Basic Info Flashcards
Behavior
Behavior: “the portion of an organism’s interaction with itsenvironment that is characterized by detectabledisplacement in space through time of some part of theorganisms and that results in a measurable change in at leastone aspect of the environment”
Non Behavior
Non-behavior - “not” answering, not listening. Things you can’t measureor see. - dead man’s test
Response
- Response: specific instance of behavior
Response Topography
- Response topography: the physical shape or form of behavior
Response Class
- Response class: a group of responses with the same function (i.e.,each response in the group produces the same effect on theenvironment)
Repertoire
- Repertoire: a set or collection of knowledge and skills a person haslearned that are relevant to particular settings or tasksRepertoire - tying shoes - each step is part of a rep. for tying shoes
Environment
Anything that interacts with the individual inside or outside of the body
Stimulus
Stimulus: “an energy change that affects an organismthrough its receptor cells”
Stimulus Class
Stimulus class: group of stimuli sharing a predetermined set of commonelements in one or more dimensions (i.e., formally, temporally, andfunctionally)
Describe Stimuli
Formal Dimension (size, color, intensity, weight, spatial positive relative to objects)TemporalAntecedent: environmental conditions or stimulus change that exit or occur priorto the behavior of interest* Consequence: a stimulus change that follows a behavior of interest* Socially mediated consequence: another person presents an antecedent stimulusand/or consequence for the behaviortemporarl means in time. Does it occur in the antecedent or consequence
A consequence
A consequence is a stimulus change that follows a behavior of interest.
Respondent Behavior & Reflex
Respondent behavior: behavior that is elicited by antecedent stimuli* Reflex: stimulus-response relationship* Example 1:* Antecedent: Bright light* Respondent behavior: Pupil constriction* Example 2:* Antecedent: Heat* Respondent behavior: sweatingThings that are automatic = squinting, pupil reduction, innate reflexesAquisition is when the CR is learned when the US and CR are presentedtogether
Unconditioned Stimulus
Food, water, sex, etc
Reinforcer
Anything that occurs following a behavior that increases thelikelihood of that behavior happening again
phylogeny)
Topography and function of respondents determined by natural evolution of species
Selectionism
A theory that all forms of life naturally and continually evolve as a result of the interaction between function and the survival value of that function.
discriminated operant.
A behavior that occurs more often under some antecedent conditions than it does in others is called a discriminated operant.
stimulus control.
discriminated operant occurs more often in the presence of a given stimulus than it does in the absence of that stimulus, it is said to be under stimulus control.
Contingentcy
When a reinforcer (or punisher) is said to be contingent on a particular behavior, the behavior must be emitted for the consequence to occur.
3 traits of scientific understanding
DescriptionPredictionControl
Description
- Systematic observations (aka descriptive research)* Collection of facts* Observable* Quantifiable* Suggests possible hypothesis or questions for future research
Prediction
Repeated observations* Two events consistently covary with each other* Occurrence of a correlation* Correlation ≠ Causation* Prediction enables preparation
Control
Identification of a functional relationship between two events* X caused Y* Scientific manipulation* Control and eliminate confounding variables
6 Attitudes of Science
- Determinism* Empiricism* Experimentation* Replication* Parsimony* Philosophical doubt
Functional Relation
A functional relation exists when a well-controlled experiment demonstrates that a specific change in one event (the dependent variable) is reliably produced by specific manipulations of another event (the independent variable), and that the change in the dependent variable was unlikely to be the result of other extraneous factors (confounding variables).
Determinism
- Universe is lawful where phenomena occur as a result of other events* First assume lawfulness, then look for lawful relations
Empericism
- Objective observation* Independent of the individuals’ prejudices, tastes, and private opinions* Eliminates subjectivity
Experimentation
- Reliably predicting and controlling any phenomenon* Controlled comparison of some measure of the phenomenon of interest (Dependent Variable)under 2 or more different conditions in which only one factor at a time (Independent Variable)differs from one condition to another
Replication
Repeating experiments to determine reliability and usefulness
Parsimony
- Simple logical explanations for the phenomenon under the investigation beruled out, experimentally or conceptually, before more complex or abstractexplanations are considered* Go with the explanation with the fewest assumptions
Philosophical Doubt
Continually questioning the truthfulness and validity* Scientific knowledge is tentative
Behaviorism
Behaviorism is the philosophy of the science of behavior, basic research is the province of the experimental analysis of behavior (EAB), and developing a technology for improving behavior is the concern of applied behavior analysis (ABA)Watson - S-R Psychology
4 Notable Individuals in ABA
- B.F Skinner* Research methodology* Allyon and Michael (1959) article* Operationally defined problem behaviors and systematically measured the behaviors* Baer, Wolf, Risley (1968) article* Started the field of ABA* Lovaas* Use of the principles and methodology of ABA to treat
Three branches of behavior
Behaviorism,* Experimental analysis of behavior* Applied behavior analysis
7 Dimensions of ABA
Described by Baer, Risley, Wolf* Applied -* Behavior* Analytic* Technology* Conceptual Systems* Effectiveness* Generality
Applied
Applied:* Investigates socially significant behaviors with immediate importance to theindividual - help the person in life - dependent on age, individual* Socially significant behaviors may include: social, language, academic, daily living, selfcare,vocational, recreation and leisure behaviors* Overall goal is to enhance and improve the individual’s life
Behavioral
- Behavioral* Target behavior must be in need for improvement* Behavior must be measurable* Behavior must be observable* Whose behavior has changed? define it so two people could see the same thing - need to see itourselves
Analytic
- Experimenter must demonstrate a functional relation between the manipulatedevents and a reliable change in some measureable dimension of the targeted behavior* Must be able to control the occurrence and nonoccurrence of behavior - manipulateto reproduce wanted behaviors
Technology
- Technology* All of the operative procedures are identified and described with sufficient detail andclarity so that another person can replicate the study and yield similar results - writein a way that someone else can do it from what your wrote. be methodical “turn bodyaway from student and pretend you did not hear demand.”
Conceptually Systematic
Conceptually Systematic* Procedures for changing behavior and any interpretations of how or why thoseprocedures were effective should be described in terms of the relevant principlesfrom which they were derived - must include reinforcement contingencies - nameinterventions as their technical name - it shows it is rooted in a real principal
Effective
Effective* Must improve the target behavior so that is it socially significant* Social significance will vary from individual to individual
- Generality
- Generality* A behavior change must last over time* Across environments/settings* Across individuals
GET A CAB
Seven Dimensions of ABA
Respondent behavior i
Respondent behavior is reflexive behavior as in the tradition of Ivan Pavlov (1927). Respondents are elicited, or “brought out,” by stimuli that immediately precede them.
Operant behaviors a
Operant behaviors are not elicited by preceding stimuli but instead are influenced by stimulus changes that have followed the behavior in the past.
Behaviorism Definition
Behaviorism: the philosophy of the scienceof behavior
Behaviorism - who/what
New direction in the field of psychology* Influential Article: “Psychology as the Behaviorist Views It”* Theoretical goal = prediction and control of behavior* Strong claim for study of behavior as a natural science* Examine relationships between environmental stimuli (SD) and the responses (R)they evoke* Wastonian behaviorism became known as the stimulus-response (S–R)psychology
Experimental Analysis of Behavior definition
Experimental Analysis of Behavior: Basicresearch
Experimental Analysis of Behavior facts
- B.F. Skinner* EAB formally began in 1938* The Behavior of Organism – B.F. Skinner* Causal role of the environment and its impact on behavior* Three term contingency* Stimulus-Response-Stimulus (S-R-S)* Behavior is changed less by the stimuli that
EAB Characterized by
- EAB is characterized by these methodological features:* Rate of response is the most common dependent variable* Repeated or continuous measurement is made of carefully defined responseclass* SCD preferred over group designs* Visual analysis is preferred over statistical inference* Description of functional relationship (i.e., SD and R) is preferred overformal theories910Respondent behavior & operant conditioning (ABC) brought in consequencesSkinner Box - set up different lights, levers, buttons, based on the organismbehavior could receive fluid, shock or nothing. In order to find behaviorprinciples - how could we extend that to humans.
Radical Behaviorism
- Seeks to understand all human behavior* Private and public events* Individual is NOT flawed* Radical behaviorists are led to recognize that change is possible* Example: Instead
Radical Behaviorism - 3 major assumptions according to Skinner
Three major assumptions according to Skinner:* (1) Private events such as thoughts and feelings are behavior* (2) Behavior that takes place within the skin is distinguished from other (public)behavior only by its inaccessibility* (3) Private behavior is influenced
Mentalism
Mentalism* Mental or inner dimension (private events) causes some forms of behavior* Phenomena in this dimension either directly cause or at least mediate some forms ofbehavior* Origin of these phenomena are incidental* Adequate causal explanation of behavior must appeal directly to the efficacy of thesemental phenomenaMENTALISM* Hypothetical constructs: A presumed but unobserved process or entity(e.g., Freud’s id, ego, and superego)
Explanatory Fictions
- MentalismExplanatory fictions: A fictitious or hypothetical variable that often takesthe form of another name for the observed phenomenon it claims to explainand contributes nothing to a functional account or understanding of thephenomenon (e.g., intelligence or cognitive awareness).know
Hypothetical Constructs
MENTALISM* Hypothetical constructs: A presumed but unobserved process or entity(e.g., Freud’s id, ego, and superego)
- Methodological Behaviorism
- Methodological Behaviorism* Scientific manipulations to search for functional relations between SD and R* Acknowledgment of the existences of mental events, but DO NOT considerthem in the analysis of behavior* Methodological behaviorism is restrictive
ABA &ABA Service delivery
ABA is not what we do - it is the technology -we are testing the functional relationshipABA Service delivery - we are trying something that works and moves on. - we need to make results faster than the ABA technology
