Post-Cold War Flashcards
1
Q
Dumbrell, J - Clinton’s Foreign Policy: Between the Bushes
What were the key foreign policy objectives between the Bushes?
A
1992-2000 : Iraq, Bosnia, Kosovo
2
Q
Dumbrell, J - Clinton’s Foreign Policy: Between the Bushes
What was core to the success of Clinton’s FP according to David Sanger
A
David Sanger - Clinton’s success was rooted in “clear-headed focus on the interpenetration of global free trade, American internationalism, and the historic march of democracy”
3
Q
Dumbrell, J - Clinton’s Foreign Policy: Between the Bushes
Hitchens
A
” no big plans, no grand thoughts, no noble dreams”
4
Q
Dumbrell, J - Clinton’s Foreign Policy: Between the Bushes
What was the paradox of unipolarity?
A
- Stephen Walt - “Paradox of unipolarity” occurred in the post-Cold War uncertainty
- Against a background of “strategic uncertainty, a disengaged public and a narrowly nationalist Congress - Clinton kept America credibly nationalist (Walt)
- NATO found new purpose, WMD proliferation was contained (what about India and Pakistan though?
5
Q
Dumbrell, J - Clinton’s Foreign Policy: Between the Bushes
What was the state of America in the 1990s?
A
- 1990s situation - economy - 40% larger than anyone else
- Defence spending - 6x above anyone else combined
- America had “enormous influence but has little idea what to do with its power or even how much effort it should expend”
- 1992 - people elected a president to focus on domestic affairs
- Elected a Congress with ‘distain for foreign affairs’
6
Q
Dumbrell, J - Clinton’s Foreign Policy: Between the Bushes
What is notable about the Clinton personnel?
A
- Notable things about Clinton’s FP personnel:
- Despite reputation for cronyism, few friends actually in FP
- Striking continuation of Carter administration - due to apprehension of Republican staff
- True Clinton team style - cut political teeth in the antiwar campaigns of Bobby Kennedy and McGovern
7
Q
Dumbrell, J - Clinton’s Foreign Policy: Between the Bushes
What did the Soviet negotiator quip in 1987?
A
- Soviet negotiator Georgi Arbatov warned Washington in 1987 that Moscow, in bringing the Cold War to an end, would be doing a ’terrible thing to you - we are going to deprive you of an enemy”
8
Q
Dumbrell, J - Clinton’s Foreign Policy: Between the Bushes
What was the no-rivals plan?
A
- 1992 - Pentagon - “No Rivals” plan - looked forward to a world with endless American primacy
- Many voiced concerns about the imperial temptation
- Bush Snr - halfway between isolationism and globocop
- Emergence of NAFTA saw rejection of FP spending - Jerry Brown - “would not give a penny’ to foreign aid ‘until every farmer, businessman and family’ in America was relieved of debt”
- Post-Vietnam caution over troop deployment prevailed despite the success in the Gulf by Bush.
9
Q
Mahapatra, C - The US Approach to the Islamic World
Where does India sit in the new global dynamic?
A
- Hosting the second largest Muslim population, typically against America
10
Q
Beeson, M - Bush and Asia
Why did transitioning to militarian Bush make sense?
A
- Bush administration reorientation around FP is not surprising - approval ratings were low, had little direction
- “Unilateral, preemptive, even imperial”
- “and the apparent Renaissance of the American economy in the 1990s, the United States has come to occupy an evermore dominant position in the world. Indeed, another word has emerge to describe this unprecedented power - unipolarity
11
Q
Beeson, M - Bush and Asia
What was the impact of 9/11 on US foreign policy, according to Beeson
A
- Impact of 9/11 - US foreign policy that is “more moralistic, more risk acceptant and less wedded to particular institutional arrangements”
12
Q
Beeson, M - Bush and Asia
What was the impact of 9/11 on US foreign policy, according to Beeson
A
- Impact of 9/11 - US foreign policy that is “more moralistic, more risk acceptant and less wedded to particular institutional arrangements”
13
Q
Beeson, M - Bush and Asia
What does Wohlforth define as ‘unipolarity’?
A
- “refers to the distribution of material capabilities - one that overwhelmingly favours a single state (Wohlforth 1999)”
14
Q
Beeson, M - Bush and Asia
How can we see the diminishing of unipolarity?
A
- Evidence of relative US decline- means imposition of hegemony is no longer a possibility, requires complex interdependence with Asian economies
15
Q
Beeson, M - Bush and Asia
How can we see the diminishing of unipolarity?
A
- Evidence of relative US decline- means imposition of hegemony is no longer a possibility, requires complex interdependence with Asian economies
16
Q
Beeson, M - Bush and Asia
What does Wesley see in multilateralism under Bush?
A
- Rather than eschewing multilateralism, the “Bush administration has simply adopted a more vigorously US-centric approach to multilateralism”
- Bush admin as “strengthening of bilateral relations with Japan, China, Thailand, the Philippines and Singapore”
17
Q
Beeson, M - Bush and Asia
How has Japan, according to Mulligan, aligned itself on the world stage?
A
- “Japan has positioned itself within the US hegemonic order in East Asia. Even when Japan’s rise to economic pre-eminence enabled it to mount a a nascent challenge to US predominance in East Asia, it opted for the role of ‘supporter, not a challenger’ Illustration of cooperation through economic collusion
- The US-Japan security relationship has been helped along by the personal chemistry between Prime Minister Koizumi and President Bush, which is reminiscent of the Ron-Yasu relationship of the mid-1980s. At the time, favourable interpersonal dynamics between the two leaders facilitated important evolutionary developments in the US-Japan security alliance.
18
Q
Ricks, T - Fiasco: The American Military Adventure in Iraq
What was a failing of Bush Snr’s approach to Iraq?
A
Had all the steps been taken at once (containment), “they might have delivered a culminating blow to Saddam’s regime”, however “seemingly as a result of In attention at the top of the U.S. government, a series of more limited steps were taken, like slowly heating a warm bath, and Saddam Hussein’s regime found ways to live with them” - implication of moderation and inattention important facet of Bush Snr. Regime
19
Q
Ricks, T - Fiasco: The American Military Adventure in Iraq
What did 9/11 provide to Wolfowitz, Perle and others?
A
“The explosion at the Pentagon of Flight 77 and the day’s three other hijack attacks provided the political opening that Paul Wolfowitz, Richard Perle, and others needed. Perle and Wolfowitz quickly began to make the case that 9/11 was precipitated by a myopic and false realism that wrongly had sought accommodation with evil”
20
Q
Ricks, T - Fiasco: The American Military Adventure in Iraq
What threat did Saddam constitute, relative to Bin Laden?
A
Ken Adelman, assistant to Rumsfeld - “Hussein constitutes the number 1 threat against American security and civilisation. Unlike Osama Bin Laden, he has billions in government funds, scores of government research labs working feverishly on weapons of mass destruction - and just a deep a hatred o f America and civilised free societies”
21
Q
Ricks, T - Fiasco: The American Military Adventure in Iraq
Was there Republican opposition to Iraq?
A
There still existed a body - “So called Republican realists”, who were opposed to neoconservative action - Scowcroft, for i.e., stated the US invasion of Iraq “could turn the whole region into a cauldron, and thus destroy the war on terrorism”
22
Q
Ricks, T - Fiasco: The American Military Adventure in Iraq
Dick Cheney’s position on WMDs
A
“The Iraqi dictator must not be permitted to threaten America and the world with horrible poisons and diseases and gases and atomic weapons.” Nor could we afford to wait for more evidence, he warned.
23
Q
Ricks, T - Fiasco: The American Military Adventure in Iraq
T Ricks on the nature of congress
A
“In previous wars, Congress had been populated by hawks and doves. But as war in Iraq loomed it seemed to consist mainly of lambs who hardly made a peep”
24
Q
Ricks, T - Fiasco: The American Military Adventure in Iraq
Zinni on the Iraq situation
A
“Zinni decided that day that the neoconservatives really were consciously rollling the dice “I think - and this is just my opinion - that the neocons didn’t really give a shit what happened in Iraq and the aftermath”
25
**Salt, J - Global Disorder and the Limits of 'Dialogue'**
Where does Clash of Civilisations originate from?
Bernard Lewis - he began developing the theme in the 1950s as a means of explaining (or explaining away) Arab national resistence to imperialism and colonialism (Orientialist by nature)
26
**Salt, J - Global Disorder and the Limits of 'Dialogue'**
Where does the civilisational theme emerge from?
British and French invasion of Muslim lands in the 19th century.
27
**Salt, J - Global Disorder and the Limits of 'Dialogue'**
What did 9/11 accomplish?
Validation of the Huntington-Lewis thesis
Toynbee is also a civilisationalist
28
**Preston, A - The Iraq War as Contemporary History**
How did Bob Woodward's opinion of Bush change over time?
Trajectory of opinion can be seen through the trilogy from Bob Woodward - starting off with an almost hagiographical outlook on Bush, it declines by 2006 as a rejection of. The first book is, in the words of Preston, “written with smoke from 9/11 wafting in the air”
29
**Preston, A - The Iraq War as Contemporary History**
How has the Iraq conflict adopted the facets of diplomatic history?
The Iraq conflict:
“Rather than emphasising traditional subjects such as economics or strategy, it has, consciously or not, embraced diplomatic history’s cultural turn. In the early 1990s, diplomatic historians began to examine ‘unconventional’ influences on policy-making - gender, race, and cultural power; ’new’ influences such as religion, travel, and the environment soon followed. The consensus attributes the US failure in Iraq to the influence of normative exceptionalism, gendered and racial biases, and cultural hegemony
30
**Preston, A - The Iraq War as Contemporary History**
What were the failings of the postwar planning of Iraq?
* Packer - “the neo-conservatives’ vision for a stable, democratic Iraq fell apart in Baghdad while toasts were still being drunk in Washington”
* - CPA became mocked by soldiers as “Can’t Provide Anything”
* 802 - Green and Red zoning controversial
* 804 - Bremer was head of CPA, architect of Iraq misery
* 805 - “In the case of Iraq, the preference amounted to half a strategy. Misled by the vice president, Dick Cheney, and Wolfowitz into thinking that invaders would be welcomed as liberators, Rumselfd and Franks viewed the military’s job, in Rick’s words, as “regime destruction’ without regime creation and state-building to follow”
31
**Leffler - 9/11 in Retrospect**
What were foreign policy interests before 9/11?
* China & Russia
* Middle East Peace Settlement
* Ballistic missile defense system
* Dealing with rogue nations
* Islamic terrorism was not a priority - to Bush, Rumsfeld, Rice or Colin Powell
32
**Leffler - 9/11 in Retrospect**
What were foreign policy interests before 9/11?
* Bush's foreign policy was initially centred on more free trade, US foreign aid, a humbler foreign policy and a reinvigorated defense establishment; how he was going to reconcile those goal was still unclear. **Bush's focus was on tax cuts, education reform, faith-based voluntarism, energy policy.**
33
**Leffler - 9/11 in Retrospect**
What happened after Weapons of Mass Destruction were not found?
* Administration emphasised democratisation and the notion of a democratic peace. These became key ingredients of the Bush doctrine, especially after weapons f mass destruction were not found in Iraq.
34
**Leffler - 9/11 in Retrospect**
What did the National Security Strategy document outline?
* Pre-emption (really prevention), unilateralism, military supremacy, democratisation, free trade, economic growth, alliance cohesion and great power partnerships.
35
**Leffler - 9/11 in Retrospect**
What did the process of interventions abroad lead to?
* Loss of competitive edge - Bejing fast catching up
* Rather than promoting liberty, the war on terror coexisted with democratic backsliding globally (until the Arab Spring). US actions actually increased terrorism.
* Rather than thwarting proliferation, US actions encouraged rogue nations to pursue WMD
* Rather than preserving regional balances, US damaged credibility in middle-east, and empowered Iran.
* Rather than pursuing free markets, the intervention distorted trade agreements (attempted to postpone the Doha round of trade negotiations) Bilateral agreements with Columbia and South Korea failed.
36
**Leffler - 9/11 in Retrospect**
What is important to note about Clinton spending on defence?
* US spent more than all other nations combined under Clinton.
* Bacevich, Edelman, Mearsheimer and Wolfowitz see more continuity than difference in the stategic goals and military practices of all the post-Cold War administrations
37
**Leffler - 9/11 in Retrospect**
Can we see unilateralism in American action?
* Instinct to act independently goes back to George Washington's Farewell Address and Jefferson's inaugural speech; but at the same time, they also arituclated a desire to strengthen alliances, a goal that was pursued to some good effect after 2005.
* Bush is tied more to open door and global free trade than his predecessors.
* Aside from jettisoning containment, Bush also detailed in the National Security Strategy global economic growth, nurturing free markets, opening societies, and building the infrastructure of democracy.
* Not really different - long-term trajectory remained the same. US quest for primacy, desire to lead the world, preference for an open door and readiness to act unilaterally was core and unchanged.
38
**Leffler - Diplomatic History**
Leffler's thoughts on Clinton and Saddam
- Nor did Clinton reject the idea that force could be used unilaterally and preventatively, if necessary. Indeed his advisers, like most experts, realized that the nexus between rogue regimes, terrorists, WMD proliferation, and porous borders was fraught with danger and might justify unilateral and pre-ventative uses of force.
- Saddam was a tyrant. He murdered hundreds of thousands of Iraqis. He forced hundreds of thousands more to migrate or flee for their lives.He used chemical weapons on his own people as well as on enemies (Iranians). He attacked other nations without provocation. He supported and rewarded Palestinian terrorists. He detested the United States. He flaunted the resolutions of the United Nations. He appeared not only to be a despicable leader but also a threat to American security interests. He also sat above one of the world’s great reservoirs of oil.
39
**Leffler - Diplomatic History**
Leffler's thoughts on Clinton and Saddam
- Nor did Clinton reject the idea that force could be used unilaterally and preventatively, if necessary. Indeed his advisers, like most experts, realized that the nexus between rogue regimes, terrorists, WMD proliferation, and porous borders was fraught with danger and might justify unilateral and pre-ventative uses of force.
- Saddam was a tyrant. He murdered hundreds of thousands of Iraqis. He forced hundreds of thousands more to migrate or flee for their lives.He used chemical weapons on his own people as well as on enemies (Iranians). He attacked other nations without provocation. He supported and rewarded Palestinian terrorists. He detested the United States. He flaunted the resolutions of the United Nations. He appeared not only to be a despicable leader but also a threat to American security interests. He also sat above one of the world’s great reservoirs of oil.
40
**Leffler - Diplomatic History**
Offner's thoughts on the role of Dick Cheney in the Iraq war
* In fact, the Bush administration began to plan military operations against Iraq shortly after the 9/11 attacks, and since then, officials, especially Vice President Richard Cheney, have badly distorted virtually all intelligence information to insist that Saddam possessed WMD or had the materials and facilities to make them soon, and thathis regime had close operational ties with Al Qaeda.
41
**Sorensen, T - First Post-Cold War President**
What were the objectives of post-CW presidents?
Discussion of the objectives of American presidency post Cold War, with surprisingly progressive, non militarism objectives:
- cutting of defense
- approach to European reintegration
- challenging AIDS in Africa
- Pursuing energy security and renewables
- administering the deconstruction of the soviet war machine
- creating a world for the global economy to thrive
- Strengthening and making better use of international financial institutions such as the World Bank, IMF and regional development banks
42
**Nelson, A -Continuity and Change in the Age of Unlimited Power**
What are Nelson's key contributions?
* Bush - "we're not an imperial power...", "we're a liberating power..."
* Leffler's argument for recalibration is accurate. The unthinkable events of 9/11 heightened the *perception of danger* in America
* **Threat perception** after 9/11 led to an imbalance between ideology and the interest of the Bush White House. Ideology trumped national interest - fear shaped military power, and "risk taking has overcome prudence"
* The notion of the unlimited potential of American military force became central to policy
* ***These are arguments that can be dismantled.***
43
**Khaliq, U - Islamic State Practices, International Law and the Threat from Terrorism: A Critique of the 'Clash of Civilisations' in the New World Order**
How does Khaliq dismiss the ideas presented through a clash of civilisations?
* Huntington was competing for foreign policy influence in the US at the time with Francis Fukuyama and the End of History thesis.
* Islamic teachings were often implemented as an ideological counterweight to colonialism
44
**Kagan, R - Between Wisdom and Foolishness**
How does Khaliq dismiss the ideas presented through a clash of civilisations?
* The Bush administration believes the promotion of democracy in the Middle East is not only an expression of idealism but is also in American intersts - believing fundamentalism to be the product of dictatorship
45
**Hixon, W - Leffler Takes a Linguistic Turn**
How does Hixon respond to Leffler?
* America has rather low threshold for “heightened threat perception.”
* "The problem, I fear, is the existential crises - and *choosing* a war nearly every generation - seem to be part of *core U.S. national identity,* as opposed to emtoinal outbursts in times of "heightened threat perception". A moment for the world's best hope to reaffirm its core identity.
46
**Drezner, D - Values, Interests, and American Grand Strategy**
What does Drezner contest?
* Regardless of articulated doctrine,the role of material interests remains paramount even in times of heightened
threat perception, and the commitment to freedom and democracy in words was most definitely not matched in deed.
* **In order to invade Afghan and Iraq, the US has befriended several authoritarian and semiauthoritarian regimes - including China, Pakistan, Russia, Saudi Arabia, and Uzbeckistan.**
* **The US trumpeted Libyian return to the fold (for relinquishing WMD), but did not tackle the issue of one man dictatorship**
47
**arock, A - Civilisational Conflict? Fighting the Enemy Under A New Banner**
How does Tarock go about dismissing Huntington?
* The conceptual framework of the Cold War was constructed primarily by Western, in particular, US, intellectuals - defining the conflict as conceptually divided for 45 years between the 'captive' and 'free' worlds
* Thesis: *the predicted coming of conflicts between the first and third worlds will be politico-econoimc and not civilisational conflicts*
* Huntington's narrative is similar to CW narrative - West under threat from anti-democratic, atheistic traditions
48
**arock, A - Civilisational Conflict? Fighting the Enemy Under A New Banner**
How does Huntington explain the bond in the European Union?
* Economic agreements between nations of similar or identical cultures work better than disparate
* The EU 'rests on the shared foundation of European culture and Western Christianity'
49
**Tarock, A - Civilisational Conflict? Fighting the Enemy Under A New Banner**
Who to Huntington is the next intercivilisational adversary?
* The greatest challenge to Western interests, values and power come from the Islamic-Confucian connection
* Demonstrated in the flow of arms from Confucian China to Islamic fundamentalists
* Saudi and Iraq actually received $79.6 billion in arms from the West.
50
**Tarock, A - Civilisational Conflict? Fighting the Enemy Under A New Banner**
What is 'one of Huntington's most astonishing observations'?
The implied suggestion that non-westerners cannot change and therefore are unable to adapt to a democratic system of government.
51
**Dobson, A - The Reagan Administration, Economic Warfare, and Starting to Close Down the Cold War**
What does Dobson suggest is highly characteristic of the Reagan administration?
Discussion of the Reagan administration, confirmation of a highly ideological line, with significant aggression and escalation towards USSR. Though not intentionally, motions by Reagan were important in the decimation of USSR integrity.
52
**Leffler - 9/11 and American Foreign Policy**
What is the key argument about the nature of foreign policy raised by Leffler in this article?
There is more continuity than change in the actions of the Americans in their response to 9/11. Bush's rhetoric draws on a deep history of American foreign policy formation.
* American foreign policy is predicated on the constant recalibration of the relaitonship between threats, interests, interests, ideals and power.
* The National Security Strategy, usually attacked for its focus on unilateralism, pre-emption and military hegemony, has continuity in the form of political and economic freedom, peaceful relations with other states, and respect of human dignity.
* The major change is the move from *deterrence* to prevention
* Similar to Roosevelt's proactivity to Hitler
53
**Engel, J - The Fall of the Berlin Wall**
What is key to Engel's argument about the fall of the Berlin Wall?
Fall of the Berlin wall, at least in the American mindset, was "conquest of freedom over tyranny, the liberation of a people, the redemptive role of the USA. It confirmed the utility of power, the correctness of containment, the universal appeal of freedom, the triumph of good over evil"
133 - Alt. Perspective - fall of Berlin Wall was part of trajectory towards the embrace of integration, the salience of multilateral institutions the political primacy of economic issues, and the rejection of force as the arbiter of differences among European States"
54
**Alvandi, R - Iranian-American Relations after September 11: Clash of Civilisations or Clash of Interests?**
What does Alvandi contribute to the narrative?
Article establishes the historical relations between America and Iran. It's key function is to determine that Post- Cold War policy has ultimately not been characterised by a clash of civiilsations (which is to say, religio-culturally motivated), rather, it appears more so the case that American policy has been shaped by conflicting and concurring interests in the Middle Eastern and Western Asian region - as part of a global power play for control of regions and oil supplies, reflective of historical trends.
55
**Hahn, P - Mission Accomplished?**
What was the impact of the Iran/Iraq war?
Iraq-Iran war had several impacts - oil production fell by 2/3s, the $45 billion surplus in foreign capital became a $100bn debt, fall of Moscow threatened instability which led Hussein to tighten his grip of the country
56
**Hahn, P - Mission Accomplished?**
What was discovered in 1989?
Sept 1989, discovery of Hussein supposed 'Super Gun', capable of firing 1000 pound bombs for 600 miles, alongside a global network of front companies to secure key military weapon components on a steady and reliable basis.
57
**Hahn, P - Mission Accomplished?**
Why and how did the policy toward Iraq shift?
accommodation policy quickly morphed into containment.
Concerns with motions:
1. Concern over oil supply from Saudi Arabia -would lead to Hussein controlling "the world's oil" - John Sununu. This would have effectively inflated the position of Iraq much beyond its existing authority
2. Consolidation of power in Kuwait would provide Hussein with extraordinary economic and political power, again, having the ability to manipulate OPEC to the interests of Iraq. This would be catastrophic, thus leading to an adamant rejection of any attempt of accommodation
3. Concern for repeat attempts = "this is the first test of the postwar system.... if he [Hussein] succeeds others may try the same thing. It would be a bad lesson" - Deputy Secretary of State Lawrence Eagleburger
4. It validated beliefs of a post-Soviet system - regional defence stratagem - rogue states would be the new threat in the New World Order
58
**Hahn, P - Mission Accomplished?**
How did public opinion towards Bush change?
As Bush implemented a policy of firmness towards Iraq, public support of his actions were quickly eroding. Gallup polls, on Presidential handling of the Middle East crisis, fell from 80% in Aug to 54% in Nov. Although 66% supported the stationing of troops in Saudi, less than 25% wanted active intervention to liberate Kuwait. Democrat creep occurred in Congress, leading to +1 seats in the Senate, and +7 in the HoR,
59
**Hahn, P - Mission Accomplished?**
How did Desert Storm differ to Vietnam?
Offensive was rapid and extensive - led to aerial bombings in Desert Storm, which was from the start extensive rather than graduated, based on the lessons from Vietnam.
60
**Hahn, P - Mission Accomplished?**
What were the four pillars to contain Iraq? (Clinton)
I. Operations Northern Watch and Southern Watch grew more extensive - intermittent strafing and bombing of aircraft
II. Punitative air strikes whenever Hussein appeared threatening. When, in 1993, a plot was unravelled to assassinate President Bush, Clinton responded with 23 cruise misspells on Iraqi intelligence facilities. 2/3rds approved
III. Maintained Bush-era economic sanctions (circumvented with the oil-for-food programme)
IV. Inspections to ensure disarmament -fraught with issues - alleged corruption of inspectors keen to declare compliant in order to gain financial relations with Iraq.
61
**Hahn, P - Mission Accomplished?**
What happened in 1993?
Islamic extremists, using a truck bomb in 1993, attempted to blow up the World Trade Centre. It failed.
62
**Hahn, P - Mission Accomplished?**
What was containment+, how did NeoCons react?
Containment plus was the conception in the later period - containment, alongside aggressive military action.
Regarding Bush victory - "Neocons saw the election as a fresh opportunity to promote an aggressive form of regime change in Iraq. Thus, as Bush took office in 2001, national policy towards Iraq was ripe for reconsideration, and the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, created an opportunity for bold action. A new president in a new century would embrace a mission in Iraq fraught with opportunity and risk"
63
**Hahn, P - Mission Accomplished?**
What was the 'Bush doctrine'?
The Bush Doctrine - rested on foundational belief to pursue goals unilaterally, an expectation that states would renounce terrorism, a readiness to wage preemptive war rather than practice deterrence against foes posing imminent dangers, and a vision of spreading democracy abroad.
Robert Jervis - "a response for an enormously powerful state without great rivals but with great fears"
64
**Hahn, P - Mission Accomplished?**
How did the Iraq war go?
In a 21-day campaign, Allied troops completed defeated and scattered the Iraqi army of some 400000 soldiers, occupied the country and destroyed the government'
-Iraq was military-wise a massive success, but the fallout was damaging - the pretence for war was wrong - there were no WMDs, Hussein was not intent on attacking the West with terrorists
65
**Hahn, P - Mission Accomplished?**
How did Iraq stir up more terrorism?
I/ Sunni insurgents, loyal to the Hussein administration
II/ Insurgents under Muqata al-Sadr, the Shiite contestor of Hussein
III/ Non-Iraqi Islamic fighters - the US decision to invade Iraq ultimately validate calls for jihad from radical Islamic groups, esp. under Osama Bin Laden.
66
What was the driving force of George Bush Snr.'s *New World Order*?
The hallmark of the ‘new’ foreign policy approach, Bush’s New World Order, was both ideological and situated firmly in historical attitudes of America. The pursuit of “freedom and justice… in the quest for peace”The hallmark of the ‘new’ foreign policy approach, Bush’s New World Order, was both ideological and situated firmly in historical attitudes of America. The pursuit of “freedom and justice… in the quest for peace”
67
What were the motives behind the Gulf War?
Regarding the Gulf War, 1991, it is further evident that U.S. interest in the area was majorly politio-economic. The Iraqi invasion of Kuwait presented a strategic threat insomuch as Saddam Hussein had the potential to threaten U.S. access to oil, either by a subsequent invasion of Saudi Arabia, or by attaining enough power in the region to destabilise OPEC relations with the West
68
What could be said about the nature of Bush Snr.'s interest in democratic reform in Iraq?
Adamant commitment from Bush and Cheney that the objective was not to “impose democracy on the Kuwaitis” nor did “include changing the Iraqi government”, suggest that cultural imposition was not on the cards
69
What were considered to be the policies of Clinton?
‘[submitting] a defence budget that is substantially below present levels…strengthening and making better use of international financial institutions such as the World Bank… make American industry competitive…free trade area negotiations… conservation and greater attention to cheaper alternative and renewable fuels”.
70
How did Clinton respond to the attempted assassination of Bush Snr.?
23 cruise missiles
71
What was Desert Fox?
Bombing of Iraq during 1998, caused by Iraq's failure to comply with United Nations Security Council resolutions and its interference with United Nations Special Commission inspectors.
72
What newspaper titles followed 9/11?
'Yes, this is about Islam', 'This is a religious war', 'Jihad 101', 'The one true faith', 'Dictates of faith', 'Defusing the holy bomb', 'Barbarians at the gates’
73
What does Hahn argue about the nature of 9/11 and Iraq?
The combination of the new Republican administration and the smoking gun of 9/11 created the conditions where “national policy towards Iraq was ripe for reconsideration”, advancing the political ambitions of the likes of Wolfowitz, Cheney, Rumsfeld and other Neocons.
74
What power did Clinton possess?
“preserved the right to act unilaterally and to strike preemptively.”[1]
75
What did the Coalition Provisional Authority achieve?
The Coalition Provisional Authority (CPA), derogatively known as “Can’t Provide Anything” achieved limited success in stabilising Iraq, and it was only with the plummeting support behind Bush that the strategy known as ‘the surge’ was implemented, which saw the U.S. forces move away from tackling ad hoc instances of insurgency and actually providing security and support to Iraqis
76
How did the relationship between Thailand, Malaysia and the US change?
Thailand, a historically icy relationship, in what has been recognised by Michael Connors as “a post-hegemonic relationship”, which is reflected in the newfound pragmatism in the relationship between Malaysia and the US, which were extremely derisive between 1981 and 2003
