Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Ren R 105 > Midterm #2 > Flashcards

Midterm #2 Flashcards

1
Q

Define Climate

A

Info on meteorological variables over 30 years

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Paleoclimatology

A

Studies ancient climates from inferred proxies (tree rings, ice cores)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

4 Climate Variables

A

Annual, seasonal, monthly, and per variable (derived variables)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Oceanic Drivers

A

Ocean currents transport heat + moisture to store solar radiation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Köppen Climate Classification
What are the 5 classes?
Which class is Edmonton?

A

Combines different climates to map how climates work/averages/support life.
Classes: Tropical, Dry, Temperate, Continental, Polar
Edmonton: continental w/o dry season and warm summers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Hardiness Zones

A

Global mapping of hardiness of different plants
Edmonton zone is 4a
Alberta zone is mostly 2 and 3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Terrain-related Microclimates

A

Cold-air drainage into low swells (kettles) can cause microclimates on borders of forests causing a failure to grow trees. Different plants!!!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Slope-aspect Relationships and Example

A

Different variation in plants due to temp change depending on slope angles and height and which direction it faces
Example: south facing means more solar insulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Lake Effect

A

Large, deep lakes cause microclimates because upswells of cool water to surface affect the land temperature

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Hot House

A

Early Cambrian
Cyclical Warming causing marine life diversification before land plants existed and captured CO2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Cold House and Current Global Mean Temp

A

Ice Capps form
Current times with Global Mean Temp: 14.3 degrees celsius

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Gaia Hypothesis

A

Lovelock and Margulis
Earth has self-regulating negative feedback loop causing homeostasis of cool and warm that stays in a narrow range for life.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Daisyworld Model

A

Simulated planet model by Lovelock and Watson to respond to Gaia criticism using black and white daisies with increased solar energy to show the feedback loop with luminosity and albedo

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Luminosity

A

Solar energy intensity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Younger Dryas Event

A

Dramatic cooling of the earth 11.6 ka

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Climatic Optimum and Holocene Optimum

A

5.5 to 9 Ka than was warmer than now.
Signs: higher tree-line for warmer climates and retreating glaciers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Neoglacial Period

A

5 ka to 1850.
Colder conditions causing more glaciers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Climate Variability 1500 yrs Timeline

A

Dark Age - Medieval Warming Period - Little Ice Age - Modern Global Warming

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Mean annual solar insolation at top of the atmosphere

A

340 w/min2 (squared)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Irradation

A

Mean annual solar insolation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Mean irradiation at Earth’s surface

A

161 w/min2 (squared)

22
Q

Earth’s Energy Budget

A

Incoming shortwave radiation MUST EQUAL outgoing long wave radiation

23
Q

Greenhouse Gas Logistics

A

CO2 absorption via longwave radiation excited O2 molecules resulting in absorption and reflection

24
Q

Planck’s Curves

A

Long wave radiation out to space has curves at different temps.
Most radiation dips are from water

25
Q

Difference in Radiation when doubling CO2 (300-600 PPM)

A

+3.4 w/min2 (squared)

26
Q

Greenhouse Gases and percentage of each

A

Water: 50%
CO2: 20%
Clouds: 25%
Other gases: 5%

27
Q

CO2 inertia/long cycling time

A

300 to 1000 yrs
Means CO2 caused now has affect in future warming (inertia)

28
Q

Industrial Rev to 1958 CO2 concentration change

A

275 PPM to 315 PPM

29
Q

Weather station Temp change from 1900

A

1.5 degrees Celsius warmer

30
Q

Warming bias

A

Siting of stations and urbanization cause 92% of USHCN stations to fail siting requirement of >30m away from artificial radiating/reflection source
Urban areas 3 degrees celsius warmer and affects weather stations

31
Q

Satellite Measures

A

1970s to today
Tracks weather like weather stations but hides local variation and uses the same method across land and water
No long term data yet

32
Q

Global Dimming

A

Sulfate (SO2) and air pollutants reduce expected climate warming by blocking solar heat

2020: global standard from International Maritime Organization requiring 86% reduction in fuel sulfur

33
Q

Arctic amplification

A

Higher altitudes = greater climate warming as much as 4 degrees more
Arctic warms faster because of positive feedback loop between ice melt and air warming because more open ocean means more heat absorption

34
Q

Lowest Ice Extent Time

A

September

35
Q

Climate Stripes

A

Graphs depicting climate temp anomalies through a reference of colored stripes

36
Q

Global Greening

A

Warming and CO2 increases have caused greater vegetative growth

37
Q

Cereal Production

A

Agriculture innovation and increases in CO2 result in increased cereal production and yields
250% growth

38
Q

General Circulation Model (CGM)

A

Future climate model employing math of circulation of atmosphère and oceans to create 3D grid simulations
Next 10-15-100 years

39
Q

IPCC

A

International Panel on Climate Change

40
Q

IPCC 3 Working Groups

A

Physical science
Impacts, Adaptations and Vulnerability
Mitigation and Climate Change

41
Q

Coupled Model Intercomparison Project

A

Framework to improve knowledge of climate change and modeling by standardized CGMs

42
Q

Representive Concentration Pathways

A

Assume different trajectories of greenhouse gas emissions and radiative forcing

43
Q

SSP Indicators ranking and expected future

A

8.5 w/m2 - warmest future, no mitigation
6.0 w/m2 - moderate mitigation (reduce emissions)
4.5 - moderate mitigation
2.6 - mitigation (low g gas concentration laws
Expected: 2.6-4.5 w/m2

44
Q

Key Challenges to Projection GHG

A

Estimating pop. Growth, energy use and transitions, and geopolitics

45
Q

Global Fertility Rate

A

Halved since 1960s
Stable fertility rate: 2.1
Canada’s rate: 1.33

46
Q

Net Zero Pathway result and costs

A

Result in mid-century CO2 emissions at zero.
Cost $2.4 trillion/yr USD (2.5% GDP)

47
Q

Velocity of Climate Change

A

How fast you would need to mitigate to maintain the same climate

48
Q

Climate Change Refugia and modern use

A

Represent areas of stable paleoclimates/escape climates during historic times like Ice Age

Used to examine where in future places will be more stable with low climate velocity

49
Q

Biomass Proxy in Aquatic systems

A

Chlorophyll

50
Q

Biomass proxy on land

A

Remote sensing
Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI)

51
Q

Holdridge’s Life Zone 3 Axises

A

Precipitation
Biotemperature
Potential for evapotranspiration

52
Q

Whittaker’s Biome

A

1969 proposed 5 Kingdom taxonomic classification
1962 Biome classification

Ren R 105 (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions