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Ren R 105 > Midterm #1 > Flashcards

Midterm #1 Flashcards

1
Q

Hetch Hetchy Valley

A
  • Pinchot = Utilitarian conservation
    ○ Resources used to max yield to benefit people
    • Muir = preservation
      ○ Protecting/preserving valley
      ○ Didn’t want dam
    • Muir v. Pinchot 1908-13 until dam was built
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2
Q

Leopold

A
  • Leopold 1949
    • Sand County Almanac 1949
    • Opened first wilderness area for a preserved park
    • Founder of modern conservation
    • Creator of “Land Ethic”
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3
Q

Carson

A
  • Silent Spring 1962
    • Helped ban DDT
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4
Q

Schindler

A
  • Experimental Lakes in NW Ontario testing fertilizer impacts
    • Phosphorus proven impactful in aquatic environments
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5
Q

Lloyd-Harden

A
  • Tragedy of the Commons 1833
  • solutions: regulation and privatization
    • Created by Lloyd showing overgrazing of livestock on a shared pasture.
    • Hardin rediscovered concept
    • Short term vs. Common good
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6
Q

Enrich

A
  • The Population Bomb 1968
    • Predicted overpopulation and worldwide famine/war by 1980
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7
Q

Simon-Enrich Wager

A
  • 1980-90
    • Simon argued that humans are innovative and are the best limiting resources
    • Bet on prices of resources for 10 years. Simon won by saying they would lower.
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8
Q

Malthus

A
  • Malthusian Trap
    ○ Population growth is potentially exponential while resource supply growth is linear
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9
Q

Borlaug

A

Father of the Green Revolution:
- Crops to increase yield
- Nobel 1970

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10
Q

Haber

A
  • NH3 fertilizers expanded agricultural yield
    • Nobel 1918
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11
Q

Nelson

A

Introduced Earth Day 1970

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12
Q

Diamond

A
  • Start of conservation bio 1980s
    • Developed concepts about threats to biodiversity loss
    • Evil Quartet/Horsemen of Eco. Collapse
      ○ Overexploitation
      ○ Introduced/non-native species
      ○ Habitat loss
      ○ Trophies Cascades
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13
Q

CFC’s and Ozone

A
  • CFC’s led to destruction of ozone layer in 1980s
    • 1987 ban on CFC’s
    • Polar areas more sensitive
    • Lovelock important for research
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14
Q

Hensen

A
  • Made climate change recognized by compiling meteorological data for global temperature database to track trends
    • Late 1980s
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15
Q

Crick

A
  • Reduction
    • Said biology can be explained by chemistry and physics. Smaller parts can explain bigger parts
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16
Q

Wilson

A
  • Holism
    • Coined the term “biodiversity”
    • Emergence = properties of groups can’t be explained by individual components.
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17
Q

Normative Science Definition and Examples

A
  • Interprets info with preference for a specific policy
    • Inherently biased
    • “Advocacy science”
    • Examples:
      ○ Pristine ecosystem preferred to human altered ones
      ○ Native species are better
      ○ Higher biodiversity is preferable to lower
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18
Q

Descriptive Science

A

Purely facts and measurements

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19
Q

Deductive Reasoning

A
  • Theory first then experimentation
    • Basic sciences (chemistry, physics)
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20
Q

Inductive Reasoning

A
  • Experiments before theory/hypothesis
    • Applied sciences (con bio)
    • Observation causes ideas
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21
Q

Multiple Working Hypothesis

A
  • Chamberlain 1890
    • Distributes effort and reduces ownership of ideas to objectively evaluate hypothesis
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22
Q

Define Axioms

A

what we know to be true from earlier research

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23
Q

Define Postulate

A

asserts relationships between set concepts

24
Q

Define Data Statement

A

strategy to link question and data

25
Q

Manipulative Experiment

A
  • Manipulating some factors and having a controlled/unchanged constant
26
Q

Natural Experiment and Examples

A
  • Observing results of large-scale phenomena
    • Example: Studying volcano, using islands to study fragmentation
27
Q

Observation Study

A
  • Can only study listed facts
    • Example: what a Dino eats
28
Q

Oldest Ecological Experiment

A
  • Manipulative experiment
    • Understanding agriculture production of hay by adding fertilizer to some and not to others in the UK
29
Q

SLOSS Argument

A
  • “single large or single small”
    Argument about whether fragmentation should cause species number growth or if many fragments should equal one area with the same amount of species
30
Q

Meta Analysis

A
  • After-analysis to synthesize multiple research studies based on the combination of several studies
    • Understand pattern to find knowledge
    • Belief that’s truth should come from a combination of many studies
31
Q

Winner’s Curse

A

Published articles, especially on competitive journals, can have exaggerated results

32
Q

Horrobin’s Hypothesis

A

As hypothesis are proposed, it is impossible to predict if it will be revolutionary or ridiculous

33
Q

Desk Rejections

A

An editor decides which manuscripts should be sent for peer-review. BIASSED!!

34
Q

Publication Bias

A

Papers with statistically significant are 3x more likely to be published than null results.

35
Q

Lithosphere

A

Solid outer part of Earth including the crust and upper mantle

36
Q

Igneous Rock

A

Canadian Shield
- Formed from volcanic rocks or plutonic rocks (magma under the surface)

37
Q

Sedimentary Rock

A
  • Recrystallizing minerals and rocks “glued” together by organics
38
Q

Cratons

A
  • First lithosphere/continents
    • Old floating pieces of lithosphere that stoped growing about 2 Ga as Earth cooled
    • Expanded into plate tectonics
39
Q

Mesozoic Era

A
  • 252-66 Ma
    • “Middle life”
    • Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous
40
Q

Triassic

A
  • 201-252 Ma
    • Breakup of Pangea
    • Time of Dino’s and gymnosperms
41
Q

Jurassic

A
  • 145-201 Ma
    • Tropical/humid, seas, Dino dominate, true mammals form
42
Q

Cretaceous

A
  • 66-145 Ma
    • Seasonality, birds, mammals
43
Q

Quaternary Period

A
  • Pleistocene Epoch
    • 2.58 Ma to 11.7 Ka
    • Present
44
Q

Milankovitch Cycles

A
  • Milankovitch did first calculation of Earth orbit around the sun and studied Earth’s long term calculation of climate change and Earth temperature
45
Q

Suficial Geology land forms

A
  • Landforms associated with contention glaciers
46
Q

Eskers

A

Glacial stream land forms on top, with, or below streams. Mounds to represent where glaciers once were. Important for wildlife.

47
Q

Drumlins

A

Hilly mound that is long and originated under the glacier. Left behind by scouring glacier

48
Q

Suficial Deposits

A

Deposits of rock/material glacially moved onto bedrock

49
Q

Glaciolacustrine

A

Glacial lake deposits

50
Q

Glaciofluvial

A

Glacial lake deposits

51
Q

What drives the water cycle?

A

Driven by solar and gravity

52
Q

Ocean Layers

A
  • Epipelagic: surface level where light penetrates up at 200m
    • Mesopelagic: middle 10 degrees C
    • Bathypelagic: 40-10 degrees C
  • Apyssalpelagic: 6000m depth
53
Q

Oligotrophic Lakes and Example

A
  • Low nutrients
  • Deeper/cleaer
  • High levels O2
  • Green algae
    Ex) Lake Superior
54
Q

Eutrophic Lakes and Example

A
  • High nutrient
  • Shallow/darker
  • Low levels O2
  • Blue green algae
  • Ex) Lake Erie
55
Q

Anthropogenic eutrophication

A

Excess nutrients in lentic systems from human activity

Ren R 105 (2 decks)

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