Post Assessment Review - 1 Flashcards
What is Mercantilism?
A Country uses their colonies to make money for the mother country, by providing raw materials and buying finished goods
The Intolerable Acts were a response to what event?
Boston Tea Party
What were the Intolerable Acts?
- Boston Port Bill - Shut down Boston Harbor-Massachusetts Government Act - Disbanded the elected governments
- Administration of Justice Act - Allowed British officials and troops who were accused of killing people to go to England for court instead of the colonies.
- Quartering Act - Colonists were forced to pay for British soldiers’ housing, including
According to John Locke, what is a government’s main concern?
To protect natural rights of their citizens
Explain how the Enlightenment ideas inspired the American Revolution.
John Locke thought that a government was only supposed to be around to protect natural rights, and if it didn’t it should be overthrown. England was only trying to make itself richer, and wasn’t protecting our rights (the Navigation Acts, the Stamp Act, not allowed us to govern ourselves, forcing us to house their troops, etc.)
In what ways can you still see the impact of the Enlightenment on the United States government?
We have a government that focuses on protecting its citizens’ happiness. Voting rights, freedoms of speech religion, press, etc. 3 branches of government, trial by jury, no illegal search and seizure, capitalism.
What is an Estate?
French social system/classes
What things did the first and second estates have in common?
Both had political power and were very wealthy, but did not pay any taxes
What were the professions and sizes of the 1st and 2nd estates?
1st - 1%, Priests2nd - 2% Royalty
What is the only quality that all 3rd estate members shared?
None had political power, and they all had to pay taxes
How large was the 3rd estate, and what kind of jobs did these people have?
97% total17% were in the “upper 3rd” and were merchants, doctors, lawyers, business owners, etc.80% were poor peasant farmers
Describe the living conditions for the peasants. Give specific examples.
They lived in one room houses with dirt floors, mud walls, and thatch roofs.They were usually hungry, and frequently starved if the weather was not goodThey usually had one or two sets of clothes, and had to make everything they had in the homeWorked from sun up to sundown every day but Sunday
What are five words that would describe the lifestyle of the second class, especially Louis and Marie Antoinette?
Answers may vary (Rich, Expensive, Unnecessary, Unequal, “Over the top”, etc)
How did Enlightenment ideas helped bring about the French Revolution?
John Locke thought that a government was only supposed to be around to protect natural rights, and if it didn’t it should be overthrown. French peasants were only used to make the king richer, and the government was taking away the rights of the peasants. (Taking their food, no freedoms of speech or religion, executing peasants without a trial for small crimes.)
In what TWO ways the did the American Revolution help to cause the French Revolution?
-France spent so much money helping us, that they ruined their own economy-The successes of our revolution, and the government that followed were an inspiration to France
What are 3 economic problems that France had before the Revolution?
-The government was bankrupt, and had already taxed the 3rd estate the limit-France helped the colonists in the American Revolution-Too much money spent by Louis and Marie Antoinette (the King and Queen)
In what ways was King Louis to blame for the French Revolution?
-Had lousy leadership-Wasn’t interested in ruling the country-Never did anything about the economy until it was too late
What was the final trigger that started the French Revolution?
A drought killed crops, making bread too expensive to buy
Who did the Jacobins blame for the problems in France?
The Wealthy
What did the new Jacobin-led government promise to do in France?
They were going to have the most “Enlightenment” government ever. All based on science, and equality.
What was Maximilien Robespierre able to do because he was the head of the Commission of Public Safety?
allowed him to decide who was an “Enemy of the revolution”
What happened to religion after the French Revolution?
Tried to erase Catholicism and start a “Religion of VIRTUE”
What was the French army used for during the Reign of Terror?
They were used to tax people’s food and land
How many people ended up being killed during the Reign of Terror? How many were peasants?
40,000 and about 85% came from the 3rd estate
What happened to Robespierre?
After he turned on his own inner circle, he was accused of being an enemy of the revolution and was beheaded
Was the French Revolution a success?
Serves us a lesson on how DEMOCRACY can go wrongKNOWLEDGE must not be replaced with FEAR and IGNORANCEProtection for the MINORITY and OPPOSITION is crucial
Describe the social classes in South America before the Enlightenment.
NATIVE peoples and AFRICAN slaves were the lowest class of peopleThey had no RIGHTS and were treated terriblyEuropeans were WEALTHY and controlled the entire continent
What were the Haitians fighting for in their revolution?
Natural Rights
Where did Toussaint L’ouverture get his ideas that he used in the Haitian rebellion?
They were the same ideas as the French Revolution, Enlightenment ideas
What countries did South America try to copy when setting up their own new governments?
The United States, France, and Haiti
Louis XV
Last king of France
Marie Antoinette
Last Queen of France
Maximilien Robespierre
Leader of the Jacobins and the Reign of Terror
Toussaint L’ouverture
Leader of the Haitian Revolution
Describe the daily life of a peasant.
Peasants lived on land owned by a ruler, and farmed most days in order to survive. They ate what they grew, and were at the mercy of the weather. Most were incredibly poor, had very few rights, and made almost everything they owned.
What type of governing structure was used during the dark ages?
Monarchy
What is absolute rule?
A government where the ruler had total authority, and there were no limits on what they were allowed to do.
What was “Divine Right?”
Kings get to rule because “God said so”
What was the role of the Catholic Church?
-The Catholic Church decided who got to be a king or queen.-They could keep being king as long as their people were Catholic, they paid the church . If a King didn’t do that, they would replace him
How did we gather information before the Scientific Revolution?
All knowledge came from the ancient Greeks and Romans or the Bible
What concepts were discovered during the Scientific Revolution?
The Earth rotates around the sun, the body is made of cells, scientific method, etc.
How did we gather information AFTER the Scientific Revolution?
We tested our ideas, and came to conclusions about the world based on the research
How did the Scientific Revolution weaken the Catholic Church?
Some of the teachings of the Catholic Church began to be proven incorrect by science, and people began to question more and more of the teachings
How did the Catholic church respond to the Scientific Revolution ?
They threatened, tortured, or killed scientists who refused to take back their research.
In your own words, describe what the Enlightenment was.
The Enlightenment was an explosion of ideas that focused on individual rights, better government, and science
Describe what is meant by natural laws.
The idea that certain rights are given to us by nature/God, and they shouldn’t be ever taken away by a government
What are the three Natural Rights? Explain each one
-Life - Your right to be alive -Liberty - Your right to do whatever you want, as long as it doesn’t hurt others-Property - Your right to own and control things, and no one can take them from your without permission
What is a social contract?
The agreement that citizens would give up some rights and accept the government as legitimate in order for the government to maintain control
During the dark ages, whose happiness was the most important? Afterwards?
Kings and Queens, afterwards it was the common people
What new ideas were there about how governments should be run?
Citizens should vote on their leaders, 3 branches of government, citizens should have the right to a fair trial, free speech, religious freedoms, women should be treated as equals according to the law
According to John Locke, what is a government’s main concern?
If a government doesn’t protect natural rights, they should be overthrown
Why would Kings of Europe hate John Locke’s ideas?
They did not want to protect rights, and John Locke was urging people to overthrow them
What are the basic ideas of capitalism?
People should own and control all businesses, with government only setting ground rules to make it fair. The businesses would rely on the “invisible hand” to make their decisions.
What is an example of Capitalism in your regular life?
Examples: -More people want to have organic food, so Kroger and Walmart are offering more options. -More people would rather stream their entertainment, so cable companies and DVD sales are declining.-People did not want to buy picnic pants, and so that company went bankrupt.
Describe what life was like before the Industrial Revolution? (Where did people work, how did we make our stuff, etc?)
Most people lived on small farms and grew crops to eatMost work was done in the home or was done by hand by an artisan
What major changes took place because of the Industrial Revolution?
Machines began doing more work for people instead of muscle power People began to work outside of the home, and buy things that were mass produced in a factory
Explain what the enclosure movement was.
Rich farmers bought up the common land, and fenced it off so smaller farmers were not able to use it
Explain what the crop rotation was.
Planting different crops each year to replenish soil, which grew more food per acre
Explain what effect the previous two inventions had on the causes of industrial revolution.
Enclosure movement - Forced a lot the farmer to move to the cities, where they were the workforce for factoriesCrop rotation - Even with fewer farmers, this allowed the remaining ones to produced enough food for everyone
List the 7 reasons why England was the first to industrialize.
Plenty of rivers and coalLarge amounts of natural resources like coal and cottonEngland had lots of riversLarge harbors already builtStable economy and governmentAlready had a global trade networkLarge urban population with no other options
Explain the 5 reasons out of 8 for why England was first to industrialize.
Plenty of energy with rivers and coal to run the machinesLarge amounts of natural resources like iron ore for building machines, and raw materials like cotton and woolRivers to transport materials and finished goodsLarge harbors to handle all the new trade were already builtStable economy and government allowed businesses to growAlready had a global trade network to sell goods toLarge urban population with no other options to work in the factories for little pay
Describe the problems of housing for low wage workers during the Industrial revolution.
No building codesNo national free educationVery poor police protectionStreets had no drains and were piled high with wasteWidespread diseasePoor conditions were due to the fast pace of population growth in cities and government’s unwillingness to address the problems
Describe the working conditions of low wage workers
12 hour work days, 6 days a weekPaid 1 to 5 dollars per dayIncredibly dangerousNo minimum wage, worker’s compensation, or overtimeBusiness allowed to regulate businessesGovernment in the US at the time believed in extreme hands-off principlesAllowed businesses to gain huge profits and make owners incredibly wealthy while workers remained incredibly poor
What does hands off mean in the economy?
No government involvement in the economy
Explain how the invisible hand works and an example of it.
Invisible Hand - the collective decisions of all consumers informs businesses of what to make without the need for governments involvementPicnic pants vs the charger
Who owns the factors of production in capitalism and makes decisions?
The people/ consumers/ business
What is the incentive to work hard in capitalism?
Provides incentives for hard work and new ideas in the form of money
What is social darwinism?
Applies ideas of “Survival of the Fittest” to humans
Explain how Social Darwinism justified the condition of the poor classes.
Poor people are poor because they are not as advanced as rich people
What did Thomas Malthus believe in?
Believed population grows faster than food supplyThought we should expect more war, famine and disease to lower populationOverpopulation would lead to everyone being miserable
Did his ideas come true? Why or why not.
No, because we created technology that allowed for humans to make large amounts of food. (high yield grains)
What was a common feature between all the Capitalist reforms?
They did not actually want to change the system, used excuse to justify why it was broken. They blamed the poor people for the problems.
How did Robert Owen try to fix the problems during the Industrial Revolution?
Tried to create a utopian town, that was meant to be perfect place to live and work and everyone would be considered equal.
Describe the ideas of socialism?
Governments would improve the lives of all peopleThe government would guide the economy instead of hoping for the “Invisible Hand” to workMajor industries that are important to the health of the nations, such as energy, banking, and transportation would be controlled by the governmentAll other businesses would be owned by individuals
Why is Karl Marx an important person in history?
He wrote the ideas in the communist manifesto, which laid the groundworks for the ideas of communism
What did Karl Marx see as the biggest cause of the problems of industrialization?
Created two groups of people, the haves who are the wealthy business owners who did not pay their workers anything, and the have-nots who are the workers. They have nothing because of the haves.
