Positive / Negative Reinforcement Flashcards
Reinforcement
- Anything that occurs following a behavior that increases thelikelihood of that behavior happening again
Positive Reinforcement
Positive reinforcement: when a behavior is followed immediately by thepresentation of a stimulus and as a result occurs more often in the future
Punishment
- Anything that occurs following a behavior that decreases thelikelihood of that behavior happening again
Positive Punishment
Positive punishment: when a behavior is followed immediately by thepresentation of a stimulus and as a result occurs less often in the future
Negative Punishment
- Negative punishment: when the frequency of a behavior decreases becausepast responses resulted in withdrawal or termination of a stimulus
Negative Reinforcement
- Negative reinforcement: when the frequency of a behavior increasesbecause past responses resulted in withdrawal or termination of a stimulus
- Unconditioned reinforcer:
- Unconditioned reinforcer: stimulus change that can increase the futurefrequency without prior pairing with any other form of reinforcement* E.g., food, water, sexual stimulation
- Unconditioned punisher:
- Unconditioned punisher: stimulus change that can decrease the futurefrequency without prior pairing with any other form of reinforcement* E.g., painful stimulation, electric shock
Evoke
Operant conditioning - we learned it
Elicit
Reflex - we didn’t have to learn it
Positive reinforcement:
Positive reinforcement: response is followed immediately by thepresentation of a stimulus change that increase future occurrence of similarresponse. R ->sR+
SD
Discriminating Stimulus - A SD signals that a reinforcer is available for aresponse.
S(Delta which is the triangle)
Signals a reinforcer is not available for a response. IPAD battery is dead, so it cannot be used as a reinforcer
Automatic Reinforcement
(1) Absence of social mediation* Behavior-stimulus change occurs without the presentation of consequences byother people* Sensory consequences* Feels good, sounds good, looks good, smells good, etc.…* (2) Behavior persists in the absence of any known reinforcer* Persistent, repetitive movements, non-purposeful, and self-stimulatory behaviors* Hand flapping, body rocking, head rolling, etc.…
Unconditioned Reinforcer
No prior learning history
Conditioned Reinforcer
Neutral stimulus conditioned to serve as areinforcer through stimulus-stimulus pairing
Generalized Conditioned Reinforcers:
Generalized Conditioned Reinforcers: A conditioned reinforcer that as aresult of having been paired with many unconditioned and conditionedreinforcers does not depend on the current EO for any particularreinforcement for its effectiveness.
Classification of Reinforcers
- Edible reinforcersFood itemsSensory reinforcers* Vibrations, tactile stimulation, flashing lights,music Tangible reinforcers* Toys, trinkets* Activity reinforcers* Social reinforcers
Reinforcer Assessment
A variety of direct data-based methods used todetermine if a item, activity, or person functioned as areinforcer when presented contingent on a targetbehavior. The item is considered a reinforcer whenfuture effects on rate of responding increased.*
Preference Assessment
A way to determine if oneor more items, activities,persons may function toincrease the rate of adesired behavior orbehaviors when deliveredfollowing the occurrence ofthat behavior.
Reward
Something given inrecognition of one’s service,effort, or achievement.
NCR
Non-contingent Reinforcement (NCR)This is actually an anteceent modification - this is not areinforcer because they are not performing the preferredbehavior to get reinforced. Do this before the behavioroccurs
DRO
Differential Reinforcement of Other Behavior (DRO)
DRA
Differential Reinforcement of Alternative Behavior (DRA
Negative reinforcement:
Negative reinforcement: response is followed immediately by thetermination, reduction, postponement, or avoidance of a stimulus, whichincreases the future occurrence of a similar responseR->SR-
Escape contingency:
Escape contingency: terminates an ongoing stimulus* E.g., turn off loud music, wear sunglasses when the sun is bright
Avoidance contingency:
Avoidance contingency: prevents or postpones the presentation of astimulus* E.g., not going to certain places to avoid someone
Positive punishment:
Positive punishment: response is followed immediately by a stimulus changethat decreases the future frequency of that type of behavior.R->SP+
Factors that influence effectiveness of punishment
- Immediacy of the delivery of the punisher* Quicker the better* Intensity of punishment should be high* Schedule and consistency of punishment* Each occurrence of the behavior should be followed by a punishing consequence* Reinforcement for the target behavior is reduced* Reinforcement is available for alternative behavior
Side Effects of Punishment
- Emotional and aggressive reactions* Escape and avoidance behaviors* Behavioral contrast* Modeling of undesired behavior* Overuse of punishment caused by negative reinforcement of the punishing agent’s behavior
Positive Punishment Interventions
- Reprimands* Response Blocking* Response interruption and redirection (RIRD)* Contingent exercise* Overcorrection* Restituational overcorrection* Positive practice overcorrectionThese are positive punishment strategies. Clean a room better than it was after a tantrum
Positive Practice Overcorrection
After problem behavior has occurred, make them practice the positivebehavior again, and agiain. Thowing trash on floor - having them pick it upand throw it away many times
Guidelines for using punishment
f problem behavior consists of a response chain, punish the earliest part of theresponse chain* Punish each occurrence of problem behaviors* If this is not feasible, switch over to intermittent punishment* Supplement punishment with a reinforcement procedure for occurrences ofdesired behaviors* Differential reinforcement* Record, graph, and analyze data on daily basis
Negative punishment:
Negative punishment: response is followed immediately by the removal of astimulus that decreases the future frequency of that type of behavior.R->SP-
Negative Punishment Time Out
Non-exclusion time-out* Planned ignoring* Terminate specific reinforcer contact* Contingent observation* Partition/select space time-out* Exclusion time-out* Participant removed from time-in setting* Time-in setting removed from participant
Negative Punishment Response Cost
- Response Cost: Response-contingent loss of a specific number of positivereinforcer that has the effect of decreasing the future frequency of similarresponses* Constitutes a fine for exhibiting the problem behavior* Existing Cache Response Cost: When a fine is imposed against a person’sexisting bank of positive reinforcers, the individual loses a specific number ofpositive reinforcers from a supply of currently available reinforcers.* Bonus Response Cost: Additional reinforcers are given to the client, butcontingent upon the problem behavior the reinforcer is removed
