post civil war Flashcards by Unknown Unknown

major problems with reconstruction

-punish or forgive
-freedmen-largely unskilled, illiterate, without property/money
-ex-confederates-officers like jefferson davis
-re-admission of states
-presidential/congressional control-which branch in charge of reconstruction/ wade davis bill vs lincolns plan
-economic devastation in south
-south reluctant to join union, north thinks they control everything since they won war

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lincolns reconstruction plan

-southern states rejoin union once 10% state voters pledge loyalty to union
-must accept emancipation+pledge to follow
-lenient policy: easy on south

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lincolns 2nd inaugural address

1865

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wade davis bill

-congress plan requiring 50% of states voters to take “iron clad” oath of allegiance

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johnsons plan/results

-congress thought democrat johnson would side with congress
-sides with lincoln
-loss of vote for confederates, all states must ratify 13th, pardons former confederate leaders resulting in southerners restablishing control of southern politics
-later allows black codes/vetoes many congressional measures dealing with reconstruction

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black codes

-purpose was to guarantee stable labor supply
-regulate affairs of emancipated blacks
-eg. cant buy land, labor contracts, penalty for leaving before contract, cant serve jury
-cant vote

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congressional elections of 1866

-first after southern states rejoin union
-northerners angry when former sc officials returned to office
-calls for stricter reconstruction

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congressional/radical/military reconstruction/results

-confederate officials-“whitewashed rebels” (mad because they were practically unapposed during civil war and concerned south had more representation due to slaves)
-republicans in charge of reconstruction: divides south into 5 military districts, controlled by union generals, new goverments must ratify 13th
-to be readmitted: new state constitutions, black suffrage

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charles sumner (MA)-post caning

-radical republican in senate
-labored for black freedom/racial equality
-passed reconstruction acts
-opposed johnson

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thaddeus stevens (pa)

-radical republican in senate
-defended runaway slave in court without fee
-insited on burial in black cemetary
-give confederate land to black
-black suffrage

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freedmens bureau

-welfare agency for poor slaves
-food, shelter, medical care to those affected by war
-success in education (taught 200k africans how to read
-40 acres and a mule (land for former slaves but where would they get enough mules land)
-johnson tries veto but it expires anyway

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civil rights act of 1866

-overrides dred scott, sought to get rid of black codes
-johnson vetos on constitutional grounds
-congress overrules, developed into 14th amendment

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13th, 14th, 15th amendments

13- abolishes slavery (except for punishment), results in sharecropping/racist criminal justice system
14-declares all born in us are citizens (excludes natives), prevents former confederates from holding political office, southern states would be punished for denying right to vote to black citizens
15-right to vote including races but not women, rights progressively taken through segregation, violence etc

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tenure of office act-impeachment of johnson

tenure of office act-reduces presidential power, protects republican construction/ cabinet members, senate must approve any presidential dismissal
-johnson removes secretary of war stanton without approval
-votes to impeach him
-first presidential impeachment
-johnson calls tenure unconstitutional
-fall one vote short of 2/3 majority
-results in johnson saying he wont block republicans anymore, gladly avoided something that wouldve made checks/balances difficult for executive branch

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edwin m. stanton

-elected by lincoln
-secretary of war dor johnson, spy and informer for radical republicans
-removed

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scalawags

-republicans, southerners, unionists & whigs
-cooperating southern whites
-want peace
-accused od plundering trasuries in southern states

carpetbaggers

-northerners that went south looking for profit or power
-former soldiers/businessmen who wanted role in modernizing new south

enfranchised freedmen

-given right to vote

freedman officeholders, hiram revels

-between 1868 and 1876 – 14 black congressmen and 2 black senators
-took Jefferson Davis old seat
-black juries/members of congress to defend black rights

KKK/knights of white camelia

-Louisiana, spread over tales of late confederacy

presidential elecion of 1876

-grant is out of the running no third term
-Republican candidate: Rutherford B Hayes
-democratic candidate: Samuel J Tilden

samuel tilden

-from New York, ran against Hayes for presidential election

rutherford hayes

-ran against Samuel Tilden
-served three terms as governor and pledged protection of rights for blacks in the south
-Federal troops to break up great railroad strike

“redemption”

-Southern/white democrats (Tennessee North Carolina and Texas) resuming political power

bourbons

-Conservative white elite in the south played on historic racial antagonisms to counter populous appeal for interracial solidarity

workings/significance of crop lien system

– Storekeepers extended credit to small farmers for food and supplies and to clean on their harvest -Merchant manipulated system so farmers remain in debt to them

sharecropping

-Allowed to use land in exchange for giving percent of crop to owner -costs of the land go up so renter remains in debt (White own land, black work under)

tenant farming

-another trick for blacks -tenants are black owners are white

grandfather clauses, literacy tests, etc

-ways to get around 14th which only specifies race color or previous servitude -grandfather clause: exempted requirements to vote for anyone whose past relative had voted -literacy tests: required to vote (unfair since run by whites) – Poll tax: to prevent poor blacks

slaughterhouse cases (1873)

-Supreme court whittles away at the black rights Congress had adopted -justice rules the 14th had not altered traditional federalism

civil rights act of 1875

-last attempt by Republicans in Congress guaranteeing equal access to public spaces, protecting the right to serve on juries except rarely enforced and overturned by supreme court

civil rights cases (1883)

-Pronounce civil rights of 1875 unconstitutional - declare 14th only prohibits government violations not denial of civil rights by individuals

plessy v. ferguson, brown v. board of education

-Plessy 1/8 black attempts to sit in a white railroad car -equal protection under the 14th amendment his rights haven’t been violated constitution doesn’t mention separation -rules separate but equal

accomplishments/failures of reconstruction

-reunited union, political opportunites ro former slaves, temporarily rearranged relationship between white and black, j -kkk, unstoppable south, south controls congress, "separate but equal"