Politics and the State Flashcards

Question

**A. Hartman** | The War for the Soul of America Question: What was at the core of New Left thought?

Answer 1

* New Left- younger and affluent, raised in solidarity against Jim Crow * New Left estrangement with America fuelled by intellectuals - like C Wright Mills, who, in the likes of the White Collar, promoted a dystopian America, and in the The Power Elite, took on Weberian outlook of political institutions * New Left came to recognise self as countercultural

Answer 2

***Answer***: - * Less about ending welfare state, more on transferring its benefits from the undeserving poor to the deserving middle and upper classes. 50% cut in capital gains tax, $500 per child tax credit, repeal of federal income tax marriage penalty"", tax credits for the elderly.

Answer 3

Scholars today are more likely to emphasize sharing than separation. As noted by Richard Neustadt: //The constitutional convention of 1787 is supposed to have created a government of 'separated powers/ It did nothing of the sort. Rather, it created a government of separated institutions sharing powers.

Answer 4

***Answer***: - "Segregation now! Segregation tomorrow! Segregation forever!" Wallace saw blacks as "a separate race, inferior and threatening", committing "atrocious acts of humanity, such as rape, assault and murder"

Answer 5

* Exemption entailed turning to the courts for permission to exempt certain central state activities from constitutional constraints.

Answer 6

* Can never reconcile the problem of overproduction * Caused by industrial revolution * Supported by laissez-faire * Farmers would drive through laissez-faire

Answer 7

* A series of movements aimed at reforming the existing capitalistic democratic system so that the ills of industrialisation are minimised and its benefits maximised.

Answer 8

By casting the registration process as a volunteer "service" by the individual to the state—which would do the "selecting" based on principles of efficiency it defined—the federal government gave the draft an aura of consent.

Answer 9

While most of the Court's civil rights decisions up to 1944 had had a very limited impact on racial equality on the ground, the Allwrighr decision led to a dramatic and significant increase in black voter registration in the south.

Answer 10

Power of pardon - can exonerate guilt - case in point - Nixon: On September 8, 1974, President Ford granted a full pardon //for all offenses against the United States which Richard Nixon has committed or may have committed or taken part in during the period from January 20, 1969, through August 9, 1974.." Some members of Congress suspected that Nixon made a deal with Ford when nominating him to be vice president. If Nixon had conditioned the nomination on the promise of a pardon, or conditioned his own resignation on a pardon, the House might have charged Ford with accepting a bribe, which is itself an impeachable offense. To allay such concerns, Ford took the extraordinary step of appearing before the House Judiciary Committee to explain the basis for his action.

Answer 11

* Highly popular black activists - Malcolm X * Sexual politics - Kate Millet - third wave feminism * Gay Liberation Front * Sexual revolutions - TV shows like Three’s Company, Love Boat and Leave It To Beaver presented as "veritable fleshpot"

Answer 12

* Mushrooming of churches: * Protestant - 6-13 * Presbyterian - 8-14 * Congregational 3-6 * Methodist +7 * Lutherans x4 - to 35. * Jewish and Catholics also blossomed

Answer 13

Watergate and the Iran-Contra scandals that executive officials have great capacity for self-inflicted injuries

Answer 14

* n December 1984, he found himself surrounded in a New York City subway car by four aggressive black youths who demanded money from him. Goetz, a white man, had earlier been robbed and injured by blacks. He pulled out a .38 caliber revolver and shot the four of them. One, wounded again as he lay on the floor of the train, became brain-damaged and paralyzed for life. At a trial in 1987, it became clear that all four of the young men had criminal records and that three of them had screwdrivers in their pockets. The jury (on which only two blacks served) accepted Goetz’s plea of self-defense and acquitted him of charges of attempted murder and assault. It convicted him only on charges of illegally possessing a firearm and sentenced him to eight months in prison. A local poll indicated that 90 percent of whites agreed with the verdict, as opposed to 52 percent of blacks.

Answer 15

The Social Security Act was a landmark of the New Deal. According to Franklin D. Roosevelt's principal collaborator on this legislation, Secretaryof Labor Prances Perkins, Roosevelt regarded it as the cornerstone of his administration, and "took greater satisfaction from it than from anything else he achieved on the domestic front."

Answer 16

* "ultimately descending into what one later study called a politics of "R.I.P."—"Revelation, Investigation, Prosecution."

Answer 17

"Today's holding, I fear, is more a reflection of a perceived public mood that we have gone far enough in enforcing the Constitution's guarantee of equal justice than it is the product of neutral principles of law,"

Answer 18

***Answer***: Net white in migration and net black outmigration fused with the rapid growth of cities and suburbs to transform the southern landscape. These forces uprooted millions of southerners and attracted Northerners south. In totality, demographic changes represented a socioeconomic complexity which challenged one-party south. By 1990, **the south was far more similar to the rest of the nation than ever before.**

Answer 19

By dispatching 5000 troops on an international expeditionary force to the Philippines

Answer 20

* In 1970, 523,000 unmarried couples cohabited; in 1978, more than twice as many, 1,137,000, did. In 1979, a New York Times poll revealed that 55 percent of Americans—twice the percentage in 1969—saw nothing wrong with premarital sex

Answer 21

***Answer***: - * Reagan came to power on the basis of charisma and on the disillusionment with Carter * Rooted in massive military build-up * Domestic policies rooted in Goldwater Republicanism * Race - repealed Rumford Act - which prohibited an owner from declining selling property to someone on racial or religious grounds * Opposed the 1965 Civil Rights Act * Appointed William Bradford Reynolds as assistant attorney general for civil rights - someone who was zealously hostile to civil rights - view that "the government had no business trying to correct historic patterns of discrimination; his attorney functioned only to protect individuals from specific acts of discrimination

Answer 22

Reagan had left his final imprint on the Court with Justice Kennedy’s confirmation and achieved what Nixon had promised but his four appointees had failed to deliver: a sharply more conservative government. *Through Rehnquist*

Answer 23

Ronald Reagan - "The speech, admirably prepared and beautifully delivered,..was by far the finest thing the campaign produced."

Answer 24

***Answer***: - ## Footnote "Between 1965 and 1968, a combination of accelerating price increases and sharp hikes in payroll and income taxes led to a near stagnation in real wages for the average blue-collar and salaried white collar worker"

Answer 25

* The rise of the moral majority - "Moral Majority, he exclaimed, was "pro-life, pro-family, pro-morality, and pro-American" (Falwell)

Answer 26

The anger of working class whites over the loss of bus lines was nothing compared with their outrage over the desegregation of Atlanta's municipal parks

Answer 27

17.1% - Lower than several western affluent nations "The US has never estbalished more than a relatively inexpensive and programmatically incomplete system of public social provision." "The American welfare state is exceptional precisely because it is so limited in ambiiton and scope."

Answer 28

Myth of the robe - entry into SC like entering a monestary - abandoning political pretensions - rubbish. In reality, hard not to get involved in political activities

Answer 29

* "Ronald Reagan made a number of appeals, some of them politically opportunistic, to religious conservatives. Republicans, he emphasized, stood firmly against crime, pornography, and immorality. Bob Jones University, he said, should have tax-exempt status. Repudiating his earlier support for a liberalization of abortion, Reagan backed the GOP platform, which called for a constitutional amendment opposing the practice"

Answer 30

* \* surrogacy, involved the federal government using a power explicitly granted by the Constitution to expand its authority into forbidden legislative terrain. for example, in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, central state builders devised a way to police morality (an area of governance the Constitution reserved for the states) by creatively applying the federal government's power to supervise the mails and regulate interstate commerce. With the concurrence of the federal courts, Congress passed one law that forbade the post of ce from delivering "obscene" literature and another that criminalized the activities of those who were "polluting" interstate commerce by transporting female prostitutes across state lines. Neither law was as effective as blanket national bans on obscene literature or prostitution might have been.

Answer 31

***Answer***: - ## Footnote The power of democratic incumbency as a deterrent to Republican success and track the impact of federal intervention and expanded black participation on the voting behaviour of individual senators Florida illustrates power of Democratic incumbency and increased Republican competitiveness.

Answer 32

This power was to rest only with Congress - and included not only the process of declaring war, but any exertion of war-mongering force abroad

Answer 33

* Following Watergate, and during the years Ford attempted to establish himself, Congress became more assertive, and championed more power over the states - "Perceiving the states as unimaginative and conservative, and states’ rights ideology as anachronistic, members of Congress took the lead in passing legislation, such as aid to handicapped children and bilingual education, that enhanced federal power via-à-vis the states"

Answer 34

* While Roosevelt used Keynesian rhetoric to justify a deficit in 1938, this was not the driving force behind his policies. Rather, the deficit resulted from having to enact programs without sufficient revenue.41 This was problematic for liberals since Roosevelt and congressional leaders remained committed to fiscal conservatism, which severely restricted how much federal officials were able to spend.42 Although he did not balance a budget, Roosevelt continued to strive for that objective, promoting expenditure reduction as soon as the economy improved

Answer 35

Proponents say the Contract was revolutionary in its commitment to offering specific legislation for a vote, describing in detail the precise plan of the Congressional Representatives, and broadly nationalizing the Congressional election. Furthermore, its provisions represented the view of many conservative Republicans on the issues of shrinking the size of government, promoting lower taxes and greater entrepreneurial activity, and both tort reform and welfare reform. Critics of the Contract describe it as a political ploy and election tool designed to have broad appeal while masking the Republicans' real agenda and failing to provide real legislation or governance.

Answer 36

***Answer***: - "We have talked long enough in this country about equal rights" he told the nation in his first presidential address "we have talked for 100 years or more. It is time to write the next chapter - and to write it in the books of law"

Answer 37

With the legislature until the Virginia plan

Answer 38

* It was not until World War II that the American state adopted a mass federal income tax. Policy makers mobilized during the war to expand the fiscal infrastructure of the state. Strikingly, even during the war, federal officials felt the need to market this idea to the wage-earning public. The government launched a public relations campaign to sell the idea of taxpaying to average citizens. The Department of Treasury used all sorts of messages that told Americans it was patriotic to pay their taxes. To promote the tax, the Office of War Information placed ads in magazines such as Ladies’ Home Journal, House Beautiful, and True Detective. The treasury broadcast radio jingles by Danny Kaye and Irving Berlin and released Disney animations in which Donald Duck taught citizens why they should pay taxes. The campaign worked as the government successfully expanded the income tax base to include over 40 million wage earners and implemented withholding at the source.

Answer 39

Republicans took a hostile stance on both women's rights and government activism, becoming more conservative in relation to government activism and simultaneously defending manhood rights. Both statists and conservatives, then—the latter including Democrats throughout the era and Republicans toward the end—drew persistent links between state building and the promotion of women's rights. Advocates of women's suffrage found themselves stuck with the party most vigorously engaged in state building, or sometimes the one least engaged in state dismantling.

Answer 40

Welfare regime - this avoids the complications of the distribution of welfare varying from public and private locations

Answer 41

The 14th Amendment

Answer 42

The constitutional convention of 1787 is supposed to have created a government of '*separated powers'* - It did nothing of the sort. Rather, it created a government of separated institutions sharing powers.

Answer 43

962 Peyton panic saw 30,000 leave. 1960-1970: -60,000, 1970s: 100,000.

Answer 44

***Answer***: Great Depression was TP in post-Civil war party politics - national move to Democrats. FDR’s solid reconstructive, agile leadership style was conducive to maintaining mass support. ## Footnote *For the next six decades, the same sectional strategy that had enabled the Republican party to win Congress now condemned it to a permanent minority status.*

Answer 45

"Public opinion serves to curb the Court when it threatens to go too far or too fast in its rulings"

Answer 46

***Answer***: - * Earle and Merle claimed in 1987 that the general conservatism of Republican presidential candidates was much closer match for the interests and beliefs of the Souht’s growing white middle class

Answer 47

George Washington aside, FDR most important in packing the court - 8 appointments + 1 elevation / promo. Attempted to go further with court packing solution by increasing justices to 15 from 9

Answer 48

Adjusted for relative tax burdens, tax expenditures and publicly subsidised private benefits, the US rises to the middle of the pack- at 24.5% of GDP - above the average of 24% for OECD nations.

Answer 49

***Answer***: if the North was sufficiently unified in favour of Republicans, the Republicans could write off the South and still control national government

Answer 50

* Executive Order 8802 - wartime desegregation * Bus Boycott 1955 - Montgomery (responsive to the arrest of Rosa Parks) * Brown II - with all deliberate speed * 1960s - SNCC sit ins * 1965 - Executive Order 11246 - confirmed affirmative action in government contracted work

Answer 51

Supreme Court invalidated NY legislation - claimed the freedom of baekrs to work as much as they liked would be invalidated by a capped number of hours per week.

Answer 52

* Consistently since 1973, public opinion polls show that over 80% approve of abortions if the woman’s health is endangered

Answer 53

* Rocky, a very different hit movie of the previous year, conveyed a similar message. Sylvester Stallone, a rags-to-riches story in his own life, played Rocky Balboa, a bloodied boxer who at the end lost the big fight, but who showed great courage and rugged individualism and therefore prevailed (implausibly but in a heart-warming way) against almost everything else. Rocky won self-respect and the girl

Answer 54

* In conservatives' eyes, Eisenhower's middle-of-the-road Republicanism was disturbing enough, but liberal Democrats' evenmore optimistic embrace of the federal government to solve social and economic ills posed a dire threat to individual liberties.

Answer 55

Family, morality, and religion would be intact if liberal elites had not encouraged permissiveness and secularism.

Answer 56

* On paper it looked as though the United States, in the nineteen months that it was at war, had seized the opportunity to build an entirely new federal state. Everywhere one looked, new agencies were being established at an astonishing rate. The federal government launched the Selective Service to prepare millions of young men for conscription. It created the War Industries Board, National War Labor Board (NWLB), Aircraft Production Board, US Railroad Administration, Emergency Fleet Corporation, Fuel Administration, and Food Administration to direct economic ac tivity across a wide array of sectors. It launched the Committee on Public Information, and asked it to mold public opinion on the in the federal government's name. Many saw them as nothing but mass vigilantism-thousands of private citizens taking the law into their own hands-and were appalled by the complete disregard for due process that had sanctioned them. Senator George Chamberlain of Oregon, chairman of the Military Affairs Committee and a strong supporter of the war, declared, “There is not a man in the Senate or in the country who despises a man who undertakes to evade his military duty as much as I do." * The excesses of war persisted into the postwar era. Even as the central government quickly disassembled most of the institutions it had established to ght and radically downsized the army from several million to fewer than two hundred thousand, it found it self enmeshed in another vast surveillance project: monitoring the drinking habits of a hundred million Americans.

Answer 57

Concentration and disaggregation

Answer 58

***Answer***: - ## Footnote polling throughout the 1960s showed white northerners more happy with limited desegregation - but once it was 50% black population, sectional gap disappeared

Answer 59

* The Great Depression solidified the link between middle and working class interests by seemingly exposing “underconsumption” as the country’s major problem. With millions out of work, from unskilled factory workers to white-collar managers, underconsumption appeared to be everywhere conflicting agendas marked the New Deal, but purchasing-power theories informed much of the administration’s rhetoric * NRA - raise purchasing power by giving workers the right to organise and bargain for higher wages and by priming the pump through government spending on public works.

Answer 60

Roosevelt’s logic essentially establishes that “the United States had to intervene to protect another country’s sovereignty"

Answer 61

OC became the centre of defence related industries. Military-industrial complex brought impressive employment gains in other sectors too

Answer 62

* Carter was a Wilsonian internationalist and idealist in his approach to foreign affairs. He took office believing strongly that the United States should speak out against nations that violated basic rights. "

Answer 63

***Answer***: - ## Footnote Not explicitly racist - issue with liberalism was, according to Harry Dent, former aide to Strom Thurmond, that it created "an America in which the streets were "filled with radical dissenters. cities were literally burning down, crime seemed uncontrollable"

Answer 64

Selective Service Act 1917 - centrepiece of wartime citizenship and its defining obligation.

Answer 65

Contragate - sale of arms to Iran in order to fund Contras in Nicaragua

Answer 66

* "Patrick Buchanan, who was Reagan’s director of communications, had earlier (before signing on with the administration"administration) exclaimed: The poor homosexuals. They have declared war on nature and now nature is exacting an awful retribution."

Answer 67

Culture Wars: The Struggle to Define America - written by James Davidson Hunter in 1991. Hunter suggests a dramatic realignment and polarisation on the lines of: * abortion * gun control * global warming * immigration * separation of church and state * recreational drug use * Homosexuality * Censorship

Answer 68

* At the very moment when the Supreme Court was securing for minorities access to their rights as Americans and for women powerful new protections for reproductive freedom, it was allowing for the rise of an imperial presidency with vast, often-unchecked power. In retrospect, it appears that the coercive power that was being drained away from the states was re pooling in vital areas of the federal government, even as other parts of this government were championing Bill of Rights' liberties as they had never been defended before. The United States, thus, was still burdened by the paradox of liberty and coercion commingled that had bedeviled the exercise of governmental power since the republic's birth.

Answer 69

Johnson also envisioned the Great Society completing the work of the New Deal. For LBJ, for whom FDR was a lifelong hero, this meant using the power of the central government to eliminate the disfiguring effects of poverty and to enhance economic security and opportunity for all Americans.

Answer 70

* Impact - touched 85 million - "dwarfing New Deal" in impact * Just one of the war programs - Lend-Lease, spent more in 6 years ($50 bil) than the New Deal entirely over 10 years * Expansion of power of the executive to unprecedented level - Second War Powers Act 1942 - "one of the biggest grants of executive discretion in U.S. history - made for a state of emerg3ncy that did not end officially until 1952

Answer 71

1. Most Americans, it is fair to say, do not recognize the extent to which private benefits are encouraged by govern-ment, and even many policymakers admit that they have only a sketchy understanding of the subterranean political processes and public policies that shape private social provision.

Answer 72

* Modern America yearned for a return to the 1950s, painting the era as "halcyon" and the golden age with the greatest generation * Economic decline, oil price hikes, the Vietnam war and most significantly Watergate led to widespread public disillusionment with the establishment.

Answer 73

* Privatization, entailed persuading private groups to do work that the central state was not authorized or willing to undertake. The US government turned again and again to the private sector for assistance on a wide range of matters, such as building railroads, dams, and other forms of infrastructure; mobilizing the home front, economically and ideologically, for war; put ting political dissenters under surveillance and sometimes in jail; staffing diplomatic missions and expanding American influence overseas; moralizing the poor and constructing welfare programs for those unable to help themselves; and contracting out a broad range of mundane government services.

Answer 74

***Answer***: - ## Footnote TV - TV would allow minimum uncontrolled exposure of the candidate and an opportunity for maximum manipulation of the electorate. Nixon wanted to emulate churchill, to exude confidence, not cockiness

Answer 75

"A Time for Choosing" Reagan's platform consisted of: * Limiting the use of the state for purposes of more equitable economic distribution * Reliance on private enterprise * A return to local control * Simultaneous reinforcement of state power as enforcer of law and order and moral traditionalism.

Answer 76

* Three strategies in particular powered the improvisational central state-building project in the United States: exemption, surrogacy, and privatization.

Answer 77

A majority of white Atlantans recoiled at the thought of social contact between the races, which they more commonly disdained as "interracial intimacy" - accordingly, the desegregation of public spaces was followed by white abandonment of the areas

Answer 78

The political system, by no longer holding the president accountable for the budget, has excused the chief exec from the political leadership role that the nation needs.

Answer 79

* In November 1975, Congress passed the Education for All Handicapped Children Act. This law, another far-reaching civil rights initiative, did not stem from grass-roots activism by disabled Americans; in the early 1970s, the handicapped had not yet become an effective pressure group.

Answer 80

* Issues with characterisation - classically interpreted weak (Tocqueville) * Traditional beliefs of political culture, anti-statism and anti-socialism tied together * American sonderweg - negative liberty * CW and pCW fascination with neoliberalism furthered impetus to roll back the state * Modern state exists as rhetorical entity without bearing on reality

Answer 81

* A small but vigorous group op posing the deployment of coercive government power in any form founded the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) in 1920. The campaigns led by the ACLU and its allies played a significant role in generating new respect for the rights of individuals, and in creating pressure to constrain the power of the government at both the federal and state levels. The agitation that it generated was one factor influencing the Supreme Court nally to discern in the Bill of Rights barriers against the abuse of individuals that no government at any level could be allowed to circumvent

Answer 82

Black movement from the inner city outwards led to division - fear that blacks replacing whites led to 85% flight of further whites

Answer 83

a militant religiosity, an unbending belief in the fundamental truth of the "rock of ages," and a strident laissez-faire individualism

Answer 84

***Answer***: The Old South was transparently undemocratic and thoroughly racist ***Evidence***: "*Southern political institutions* [were deliberately constructed to subordinate] *the Negro population and, externally, to block threatened interference from the outside with these local arrangements" - VO Key Jr.*

Answer 85

* Concerning the right to regulate abortion * Rise of the call for abortion as part of the sexual revolution of the 1960s * Basis of the right to abort was on the right to privacy - an indirect right of the constitution * Liberal abortion laws were ultimately seen to allow "the killing of people"

Answer 86

Bush’s intervention in the Gulf came with no effort to seek authority from Congress - instead, he created a multinational alliance and encourage the security council to “authorise” the use of military force

Answer 87

***Answer***: - ## Footnote Capturing the south - the notion that Goldwater had started the southern strategy was so mcuh "bullshit", Nixon would later insist - suggesting Eisenhower began in the region first.

Answer 88

Eisenhower’s experiment with inter branch cooperation was short-lived- JFK acted on the Cuban Missile Crisis purely on his own Constitutional Authority

Answer 89

* 1908 Muller v Oregon - women should be limited in hours worked for health * 1942 Glasser v US - single sex jury unconstitutional * 1971 Phillips vs Martin Marietta - Employer cannot discriminate mothers as much as they cannot discriminate fathers * 1973 Roe v Wade * 1983 City of Akron - reconsideration of Roe * 1989 Webster - Further restrictions on abortion * 1992 Casey - Throws out Roe's trimester thing

Answer 90

Johnson also envisioned the Great Society completing the work of the New Deal. For LBJ, for whom FDR was a lifelong hero, this meant using the power of the central government to eliminate the disfiguring effects of poverty and to enhance economic security and opportunity for all Americans.

Answer 91

***Answer***: Reagan built the firmest roots in the South by a Republican , by appealing to the Goldwater majority

Answer 92

Inflation fell from 13.5% to 5% 7 million new jobs were created

Answer 93

* Home Rule - state governments yields some law making powers to large municipalities

Answer 94

The 89th Congress - which replaced a Republican majority with a Southern Democratic stronghold. This actuated in the passage of core elements of the Great Society (Medicare and Education Aid) in 1965.

Answer 95

Self-appointed home guards operated during the war - demonstrating there was not a monopoly on violence. The war would become a struggle over this right as much as anything during the period.

Answer 96

***Answer***: - Red-baiting - utility of the cold war to tackle CR issues.

Answer 97

***Answer***: - * Human intelligence is substantially influenced by both inherited and environmental factors and is a better predictor of many personal dynamics, including financial income, job performance, birth out of wedlock, and involvement in crime than are an individual's parental socioeconomic status, or education level. They also argue that those with high intelligence, the "cognitive elite", are becoming separated from those of average and below-average intelligence.

Answer 98

* Many Americans were blind to, or chose not to see, the coercion inherent in state governments that made too little provision for protecting the rights of minorities from the will of the majority.

Answer 99

A vote for candidates of different political parties on the same ballot, instead of for candidates of only one party. In the presidential elections, for example, a voter may choose a Republican candidate for president, but a Democratic candidate for senator. ## Footnote **this complicates the suggestion that the American mindset is straightforward**

Answer 100

Reagan compared the USSR to the crisis outlined in Marxist thought - "in an ironic sense, Karl Marx was right. We are witnessing today a great revolutionary crisis, a crisis where the demands of the economic order are conflicting directly with those of the political order... but the crisis is happening not in the free, non-Marxist West, but in the home of Marxism/Leninism, the Soviet union. It is over-centralised, with little to no incentives. What we see "is a political structure that no longer corresponds to its economic base, a society where productive forces are hampered by political forces."

Answer 101

* Maternal Welfare State * Europe had paternal welfare states - focused on men - unemployment insurance, working conditions amelioration * Often characterised as a weaker welfare state - US - Skocpol states it was actually advanced, just the maternal/ paternal imbalance thing etc.

Answer 102

* The main statutes are the Sherman Act of 1890, the Clayton Act of 1914, and the Federal Trade Commission Act of 1914.

Answer 103

***Answer***: - ## Footnote In 1964 and 1965, the Democrats’ traditional strategy of legislative obstruction on civil rights was finally and convincingly repudiated During 1960s, Southern Democrats dissented from national party, forming conservative democrats These performed well straight after federal intervention

Answer 104

* Strength AND Weakness - strength was in its ability to embed its laws, institutions and sovereignty across a vast continent. No manifest destiny in this process * Military forces easily scalable * Weakness - The republic's embrace of a liberal Constitution meant to limit the size of government and orbit of its powers was the most formidable barrier to the formation of a large central state for most of its history. * Improvisation was a source of weakness as well as strength. The government's heavy reliance on privatization made its agencies chronicaily susceptible to the influence of private and frequently monied interests.

Answer 105

He intuited that this warfare state had started to reshape, in his words, "the very structure of our society." The transformations wrought by national security were indeed momentous, and most visible in three areas: the shifting locations and foci of American industry; dramatic improvements in the nation's infrastructure; and high levels of federal support for research and education.

Answer 106

The Social Security Act was a landmark of the New Deal. According to Franklin D. Roosevelt's principal collaborator on this legislation, Secretaryof Labor Prances Perkins, Roosevelt regarded it as the cornerstone of his administration, and "took greater satisfaction from it than from anything else he achieved on the domestic front."

Answer 107

Congress has usually been controlled by the same party (post WWII) with the “odd man out” being, literally, the President. Only 16 times (32 years) since 1945 have both branches of Congress and the Presidency been controlled by the same party; the Democrats have held this advantage more often than Republicans (11 to 4).

Answer 108

the Court was not protecting minorities against national majorities, it was enforcing national sentiment against local outliers. Klarman repeats this point again and again, going so far to suggest that the court reflected public opinion better than Congress did

Answer 109

There was no doubting that Hussein’s conquest threatened Western oil interests. It was estimated at the time that Iraq produced 11 percent, and Kuwait 9 percent, of world supplies"

Answer 110

Highly - 96% of legislative motions forwarded were passed. Most successful in history.

Answer 111

***Answer***: - ## Footnote Wallace skilfully pulled from the American political fabric the strands of xenophobia, racism, and a "plain folk" cultural outlook that equated the cosmopolitan currents of the 1960s with moral corruption and weakness. His genius was his ability to voice his listeners’ sense of betrayal, of victimhood."

Answer 112

* City of Akron called for the reconsideration of Roe, however conservatives appalled that it did not call for outright reversal

Answer 113

* "The British author E. E. Schumacher’s Small Is Beautiful (1973), a best seller on both sides of the Atlantic in the mid-1970s, called for a "maximum of well-being with the minimum of consumption." * "When oil prices ballooned in 1979, denunciations of America’s gluttonous appetite for material things—and consequent dependence on other countries—became stronger than ever. The nation, critics exclaimed, must consume less and conserve more. "

Answer 114

Theda Skocpol has argued that the Civil War pension system, America's first federal welfare program, was designed to benefit male veterans. But the system evolved in stages, and until the post-Reconstruction years it directed a large percentage of its benefits to widows and their minor children. As late as 1875 more than half of the $28 million spent annually on pensions went to war widows and their dependents, as well as to widowed mothers who had lost the support of a son,and even to "orphan sisters." Thus the early breadwinner state, if such it was, made a high proportion of its payments to women.

Answer 115

Justices have great degree of independence - have lifetime role and cannot have salary reduced by congress

Answer 116

The precedent-setting Wagner Act, 1935, enshrining collective bargaining rights, was an expediency which was antithetical of Democrat responses in prior years (i.e. the response to the Pullman Strike), however provided the tooling to encourage recovery, and effectively won over support of the Congress of Industrial Workers (CIO) in 1936, leading to a significant political realignment from GOP to the Democrats.

Answer 117

Were largely not impressed by the direction adopted by the Republicans - seen as a private affair. The Paula Jones case cost the taxpayer some $60 million

Answer 118

* Plessy v Ferguson 1896 * Smith v Allwright 1944 * Morgan v Virginia 1946 * Keys v Carolina Coach co. 1954 * Browder v Gayle 1956 * Milliken v Bradley 1974 * Bakke 1978 - quotas no, race yes

Answer 119

Prerogatives of the president were initially with the Legislative, until the Virginia plan Presidential Exclusive Powers 1. The power to nominate 2. The power to negotiate with foreign countries 3. The power to pardon Congressional interest and pressure groups can limit all three powers

Answer 120

A core part of the emerging Republican majority, in Phillips's eyes, consisted of the new technocrats of Florida, Arizona, Texas, and Southern California (including Orange County), regions that had become, according to Phillips, "one of the most important voting blocs on the map."

Answer 121

Creation of an anti-nuclear ballistic defence system which would render the Soviet nuclear deterrent null and void. It would be impossible for the USSR to fund, and thus would present a sustainable method for the US to effectively win the arms race. Overall, cost $12 billion by 1988.

Answer 122

Pivotally important rulings that succeeded in sealing off white suburbanites from the city. 1973 - *San Antonio Independent School District v. Rodriguez*- 5:4 ruling that affluent suburbs bore no responsibility to share their property-tax school funding with poorer districts of the city. Justice powell acknowledged the disparity, but disbarred the role of the federal government in intervening. 1974 - Miliken vs Bradley - 5:4 majority ended the movement for metropolitan school desegregation.

Answer 123

Nixon: REHNQUIST, POWELL, BLACKMUN, BURGER Reagan: SCALIA, DAY OCONNOR, KENNEDY

Answer 124

* CW industries drove anticommunist and prosperity into one mindset. * Older capitalism was also prominent - laissez faire, anti-Washington * "Taken together, these forces magnified conservative strains of political culture within the region, creating a fertile ground for right-wing growth"

Answer 125

Above all else, the time has come for us to renew our faith in ourselves and in America. In recent years, that faith has been challenged. Our children have been taught to be ashamed of their country, ashamed of their parents, ashamed of America’s record at home and its role in the world. At every turn we have been beset by those who find everything wrong with America, and little that is right

Answer 126

* Civil Rights Act 1964 - forbade job discrimination and separate but equal public accommodation * Voting Rights Act 1965 - removal of discriminatory qualifications * Immigration and Nationality Services Act 1965 - abolished national-origins quotas * CRA 1968 - banning housing discrimination

Answer 127

* At the very moment when the Supreme Court was securing for minorities access to their rights as Americans and for women powerful new protections for reproductive freedom, it was allowing for the rise of an imperial presidency with vast, often-unchecked power. In retrospect, it appears that the coercive power that was being drained away from the states was re pooling in vital areas of the federal government, even as other parts of this government were championing Bill of Rights' liberties as they had never been defended before. The United States, thus, was still burdened by the paradox of liberty and coercion commingled that had bedeviled the exercise of governmental power since the republic's birth.

Answer 128

Presidendal use of force during the first century after the Philadelphia convention conformed closely to the expectations of the framers. The decision to go to war or to mount offensive actions remained with Congress. Presidents accepted that principle for all wars: declared or undeclared. At first narrowly confined, the scope of presidential action gradually widened. Presidential movement of troops and vessels could provoke war, as in Mexico, and Presidents began to use force abroad to “protect American lives and property.”

Answer 129

***Answer***: - "We have talked long enough in this country about equal rights" he told the nation in his first presidential address "we have talked for 100 years or more. It is time to write the next chapter - and to write it in the books of law"

Answer 130

***Answer***: - When LBJ came to office, only 31% of adults felt integration was being pushed too fast, by 1968 ,this had become 50%

Answer 131

Nixon’s appointment of Burger, Blackmun, Powell, and Rehnquist, however, failed to turn the Court around to forge a constitutional counter revolution.

Answer 132

Southern and western identity, through modern conservatism, focuses on localism and anti federalism

Answer 133

* Modern America yearned for a return to the 1950s, painting the era as "halcyon" and the golden age with the greatest generation * Economic decline, oil price hikes, the Vietnam war and most significantly Watergate led to widespread public disillusionment with the establishment.

Answer 134

* Issues with characterisation - classically interpreted weak (Tocqueville) * Traditional beliefs of political culture, anti-statism and anti-socialism tied together * American sonderweg - negative liberty * CW and pCW fascination with neoliberalism furthered impetus to roll back the state * Modern state exists as rhetorical entity without bearing on reality

Answer 135

Transmogrification of the state of union address - originally not important, until used by Cleveland to push tariff reform, from this point, become a platform for legislative goal pursuit

Answer 136

Voted not on foreign policy, but the economy. Bush had record approval ratings - some 92% - however lost to Bush for appearing out-of-touch, and without a decisive economic agenda.

Answer 137

***Answer***: - Red-baiting - utility of the cold war to tackle CR issues.

Answer 138

***Answer***: - ## Footnote Richard Nixon had understood Wallace’s political role; the 1972 campaign marked a critical realignment in American politics. Nixon had successfully pulled a substantial number of traditionally Democratic ethnic and blue collar workers into the Grand Old Party. And, what was more important, he had brought most of the southern Wallace voters into the Republican column

Answer 139

LBJ represented the biggest jump with the escalation in Vietnam which much obscurity on the overall cost and implications to Congress - this was secured with the 1964 Tonkin Gulf Resolution - eventually led to the War Powers Revolution 1973

Answer 140

Fell from 67% in 1985 to 46% in 1986.

Answer 141

The Register, a regional newspaper, was implicit in the dissemination and praise of activities within the church and the community The Register helped move Orange Countians' thinking ontheir schools, government taxes, and foreign policy in a conservative direction.

Answer 142

As Ann Moore of Fullertonwarned in 1961, "Corrupt the young, get them away from religion. Get them interested in SEX... destroy their ruggedness .This is the first list of the official Communist Party Rules for the Revolution.’

Answer 143

* ROAR - Restore Our Alienated Rights

Answer 144

The confluence of a middle-class economic backlash over taxes and state spending with Christian conservative hostility toward "Big Brother" stoked a fiery brew that would nourish conservative fortunes nationally.

Answer 145

the Court was not protecting minorities against national majorities, it was enforcing national sentiment against local outliers. Klarman repeats this point again and again, going so far to suggest that the court reflected public opinion better than Congress did

Answer 146

The Logan Act, 1799 - attempted to protect the responsibility of the President as the mouthpiece of the people to foreign nations - prevention of foreign parties from interacting with foreigners. This is quasi-1st Amendment violation, reflected in this comment in 1979 by President Carter (the nation's chief law enforcement officer), after Americans had traveled to the Mideast to talk to Arab and Israeli leaders: "*I don't have any authority, nor do I want to have any authority, to interrupt or to interfere with the right of American citizens to travel where they choose and to meet with whom they choose. I would not want that authority; I think it would be a violation of the basic constitutional rights that are precious to our Nation"*

Answer 147

"It is the policy of the United States to seek and support the growth of democratic movements and institutions in every nation and culture, with the ultimate goal of ending tyranny in our world."

Answer 148

76% of Warren court rulings each term went in the direction of protecting and minorities against the government.

Answer 149

***Answer***: - ## Footnote "freedom of choice" - race neutrality and grassroots democracy was the solution to imposed desegregation - Nixon adopted Freedom of Choice to win support, claiming that mixing slum children with wealthy children would destroy the ability of the good to compete - did not put racially, but meant it so

Answer 150

Worked the politics of triangulation, however was every Republican in his fiscal measures - belief in "opportunity, responsibility, community". Was essentially a third way poliitcian (before Blair!) "**Markets were possible, State where necessary**" Converted a $290bil deficit into a $75bil surplus

Answer 151

* By 1979, it was estimated that 1,505 American school districts educating more than 12 million students were operating under orders to achieve better racial balance

Answer 152

Congress may provide the President with a special degree of discretion in external matters which would not be afforded domestically.

Answer 153

At times he acted unilaterally, such as authorizing the creation of military tribunals to try those responsible for 9/11. Congress and the courts provided few legislative and judicial checks to his military initiatives.

Answer 154

Stanley T. Rice felt that a draft was "not in accordance with the principals [sic] of American government and is undemocratic." The draft smacked of coercion; as Speaker of the House Champ Clark memorably intoned during debate over the bill, "there is precious little difference between a conscript and a convict.”

Answer 155

1. The narrative of political failure: unlike the more expansive, more generous, more 'decommodifying' welfare states of northern Europe, US leaders have been thwarted by America's individualistic political culture, fragmented political institutions, weak labour unions, and enduring racial strife. 2. Distinctive American successes: the Civil War and mothers' pensions of the late 1900s, America's temporary status as a welfare-state leader during the New Deal, the construction of a capable fiscal state during and immediately after WWII, the GI Bill, the great society and war on poverty, the judicially promoted expansion of antipoverty programmes in the 1970s, and the burgeoning of social welfare tax expenditures.

Answer 156

* "Ritchie vs People" 1895 - "No female shall be employed in any factory or workshop more than eight hours in any one day, or forty-eight hours in any one week." * Lochner vs New York, 1905- holding that limits to working time violated the Fourteenth Amendment.

Answer 157

* 18th - Prohibition * 19th - Female vote

Answer 158

***Answer***: - ## Footnote antipoverty and social welfare legislation had seen $121 billion transferred to individuals below the poverty line - 30% to blacks - between Kennedy and Johnson

Answer 159

***Answer***: Enclave Republicanism - 1952 - modest inroads made into the metropolitan areas from mountain strongholds

Answer 160

The crown jewel of agricultural reform was the 1933 Agricultural Adjustment Act, a comprehensive plan for man aging and stabilizing American agriculture. This program and its successors transformed a long-distressed economic sector into one of enduring prosperity and stability. They constituted one of the New Deal state's most lasting achievements. At the same time, the freedom of New Deal agricultural reformers was severely con strained by a range of state and local institutions as well as by a lobbying organization of prosperous farmers. For this reason, re formers failed in their efforts to redistribute resources from rich to poor farmers, and from the landed to the landless. The agricultural agenda of the 1890s was similar in many respects to the FDR plan - Populist intents therefore realised over a longer trajectory

Answer 161

The framers of the constitution were not trying to weaken government but strengthen it. They were centralisers. Reacting to the sorry record of weak and illiberal government under the articles of Confederation, they sought as their principle reform to strengthen the federal government. They did this by adding to its formal powers, by making these powers directly applicable to individuals, and, above all, by enhancing the normative force of these powers by basing them on the sovereignty of the people at large of the whole nation

Answer 162

A recent example of split-ticket voting in the United States is the 2004 elections in Montana, where Democratic gubernatorial candidate Brian Schweitzer was elected governor 50.4% to 46.0%, while incumbent Republican President George W. Bush simultaneously defeated Democrat John Kerry 59% to 39% in the state.

Answer 163

* Muckrakers - journalists uncoverng social ills - McClure's Magazine - popular outlet for this. * The Jungle - conditions in the meat-packing industry in Chicago

Answer 164

* The Nixon campaign was nothing if not smart about demographic trends. The Sunbelt states were becoming increasingly populous, and evangelicals were the fastest-growing population in those states.

Answer 165

* Following Watergate, and during the years Ford attempted to establish himself, Congress became more assertive, and championed more power over the states - "Perceiving the states as unimaginative and conservative, and states’ rights ideology as anachronistic, members of Congress took the lead in passing legislation, such as aid to handicapped children and bilingual education, that enhanced federal power via-à-vis the states"

Answer 166

2/3rd - 170,000,000

Answer 167

"White flight, in the end, was more than a physical relocation. It was a political revolution."

Answer 168

* "popular Mary Tyler Moore Show, which started in 1970, Mary’s mother reminds her father, "Don’t forget to take your pill." Mary, thinking that her mother is talking to her, replies, "I won’t." "

Answer 169

Not directed - intervention was avoided in Rwanda, Bosnia - intervention did occur in Kosovo, but only through the pressure of Blair. Intervention in Somalia was quickly withdrawn, after facing some opposition. Was considered to highlight the lack of a clear policy stance in the post-cold war era - no defined rule.

Answer 170

Presidential Exclusive Powers 1. The power to nominate 2. The power to negotiate with foreign countries 3. The power to pardon Congressional interest and pressure groups can limit all three powers

Answer 171

- Decentralised political system - Limited govt - Laissez faire judicial philosophy - leave it alone - economic philos. Influencing the thought of SC - invisible hand etc. - Liberty of contract idea - SC thought people should be left alone - negative liberty - free to do what they like, as long as no injury occurs. Workers have the right to dictate what wages they accept, how long they want to work

Answer 172

Emerging in the 1990s, the culture wars were debates over abortion, gay and lesbian rights, hate crimes and so on - usually guised in highly moralistic overtures

Answer 173

The Legislative Branch * Checks on Exec * Impeachment power * Override vetoes * Approve appointments * Declare war * Enact taxes * Judiciary * Impeachment power * Set courts inferior to the SC * Alter the size of the SC * Legislature * Bicameral passage * Revenue bills * Publication of all journals

Answer 174

Michael Klarman

Answer 175

* Ironically, the cultural politics of scapegoating the state had only given the government a firmer toehold in American life. In enlisting citizens to monitor their own speech as well as that of their neighbours, government instilled not only acceptance but also faith in its surveillance." Testament of support to J Edgar

Answer 176

In the organisational networks, ideas, and strategies of the conservative movement. The movement which had mobilised the middle against the communist menace had restructured itself to pursue 'respectability' Anti-communism faded into the background, and was replaced with Bible study groups, pro-life and pro-family organisations, along with a more organised and separate libertarian movement - shown in the Libertarian party.

Answer 177

"Today's holding, I fear, is more a reflection of a perceived public mood that we have gone far enough in enforcing the Constitution's guarantee of equal justice than it is the product of neutral principles of law,"

Answer 178

* promising the average citizen fairness, broken trusts, railroads regulations, and pure food and drugs * Roosevelt, 1901

Answer 179

* Those who led these efforts, including presidents Theodore Roosevelt, Woodrow Wilson, Franklin Delano Roosevelt, and Lyndon Baines Johnson, occupy outsize roles in American history, as do the programs of comprehensive reform with which their names became associated: the Square Deal, Progressivism, the New Deal, and the Great Society.

Answer 180

During this period, Northern manufacturing declined - the resulting demographic and economic changes would eventually help shift the balance of economic and political power in the national increasingly Southward and Westward

Answer 181

15,951,220 votes

Answer 182

World War II enabled the institutionalization of a mass income tax but did not guarantee popular support for ever increasing rates. High taxes could erode postwar expectations of abundance and increased living standards. Moreover, antitax populism remained strong especially as Cold War fears of totalitarian regimes reinforced an American aversion to centralized power. By looking at anritax sentiment, Zelizer reminds us that support for governmental programs does not automatically generate support for a fiscal state. While the federal government has grown, it has faced limits in large part by the resistance to pay for it.

Answer 183

The laggard welfare state. Less expensive and intensive welfare provision - later to develop, slow to grow.

Answer 184

* "the Supreme Court in 1972 voted, six to one, to advance the right of privacy, by branding a Massachusetts law that had barred the sale of contraceptives to single people an "unwarranted governmental intrusion." "Everyone," the Court added, "including unmarried minors, had a right to use contraception."

Answer 185

"White flight, in the end, was more than a physical relocation. It was a political revolution."

Answer 186

* Branded as the 20th Century’s Dred Scott Case - as it sought to "deprive any person of life, liberty or property without due process of the law

Answer 187

Scholarship on the New Deal has generally stressed the extent to which it honoured the traditional prerogatives of the states, accomnodating to the institutions of American federalism. It is true that few purely national agencies were created, and those that were created often found that the price of acceptance, if not survival, was to make adjustments at the grassroots. However, this interpretation overlooks the recasting that federal action achieved in state-local relations. Eroding slowly and steadily in any case, the bedrock of localism eroded much faster when federal grant programs came to bear.

Answer 188

* Anticommunism - binding agent between libertarians and religious conservatives

Answer 189

Anti statism has operated as a powerful force in the history of American democracy. Having a long Anglo-American tradition, anti statism has become concrete and institutionalised in the US in battles over slavery, the rise of industrialised capitalism, and the centralising and standardising impulses of the Progressive-New Deal moment.

Answer 190

* Black families were on balance matriarchal, and this had to be broken by giving back men good jobs. Black families in ghettos were disintegrating, thus a solution had to be found. Moynihan report put into national discourse the concerns of moving forward with a welfare state

Answer 191

The laggard welfare state. Less expensive and intensive welfare provision - later to develop, slow to grow.

Answer 192

* National values intensely anti-statist * Huntington - Cognitive Dissonance in reality vs fiction in America * Idiomatic trappings * Oxymoronic undertones of the American

Answer 193

The confluence of a middle-class economic backlash over taxes and state spending with Christian conservative hostility toward "Big Brother" stoked a fiery brew that would nourish conservative fortunes nationally.

Answer 194

"in practice, token integration was often just a new form of segregation. Black students sat by themselves in classes and the cafeteria. Students attacked them in halls, teachers ignored or insulted them in the classrooms, and school officials excluded them from activities."

Answer 195

* Nicholas Podhoretz - My Negro Problem - claimed that Jews managed to succeed and thrive in the face of discrimination, no reason why blacks could not - thus did not need special measures

Answer 196

It is the practice of Congress to appropriate large, lump-sum amounts for general purposes. The defense appropriation bill for fiscal 1997 contained the following amounts for research, development, testing, and evaluation**: $5.0 billion for the Army**, **$8.2 billion** **for the Navy, and $14.5 billion for the Air Force.** Other than a few restrictions in each account, the Pentagon is legally free to spend funds for the broad purposes described in the statute.

Answer 197

***Answer***: - ## Footnote From 1961 to 1990, Republicans in the Peripheral South not only competed seriously for Senate seats but won 37% of the elections, a respectable performance compared to their unrelieved string of defeats during the first six decades of the 20th century.

Answer 198

Interest group politics became increasingly important during this period, emerging from the progressive era

Answer 199

Jimmy Carter possessed significant ambitions in terms of health reform, social security reform, energy reform, but was unable to make any legislative headway for having a poor rapport with Congress - most notably, the speaker of the house - **Tip O'Neill** - as a result, Carter has very few legislative gains to his name, and is generally marred by the lack of intervention in Afghanistan, and the crisis in Iran with Khomeini. Contrastingly, Reagan was able to harness charismatic leadership and project a sense of direction which strongly resonated with the people - which proved for a more decisive presidency.

Answer 200

***Answer***: - ## Footnote None of the Deep South states - Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi and South Carolina, had impressive traditions of Republicanism form the grassroots. Prior to Reagan, prospects bleak

Answer 201

Although Elsenhower initially believed that Truman’s decision to intervene in Korea was "wise and necessary," he came to realise it was a serious mistake, politically and constitutionally, to commit the nation to war in Korea without congressional approval. Elsenhower thought that national commitments would be stronger if entered into jointly by both branches and therefore asked Congress

Answer 202

Since the 1880s, many Americans had been looking for ways to increase the reach and power of the central state. Multiple groups of plebeian Americans, including farmers and workers, came to see in an expanded central state the best chance of managing capitalism and enhancing their own economic security and opportunity

Answer 203

* The Populists focused on railroads, silver coinage, crop prices, and inflation. * The Populist Party supported Democrat William Jennings Bryan in the 1896 election. * Frances Willard chaired the first convention of the Populist Party, also called the "People's Party," in 1892 in Omaha, Nebraska. * The party's Omaha Platform called for the end of national banks, the establishment of a progressive income tax, the direct election of senators, an eight-hour working day, and government control of all utilities, including railroads. * By 1900, the Populist Party was in decline.

Answer 204

Program under Ronald Reagan, which aimed to reduce intergovernmental aid.

Answer 205

Loss of white communities led to the defence of white neighbourhoods not being something driven by radical KKK members, but the respectable middle class.

Answer 206

* the paradox of American secularisation - the perplexing fact that religious authority dwindled even as the vast majority of Americans doggedly persisted in religious belief - helps explain the culture wars." *

Answer 207

* 25th Anniversary of Brown vs Board - NYT stated: "Those supporting integration are becoming increasingly lonely as black and Hispanic parents and leaders express mounting doubt about whether the little desegregation that can be achieved in the big cities is worth the cost and the effort"

Answer 208

Risk of government by judiciary means the SC has to be self-limiting to maintain legitimacy

Answer 209

The debates at the Philadelphia convention reveal that the framers were determined to circumscribe the President’s authority to take unilateral military actions.