with a population to reduce competition

A

Parapatric Speciation

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13
Q

From genetic divergence within a population, but not due to new niches

A

Sympatric Speciation

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14
Q

Founder Effect

A

When an isolated population is founded by a small number of pioneering individuals, the new population may turn out to be different from OG

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15
Q

Endemism

A

An endemic species is one whose geographic range is small (aka isolated)

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16
Q

3 Factors of Facilitating Endemism

A
  1. Time Stability
  2. Topographic barriers
  3. Low Productivity
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17
Q

3 factors to Species Rarity

A
  1. Range size
  2. Population size
  3. Habitat specificity
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18
Q

Division of area by ten, divides the fauna by two

A
  • Darlington’s Rule
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19
Q

Ratio Extapolation

A
  • Erwin used insecticidal forcing of trees to study diversity in Panama
    • Used ratio method to predict number of total nettle species based on unique beetles per tree
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20
Q

Global Patterns of Biodiversity

A
  • Notable negative latitudinal relationship
    • Richness decreases with latitude
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21
Q

Biodiversity Hypothesis: Solar Energy, Precip., & PET

A

More energy = more niches (and more water needed for life)

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22
Q

Biodiversity Hypothesis: NPP and Structure

A

More biomass or structure = more niches

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23
Q

Biodiversity Hypothesis: Seasonality

A

High seasonality = low diversity (greater climatic tolerances)

24
Q

Biodiversity Hypothesis: stability-time

A

Diversity increases with community age

25
Q

Biodiversity Hypothesis: Area

A

Tropics have larger surface area of similar climate because it borders the equator

26
Q

Biodiversity Hypothesis: Pathogens

A

Increase pathogen = increase diversity

Tropics have more pathogen pressure than temperate ecosystems, so individuals must spread out to avoid diseases

27
Q

Mechanisms that Prevent Competitive Exclusion

A
  1. Mortality of dominant competitor via predation, herbivore, or abiotic disturbance
    1. Environmental fluctuations (ex: droughts)
    2. Local extinction and rescue effect (ex: re-invasion of species)
28
Q

Theory:
Consider spatial patterns in populations (source-sink dynamics) relative to patches of habitat with immigration (dispersal) “rescuing” Populations lost or declining, thus maintaining more diversity in a region

A

Rescue Effects

29
Q

Abiotic Disturbances at Non-Equilibrium

A
  • Density-independent mortalities
    • Selective mortalities
30
Q

Species richness-productivity Relationship

A
  • More productive ecosystems are often assumed to contain higher species diversity
    • Global scale NOT LOCAL SCALE
31
Q

Natural Processes Promoting Extinction

A
  • Demographic stochasticity
    • Environmental variability
    • Catastrophes
32
Q
  • Theory that there is a need to keep evolving to “keep up” or potentially go extinct
A

Red Queen Hypothesis

33
Q

Mass extinction definition and numbers

A
  • Mass extinction if when over 75% of species disappear within a geologically short interval less than 5 million years
34
Q
  • Loss of Animals whose weight was greater than 44 kg (100 lbs) by 72% in North America at the end of the Pleistocene
A

Megafauna

35
Q
  • Controversial hypothesis about overkill causing extinctions of species
A

Overkill Hypothesis

36
Q

Theory:
- Extinction events amplified by the interaction of both biotic and abiotic drivers. Coupling of marked climate change with direct human impacts is especially pernicious

A

Multiplicative Effects of Megafauna Loss

37
Q

Theory:
Loss of key megafauna resulted in loss of dispersal for large-fruited species

A

Megafauna Dispersal Syndrome

38
Q

Environmental Impacts of Invasive Species

A

○ Negatively impact biodiversity
○ Cause extirpation and extinction
○ Cause soul degradation and erosion
○ Alter ecosystem processes like fire cycles

39
Q

Societal Impacts of Invasive Species

A

○ Can cause disease/suffering for humans and pets
○ Reduce recreational opportunities

40
Q

Economic Impacts of Invasive Species

A

○ Control and management costs can be significant
○ Reduce productivity in resources
○ Cause export/import trade restrictions
○ Reduce property values

41
Q

Traits of Invasive Species

A
  • Fast growth and rapid reproduction
    • Excellent dispersal ability
    • Generalist species (thrive in different environments/climates)
    • Few or no predators
  • Often associated with humans and surface disturbances
42
Q

Positive association between absolute average individual fitness and population size over some finite interval
As populations move back from critical point, the growth rate decreases
- Recovery impossible

A
  • allee effect
43
Q

Known Invasive Species Effects

A
  • Economic losses of $138 B per year
    • Forage losses on pastures alone cost $1B per year
44
Q

How do you deal with invasive species?

A
  • Eradicate it early
    • Difficult to eradication once established
45
Q

ecosystems with higher species richness were less subject to invasive species because of fewer available niches (competition)

A

Native-Exotic richness (Elton)

46
Q

Paradox: Natively rich ecosystems are likely to be hotspots for exotics. “The rich keep getting richer”

A

Invasion Paradox

47
Q

Land Sparing v. Sharing

A

Debate whether conservation should occur within each farm lowering yield (sharing) or triaging and separating high yield with no habitat from areas of habitat (sparing)

48
Q

Land Sharing Traits

A
  • Conservation within agricultural areas
  • Production benefits from ecosystem
  • More land allocated to agriculture
  • Less inputs (more self-sustainable ag)
  • Diverse or associated crops
49
Q

Land Sparing Traits

A
  • Conservation in separate areas
  • Production intensification
  • Less land allocated to agriculture
  • More inputs to agricultural production
  • Mono-cropping
50
Q

Species richness on islands is due to a dynamic equilibrium between colonization of new species and extinction of established species affected by area and isolation

A

Island Biogeography (IBG) Theory

51
Q

IBG Theory Two Main Processes

A
  • Colonization (immigration) rate decreases with distance
    • Extinction rates decrease with island area
52
Q

Managing uncertainty theory: low uncertainty and high controllability like in forest harvesting and fisheries

A

Maximum Sustained Yield

53
Q

Managing uncertainty theory: low uncertainty, but also low control. This would represent a form of insurance where foresters may leave extra volume due to the risk of catastrophic fire

A

Hedging

54
Q

Systematic approach to improving resource management by learning from management outcomes with high uncertainty but controllable

A

Adaptive Management

55
Q

Used when there is high uncertainty and low controllability. EXAMPLE: climate change. Models used to understand implications of different actions before actions

A

Scenario Planning

56
Q

Triage Principle and 3 Levels

A
  • Triage threatened species by dividing species bas on likelihood of survival with and without help.
    • Levels
      1. Low danger: ignore (probably fine)
      2. Lost: ignore (can’t be saved anyways)
      3. Acute Danger: salvageable. Concentrate limited conservation money here.

Ren R 105 (3 decks)

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